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Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita
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7th International Conference on Building Resilience; Using scientific knowledge to inform policy 7th Conference on Building Resilience; scientific knowledge to inform policy andInternational practice in disaster risk reduction, ICBR2017, 27Using – 29 November 2017, Bangkok, Thailand and practice in disaster risk reduction, ICBR2017, 27 – 29 November 2017, Bangkok, Thailand
Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita H. Rahayu*aa, R. Haighbb, D. Amaratungabb H. Rahayu* , R. Haigh , D. Amaratunga
a Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia a Bandung Institute of Technology, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, UniversityIndonesia of Huddersfield, UK b Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK b
Abstract Abstract Urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. However, Urban agglomerations aresignificant becoming challenges a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and and development. However, agglomerations also pose for development planning. They are complex, dynamic huge systems. Their agglomerations pose for development planning. are complex, dynamic and huge systems. Their interconnectivityalso blurs thesignificant boundarieschallenges between cities and peripheral regions,They and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed interconnectivity theessentially boundariesobsolete. betweenDespite cities and peripheral regions,ofand traditional citytoboundaries, often imposed by administrativeblurs needs, this, the importance an makes integrated approach development planning is by administrative essentially Despitethat this, importance an integrated approach to development planning is particularly acute needs, for coastal urban obsolete. agglomerations arethethreatened by of a range of geological hazards, hydro-meteorological particularly for change coastal impacts. urban agglomerations threatened a range hazards, hazards and acute climate This paper isthat an are account of thebyfirst phaseofofgeological a longer-term studyhydro-meteorological into agglomeration hazards and climate impacts.Metropolitan This paperinis Bali an account of Indonesia, the first phase a longer-term study intoofagglomeration development planningchange of Sarbagita Province, with of a focus on the integration disaster risk development of Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, focus presents on the integration disaster reduction andplanning climate change adaption into the planning process. This phase with of thea study an initial of analysis of risk the reductionissues and climate adaption into theofplanning This phase the studyofpresents an initial analysis of the strategic for thechange development planning Sarbagitaprocess. Metropolitan, and aofmapping stakeholders involved in climate strategicadaptation issues forand thedisaster development planningwithin of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change risk reduction the region. Data was collected through interviews with key stakeholders and and results disasteraddress risk reduction within the region. Data was collected withplanning, key stakeholders achange policyadaptation analysis. The how urban agglomeration is addressed within through nationalinterviews development the natureand of a policy analysis. The in results how agglomeration is addressedplanning within national development planning, the nature of urban agglomeration Bali address Province, theurban management of development in the region, the stakeholders involved in urban agglomeration Baliclimate Province, the adaptation management of development planning in the challenges region, thefor stakeholders involved in disaster risk reductioninand change in Bali Province, and the strategic development planning disasterthe riskregion. reduction climate change adaptation in Balianalysis Province, and the for development planning within Key and issues identified through this initial include the strategic importantchallenges role the agglomeration plays in the within the region.development Key issues identified through initialeconomic analysis development include the important roletourism the agglomeration in the national strategic plan as a centre forthis regional based on the industry, theplays importance national strategicsharing, development plan as a centre regional security economic development on the tourism industry, importance of infrastructure interconnectivity, and for water/food among the citiesbased and regencies, and the lack ofthe integration or of infrastructure sharing, risk interconnectivity, and water/food security among cities and regencies, and the lack of integration or consideration of disaster reduction and climate change adaptation in thethe agglomeration plan. consideration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the agglomeration plan. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 2018 The The Authors. Published Ltd. © Authors. Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1877-7058 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review©under the scientific committee Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
1877-7058 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience 10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.174
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1. Introduction Based on the United Nations’ forecast [1], 75% of the world’s total population will be living in cities by 2050. In the meantime, the largest 40 urban agglomerations will have 18% of the total population, 66% of global economic activities and approximately 85% of technological innovations. This is in spite of them occupying very small land areas. Such trends indicate that urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. Although, to date, a consensus on how to define the urban agglomeration has not been reached, scholars tend to agree that an urban agglomeration comprises multiple cities that are highly integrated [2]. As Friedman contends [3], in an era of globalisation, the importance of urban agglomerations does not necessarily depend on their population size but more on their ability to participate in global socioeconomic activities and to possess, process, and allocate capital and information. Although definitions vary, it is widely agreed that agglomerations pose significant challenges for development planning. They are complex, dynamic and huge systems [2]. The increased interconnectivity blurs the boundaries between cities and peripheral regions, and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed by administrative needs, essentially obsolete [4]. Teaford cautions that within such regions, traditional means of describing the differences among cities and rural areas, or the concentration of cities within the region, fall short of fully appreciating the newly emerged urban spatial form [4]. Despite the administrative challenges, the importance of an integrated approach to development planning is particularly acute for coastal urban agglomerations that are threatened by a range of geological hazards, hydrometeorological hazards and climate change impacts. For example, coastal communities are commonly attributed with lower geographic elevations and are often associated with higher population densities than that of inland communities [5]. Flood exposure is increasing in coastal cities, owing to growing populations and assets, the changing climate, and subsidence [6]. City planners and local governments have been recognized as key actors for reducing the risks posed by natural hazards and building resilient urban societies. Yet, demographic factors related to the size, number, and geographic distribution of urban agglomerations, as well as to the projected patterns of growth of these urban agglomerations and urban populations, have not always been properly integrated into the analyses of climate change and disaster risk reduction [1]. The post-2015 global policy frameworks have created a significant opportunity to build coherence across overlapping policy areas [7]. Such information could help improve understanding of the relationship between urbanization and sustainable development, and enable investigation of the potential risks faced by urban populations in the context of rapid urbanisation. Moreover, such research can inform future urban development policies and plans that anticipate and respond to environmental challenges, economic growth, public service expansion, changing patterns of energy consumption, and the process of globalisation. 1.1. Background to the study Bali Province with Denpasar City as the Capital plays an important role in national and regional economic development. The rich and unique culture, and its tropical nature has been able to attract millions of overseas tourists. The number of overseas tourist visiting Bali reached up to 4 million visitors per year in 2014, contributing about 50% of total number overseas tourists visiting Indonesia. This has put Bali as one of the strategic area for generating income/revenue for Indonesia from Tourism Industry. As a consequence, Bali has become a centre of regional economic development for other economic activities, such as trading, agribusiness, fishery and many others. As a central economic generator, the number of population has also sharply increased, leading to the growth of Denpasar City to become a Metropolitan City supported by several satellite cities, namely Tabanan, Badung and Gianyar. This constitutes an agglomerated city region called Sarbagita, a coastal urban agglomeration. The growth of Sarbagita is identified within the National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019, where the focus of agglomeration is on the regional economic development, acceleration of the connectivity for development, capacity building of human resource for science and technology, regulation and policy, and increasing investment and attractiveness for business.
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The Metropolitan of Sarbagita is located in a very high coastal hazards zone induced by geological hazards, hydrometeorological hazards and climate change impacts. These coastal hazards include: earthquake, tsunami, abrasion, storm surges, floods (urban flood), flash flood as well as its hazard susceptibility such as sedimentation etc. Meanwhile coastal hazard induced by climate change impact includes extreme rainfalls, sea level rise, increase temperature. As a key driver for economic growth in the region, it is important that disaster risk and climate change are adequately addressed within development planning. Despite this importance, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) initiatives are typically reflected within each city/regency’s responsibility, rather than addressed in a strategic manner across an agglomeration. In general, strategic issues of Sarbagita urban agglomeration have focused on the need for regional economic development and infrastructure sharing for transportation and sanitation, such as waste treatment. The exposure of this metropolitan toward coastal hazard and climate change impact has not been the subject of previous studies. This paper is an account of the first phase of a longer-term study into agglomeration development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the integration of DRR and CCA into the planning process. This phase of the study presents an initial analysis of the strategic issues for the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction within the region. 2. Methods and data In order to better understand he current state of DRR and CCA integration within Sarbagita region and development planning, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders related to both DRR and CCA. The interviews focused on the understanding coastal hazard risk and climate change impact, countermeasures and strategies adopted, recovery processes for critical facilities, and their willingness to cooperate, not only in inter and intra cooperation in their jurisdiction city, but also as the metropolitan to face the coastal disaster and climate change impact. An analysis of key policy documents was also undertaken [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This data was analysed according to several guiding questions: 1. How is urban agglomeration addressed within national development planning? 2. What is the nature of urban agglomeration in Bali Province, and how is the population distributed across the Sarbagita region? 3. How is development planning managed within the region? 4. Who are the stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Bali Province? 5. What are the strategic challenges for development planning within the region? A second phase involved multi-stakeholder mapping. At this stage, each stakeholder’s information/data was analysed from the perspective of the level of influencer and their expected contribution to support the needs for mainstreaming the strategy for DRR and CCA into agglomeration development planning. 3. Results 3.1. Sarbagita Agglomeration as Part of National Strategic Area Development Plan Sarbagita urban agglomeration as a National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019 can be seen from two different perspective, regional economic development and spatial planning. From the regional economic perspective, the conception of urban agglomeration is a spatial pattern formed by several concentrations or group of economic activities which have a relevant business pattern in one location or nearby location. The infrastructure and resource sharing in this area will decrease productivity cost and increase market. From a spatial planning perspective, agglomeration is the urban expansion called as Metropolitan which generally consisting of one core city and several satellite cities/regions. The agglomerated cities should have a consensus and synergic strategic development plan and program. From the national perspective, these agglomerated cities are not only able to support each other, but also able to fill the gap among their development problem.
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The National Strategic Area Development Plan (KSN) as part of National Spatial Plan 2015-2019 has focused on several areas aiming at: • Regional economic development • Acceleration on the connectivity development • Capacity building on human resource for science and technology • Regulation and policy • Increasing investment and business atmosphere There are seven main target of National Strategic Development Area program. These include Metropolitan Mebidangro, Metropolitan Jabodetabekpuncur, Metropolitan Cekungan Bandung (Bandung Basin), Metropolitan Kedungsepur, Metropolitan Gerbangkertasusila, Metropolitan Sarbagita, and Metropolitan Maminasata. Beside there are 3 additional National Strategic Development Area, i.e. Metropolitan Patungraya Agung, Metropolitan Banjarbakula, and Metropolitan Bimido. From this point, it shows that Metropolitan Sarbagita becomes one of the important agglomeration program in the National Strategic Development perspective. 3.2. Urban Agglomeration of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan The Sarbagita is defined as a metropolitan consisting of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta Sub-district as core city, with three other satellite regencies, i.e. Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan, which have functional interrelationships and form an urban system linked to integrated regional infrastructure network system. Kuta Subdistrict is part of Badung Regency. Delineation of this metropolitan as shown in Figure 1 has been agreed upon based administrative unit of the sub-district with an area of 72.399 Ha (41,37% total area of Denpasar City, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan Regencies and 12.5% total area of Bali Province), consisting of: • All area of Denpasar City covering 3 sub-districts, i.e. Denpasar Utara, Denpasar Timur, Denpasar Selatan dan Denpasar Barat, with an area of 12.778 Ha. • 5 out of 6 sub-districts of Badung Regencies, i.e. Mengwi, Abiansemal, Kuta Utara, Kuta and Kuta Selatan subdistricts, with an area of 30.352 Ha. • 4 out of 7 sub-districts of Gianyar Regencies, i.e. Sukawati, Blahbatuh, Gianyar and Ubud sub-districts, with an area of 18.769 Ha. • 2 out of 10 sub-districts of Tabanan Regencies, i.e. Tabanan and Kediri sub-districts, with an area of 10.500 Ha.
Figure 1 Sub-districts of Sarbagita Agglomerated City and Regencies
Figure 2 Population Density of Sarbagita in sub-districts
3.3. Population and population density According to demographic statistic data in year 2016 mentioned that total population of Sarbagita reach 2,023,420 people with total area of 723,99 km2. The average population density is 2,795 inhabitants / km2. Details of population in each sub-district of Sarbagita area can be seen in the Table 1 and Figure 2. The highest population
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density is at the Denpasar Barat Sub-districts (10,798 people/km2), followed by Denpasar Timur (6,879 people/km2), Denpasar Utara (6,301 people/km2) and Denpasar Selatan (5,722 people/km2). The highest population density is at Denpasar Selatan (286,060 people), which is mostly dominated by a long-stay tourist destination, followed by Denpasar Barat (259,790 people). Table 1. Number of Population and Area of Jurisdiction of Sarbagita Agglomeration [Sources: Statistics of Denpasar City, Badung Regency, Gianyar Regency and Tabanan Regency, 2017 No.
Sub-districts
Population
Area (km2)
Population density (people/km2)
1.
Denpasar Selatan
286.060
49,99
5.722
2.
Denpasar Timur
153.480
22,31
6.879
3.
Denpasar Barat
259.790
24,06
10.798
4.
Denpasar Utara
197.970
31,42
6.301
5.
Kuta Selatan
152.600
101,13
1.509
6.
Kuta
102.770
17,52
5.866
7.
Kuta Utara
127.400
33,86
3.763
8.
Mengwi
130.040
82,00
1.586
9.
Abiansemal
91.280
69,01
1.323
10.
Sukawati
120.910
55,02
2.198
11.
Blahbatuh
70.290
39,70
1.771
12.
Gianyar
92.290
50,59
1.824
13.
Ubud
72.860
42,38
1.719
14.
Tabanan
73.870
51,40
1.437
15
Kediri
91.810
53,60
1.713
2.023.420
723,99
2.795 (Average)
Total
3.4. Development Planning The Sarbagita Area is a cross-regional urban area with the City of Denpasar as the main core city and the Urban Area of Kuta as the secondary core city, which has functional linkages in an urban system with adjacent urban areas in the vicinity as the satellite cities, i.e. Mangupura urban area, Jimbaran, Gianyar, Ubud, Sukawatu and Tabanan and other smaller urban areas such as Kerobokan, Blahkiuh, Kediri, Sukawati, and Blahbatuh, which are centres of tourism activities. The Article 44 of Spatial Plan Law UUPR no. 26/2007 describes that the Metropolitan Area Spatial Plan is a means of coordinating the implementation of cross-regional development. Therefore, the spatial planning of the Sarbagita Metropolitan Area, which is also a National Strategic Area, requires inter-governmental coordination in terms of regional infrastructure development among Bali Provincial Government, and Regency / City Government Sarbagita In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 45 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plans for Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan, which has been changed through Presidential Regulation no. 54 year 2014, Spatial Planning of National Strategic Area (KSN) Sarbagita is aimed at realizing the Sarbagita Metropolitan area which is safe, comfortable, productive, competitive, and sustainable as the center of national economic activity based on the international standard of tourism activity, which is self-cultural Bali based Tri Hita Karana. The direction of regulation of Sarbagita area is contained in Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan in 2029; where the spatial plan aims to distribute the designation of spatial for the functions of protection and cultivation. The arrangement of Central Service System of Sarbagita Metropolitan area is arranged in the Spatial Structure Plan until 2029, composed by settlement centers and infrastructure and facilities network system that serve as
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supporting socio-economic activity which hierarchically having functional relationship. The arrangement of the service center system of the Sarbagita Metropolitan area consists of: • Core City, comprising of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta, with functions of provincial and municipal government centers, tertiary education, regional, national and international trade and service, and tourism. • Satellite Cities/Regencies, aimed becoming an urban area and center of regional development, which integrated with core city, with the function as the balance and inhibition of the development rate of the Core City, comprises: • Gianyar urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism and agriculture • Mangupura urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism, and agriculture • Tabanan urban area, with function as the center of district government, trade and services, tourism, and agriculture • Jimbaran urban area, with function as a center of trade and services, higher education, and tourism • Ubud urban area, with function as center of tourism and agriculture 3.5. Mapping of provincial, city and regency stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA Table 2. Stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Location
Stakeholders/Institutions
Bali Province
Provincial Planning Department of Bali Province – Bappeda Prov Bali BMKG Regional III Bali Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali Forestry Department of Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali Spatial and Agraria Department of Bali Province – BPN/ATR Prov Bali Local Disaster Managamen Office at Bali Provincial – BPBD Prov Bali
Denpasar City
City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar Local Disaster Managamen Office of Denpasar City – BPBD Kota Denpasar Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar Public Works Department of Denpasar City – Dinas PU Kota Denpasar Environemnt Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar
Badung Regency
Regional Planning Department of Badung Regency – Bappeda Kab. Badung Local Disaster Managamen Office of Badung Regency – BPBD Kab. Badung Environemnt Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Badung Public Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kab. Badung
Gianyar Regency
Regional Planning Department of Gianyar Regency – Bappeda Kab. Gianyar Local Disaster Managamen Office of Gianyar Regency – BPBD Kab. Gianyar Environemnt Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Gianyar Agriculture Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Pertanian Kab. Gianyar Public Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas PU (Bina Marga) Kab. Gianyar Health Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Kesehatan Kab. Gianyar
Tabanan Regency
Regional Planning Department of Tabanan Regency – Bappeda Kab. Tabanan Local Disaster Managamen Office of Tabanan Regency – BPBD Kab. Tabanan Environemnt Department of Tabanan Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Tabanan
Table 2 details the main stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA within Sarbagita. Figure 3 further illustrates the level of resourcing and degree of influence each of these stakeholders has in addressing climate change adaptation (left) and disaster risk reduction (right) issues in the Sarbagita Metropolitan. Both climate change adaptation aspects and disaster risk reduction aspects have not been considered in the agglomeration development planning. Meanwhile, at the individual city/regency level both climate change adaptation program and disaster risk reduction program are not aligned in relation to influence the city/regency development planning. Only disaster risk reduction program has been acknowledged in the planning process as part of consideration on the disaster risk reduction based spatial planning as endorsed both by Spatial Plan Law UUPR no. 26/2007 and Disaster Management Law UUMB no 24/2007.
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Further analysis found that the DRR strategic program has an inter-sectoral basis and is accommodated by a local law as a Disaster Management Plan (PRB) led by BPBD. In contrast, the CCA strategic action plan, which is also inter-sectoral and supposed to be included within a Local Action Plan for CCA (RAD-API), does not have a single institution mandated to lead. The stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA are also not aligned. From Table 2 at the province level, there are 3 stakeholders that have an important role for both CCA and DRR, i.e. Planning Department (Bapeda Bali Province), BMKG, and Spatial and Agraria Department (BPN/ATR Bali Province). However, for DRR only one stakeholder is involved, i.e. the Local Disaster Management Office of Bali Province, while for CCA there are two stakeholders involved, i.e. the Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali and the Forestry Department of Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali. By way of comparison, within Denpasar City, the stakeholders involved for both CCA and DRR programs are City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar, Public Works Department of Denpasar City – Dinas PU Kota Denpasar. Meanwhile for DRR it involves the Local Disaster Management Office of Denpasar City – BPBD Kota Denpasar and Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar, while for CAA it only involves the Environment Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar. It is evident from this analysis that stakeholders are not appropriately aligned, either between CCA and DRR, or between the various cities and regencies that make up the agglomeration area.
Figure 3 Stakeholder mapping for climate change (left) and disaster risk reduction (right) in Sarbagita Metropolitan
3.6. The strategic issues of the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan Several important policies of Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan include: • Development of integrated system of activity centers that support the function of the region as the center of national economic activity based on international tourism; • Improving the quality and scope of the services of infrastructure systems; • Improvement of functions and protection of national defense and security facilities; • Natural and socio-culture conservation in the Sarbagita Metropolitan as a center of international tourism with a Balinese culture. There is very significant linkage of several centres of activities that support the function of Sarbagita Metropolitan as a centre of national economic activities based on the international tourism industry. Those centres include Denpasar, Badung, Tanah Lot in Tabanan to Gianyar area. In addition, there is also a regional linkage and cooperation related to improving the quality and scope of service of infrastructure system, i.e. transportation mode, garbage and clean water. These findings need to be further analysed holistically and in depth from the perspective of cost benefit effectiveness from regional economic development, coupled with the impact of climate change and coastal hazard threats. These findings will inform recommendations on mainstreaming the integration of DRR and CCA into development planning.
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4. Discussion and conclusion Several key issues have emerged from this initial analysis. Firstly, Sarbagita Agglomeration plays important role in the national strategic development plan, as center for regional economic development based on tourism industry. Cities and regencies agglomerated in Sarbagita Metropolitan will support each other not only for the tourism based regional economic development but also in terms of sustainability and caring capacity, i.e. infrastructure sharing, interconnectivity, and water/food security. However, there is a significant probably of population and its density exposed to coastal hazard. Despite this threat, both DRR and CCA are not considered in the agglomeration plan, and dualism in managing the disaster and climate change impact is a major concern. The extent to which DRR and CCA are considered on any level, also varies significantly. A DRR strategic plan has legal endorsement and a lead agency, whereas CCA is only an action plan and does not have a lead agency. These initial findings will inform the next phase of the study, which will involve a detailed examination of the natural hazards that threaten Sarbagita Metropolitan, the potential impact of climatic changes, and how these are addressed through the development planning process. The study will also be replicated in Jakarta, West Java Province, to allow for a cross case analysis. Acknowledgement The research is jointly funded by a British Council Institutional Links Newton Fund grant to the University of Huddersfield, and an Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (Ristekdikti) grant to the Institute of Technology Bandung. This 18 month research project is entitled Mainstreaming integrated DRR and CCA strategies into coastal urban agglomeration policy. References [1] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, World Cities Report 2016 Urbanisation and development: emerging futures, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya. [2] Fang C L, Yu D L, 2017. Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162: 126– 136. [3] J.R. Friedman The world city hypothesis: Development and change, Urban Studies, 23 (2) (1986), pp. 59-137 [4] J. Teaford The metropolitan revolution, Columbia University Press, New York (2006). Analisis Tim WJPMDM Tahun 2011, 2012, 2013; Data SP Tahun 2010; GIS Bappeda Jabar 2020 [5] Balcia S.F., Wright N.G., van der Meulen F. A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts. Nat. Hazards. 64:73–105 (2012). [6] Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls R J, Corfee-Morlot J Future flood losses in major coastal cities Nature Climate Change 3, 802–806 (2013). [7] Murray V, Maini R, Clarke L, Eltinay N (2016) Coherence between the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, the Climate Agreement, New Urban Agenda and World Humanitarian Summit and he role of science in their implementation. [8] Bappenas. 2013. Perencanaan Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional: Tinjauan Kebencanaan Studi Kasus Penataan Ruang Kawasan JABODETABEKPUNJUR. [9] Bappenas. 2014. Rancangan Awal, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, Buku III: Agenda Pembangunan Wilayah [10] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan [11] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Dan Tabanan [12] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Dan Tabanan
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7th International Conference on Building Resilience; Using scientific knowledge to inform policy 7th Conference on Building Resilience; scientific knowledge to inform policy andInternational practice in disaster risk reduction, ICBR2017, 27Using – 29 November 2017, Bangkok, Thailand and practice in disaster risk reduction, ICBR2017, 27 – 29 November 2017, Bangkok, Thailand
Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita H. Rahayu*aa, R. Haighbb, D. Amaratungabb H. Rahayu* , R. Haigh , D. Amaratunga
a Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia a Bandung Institute of Technology, Global Disaster Resilience Centre, UniversityIndonesia of Huddersfield, UK b Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK b
Abstract Abstract Urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. However, Urban agglomerations aresignificant becoming challenges a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and and development. However, agglomerations also pose for development planning. They are complex, dynamic huge systems. Their agglomerations pose for development planning. are complex, dynamic and huge systems. Their interconnectivityalso blurs thesignificant boundarieschallenges between cities and peripheral regions,They and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed interconnectivity theessentially boundariesobsolete. betweenDespite cities and peripheral regions,ofand traditional citytoboundaries, often imposed by administrativeblurs needs, this, the importance an makes integrated approach development planning is by administrative essentially Despitethat this, importance an integrated approach to development planning is particularly acute needs, for coastal urban obsolete. agglomerations arethethreatened by of a range of geological hazards, hydro-meteorological particularly for change coastal impacts. urban agglomerations threatened a range hazards, hazards and acute climate This paper isthat an are account of thebyfirst phaseofofgeological a longer-term studyhydro-meteorological into agglomeration hazards and climate impacts.Metropolitan This paperinis Bali an account of Indonesia, the first phase a longer-term study intoofagglomeration development planningchange of Sarbagita Province, with of a focus on the integration disaster risk development of Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, focus presents on the integration disaster reduction andplanning climate change adaption into the planning process. This phase with of thea study an initial of analysis of risk the reductionissues and climate adaption into theofplanning This phase the studyofpresents an initial analysis of the strategic for thechange development planning Sarbagitaprocess. Metropolitan, and aofmapping stakeholders involved in climate strategicadaptation issues forand thedisaster development planningwithin of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change risk reduction the region. Data was collected through interviews with key stakeholders and and results disasteraddress risk reduction within the region. Data was collected withplanning, key stakeholders achange policyadaptation analysis. The how urban agglomeration is addressed within through nationalinterviews development the natureand of a policy analysis. The in results how agglomeration is addressedplanning within national development planning, the nature of urban agglomeration Bali address Province, theurban management of development in the region, the stakeholders involved in urban agglomeration Baliclimate Province, the adaptation management of development planning in the challenges region, thefor stakeholders involved in disaster risk reductioninand change in Bali Province, and the strategic development planning disasterthe riskregion. reduction climate change adaptation in Balianalysis Province, and the for development planning within Key and issues identified through this initial include the strategic importantchallenges role the agglomeration plays in the within the region.development Key issues identified through initialeconomic analysis development include the important roletourism the agglomeration in the national strategic plan as a centre forthis regional based on the industry, theplays importance national strategicsharing, development plan as a centre regional security economic development on the tourism industry, importance of infrastructure interconnectivity, and for water/food among the citiesbased and regencies, and the lack ofthe integration or of infrastructure sharing, risk interconnectivity, and water/food security among cities and regencies, and the lack of integration or consideration of disaster reduction and climate change adaptation in thethe agglomeration plan. consideration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the agglomeration plan. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 2018 The The Authors. Published Ltd. © Authors. Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1877-7058 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience. Peer-review©under the scientific committee Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
1877-7058 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience 10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.174
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1. Introduction Based on the United Nations’ forecast [1], 75% of the world’s total population will be living in cities by 2050. In the meantime, the largest 40 urban agglomerations will have 18% of the total population, 66% of global economic activities and approximately 85% of technological innovations. This is in spite of them occupying very small land areas. Such trends indicate that urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. Although, to date, a consensus on how to define the urban agglomeration has not been reached, scholars tend to agree that an urban agglomeration comprises multiple cities that are highly integrated [2]. As Friedman contends [3], in an era of globalisation, the importance of urban agglomerations does not necessarily depend on their population size but more on their ability to participate in global socioeconomic activities and to possess, process, and allocate capital and information. Although definitions vary, it is widely agreed that agglomerations pose significant challenges for development planning. They are complex, dynamic and huge systems [2]. The increased interconnectivity blurs the boundaries between cities and peripheral regions, and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed by administrative needs, essentially obsolete [4]. Teaford cautions that within such regions, traditional means of describing the differences among cities and rural areas, or the concentration of cities within the region, fall short of fully appreciating the newly emerged urban spatial form [4]. Despite the administrative challenges, the importance of an integrated approach to development planning is particularly acute for coastal urban agglomerations that are threatened by a range of geological hazards, hydrometeorological hazards and climate change impacts. For example, coastal communities are commonly attributed with lower geographic elevations and are often associated with higher population densities than that of inland communities [5]. Flood exposure is increasing in coastal cities, owing to growing populations and assets, the changing climate, and subsidence [6]. City planners and local governments have been recognized as key actors for reducing the risks posed by natural hazards and building resilient urban societies. Yet, demographic factors related to the size, number, and geographic distribution of urban agglomerations, as well as to the projected patterns of growth of these urban agglomerations and urban populations, have not always been properly integrated into the analyses of climate change and disaster risk reduction [1]. The post-2015 global policy frameworks have created a significant opportunity to build coherence across overlapping policy areas [7]. Such information could help improve understanding of the relationship between urbanization and sustainable development, and enable investigation of the potential risks faced by urban populations in the context of rapid urbanisation. Moreover, such research can inform future urban development policies and plans that anticipate and respond to environmental challenges, economic growth, public service expansion, changing patterns of energy consumption, and the process of globalisation. 1.1. Background to the study Bali Province with Denpasar City as the Capital plays an important role in national and regional economic development. The rich and unique culture, and its tropical nature has been able to attract millions of overseas tourists. The number of overseas tourist visiting Bali reached up to 4 million visitors per year in 2014, contributing about 50% of total number overseas tourists visiting Indonesia. This has put Bali as one of the strategic area for generating income/revenue for Indonesia from Tourism Industry. As a consequence, Bali has become a centre of regional economic development for other economic activities, such as trading, agribusiness, fishery and many others. As a central economic generator, the number of population has also sharply increased, leading to the growth of Denpasar City to become a Metropolitan City supported by several satellite cities, namely Tabanan, Badung and Gianyar. This constitutes an agglomerated city region called Sarbagita, a coastal urban agglomeration. The growth of Sarbagita is identified within the National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019, where the focus of agglomeration is on the regional economic development, acceleration of the connectivity for development, capacity building of human resource for science and technology, regulation and policy, and increasing investment and attractiveness for business.
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The Metropolitan of Sarbagita is located in a very high coastal hazards zone induced by geological hazards, hydrometeorological hazards and climate change impacts. These coastal hazards include: earthquake, tsunami, abrasion, storm surges, floods (urban flood), flash flood as well as its hazard susceptibility such as sedimentation etc. Meanwhile coastal hazard induced by climate change impact includes extreme rainfalls, sea level rise, increase temperature. As a key driver for economic growth in the region, it is important that disaster risk and climate change are adequately addressed within development planning. Despite this importance, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) initiatives are typically reflected within each city/regency’s responsibility, rather than addressed in a strategic manner across an agglomeration. In general, strategic issues of Sarbagita urban agglomeration have focused on the need for regional economic development and infrastructure sharing for transportation and sanitation, such as waste treatment. The exposure of this metropolitan toward coastal hazard and climate change impact has not been the subject of previous studies. This paper is an account of the first phase of a longer-term study into agglomeration development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the integration of DRR and CCA into the planning process. This phase of the study presents an initial analysis of the strategic issues for the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction within the region. 2. Methods and data In order to better understand he current state of DRR and CCA integration within Sarbagita region and development planning, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders related to both DRR and CCA. The interviews focused on the understanding coastal hazard risk and climate change impact, countermeasures and strategies adopted, recovery processes for critical facilities, and their willingness to cooperate, not only in inter and intra cooperation in their jurisdiction city, but also as the metropolitan to face the coastal disaster and climate change impact. An analysis of key policy documents was also undertaken [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This data was analysed according to several guiding questions: 1. How is urban agglomeration addressed within national development planning? 2. What is the nature of urban agglomeration in Bali Province, and how is the population distributed across the Sarbagita region? 3. How is development planning managed within the region? 4. Who are the stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Bali Province? 5. What are the strategic challenges for development planning within the region? A second phase involved multi-stakeholder mapping. At this stage, each stakeholder’s information/data was analysed from the perspective of the level of influencer and their expected contribution to support the needs for mainstreaming the strategy for DRR and CCA into agglomeration development planning. 3. Results 3.1. Sarbagita Agglomeration as Part of National Strategic Area Development Plan Sarbagita urban agglomeration as a National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019 can be seen from two different perspective, regional economic development and spatial planning. From the regional economic perspective, the conception of urban agglomeration is a spatial pattern formed by several concentrations or group of economic activities which have a relevant business pattern in one location or nearby location. The infrastructure and resource sharing in this area will decrease productivity cost and increase market. From a spatial planning perspective, agglomeration is the urban expansion called as Metropolitan which generally consisting of one core city and several satellite cities/regions. The agglomerated cities should have a consensus and synergic strategic development plan and program. From the national perspective, these agglomerated cities are not only able to support each other, but also able to fill the gap among their development problem.
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The National Strategic Area Development Plan (KSN) as part of National Spatial Plan 2015-2019 has focused on several areas aiming at: • Regional economic development • Acceleration on the connectivity development • Capacity building on human resource for science and technology • Regulation and policy • Increasing investment and business atmosphere There are seven main target of National Strategic Development Area program. These include Metropolitan Mebidangro, Metropolitan Jabodetabekpuncur, Metropolitan Cekungan Bandung (Bandung Basin), Metropolitan Kedungsepur, Metropolitan Gerbangkertasusila, Metropolitan Sarbagita, and Metropolitan Maminasata. Beside there are 3 additional National Strategic Development Area, i.e. Metropolitan Patungraya Agung, Metropolitan Banjarbakula, and Metropolitan Bimido. From this point, it shows that Metropolitan Sarbagita becomes one of the important agglomeration program in the National Strategic Development perspective. 3.2. Urban Agglomeration of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan The Sarbagita is defined as a metropolitan consisting of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta Sub-district as core city, with three other satellite regencies, i.e. Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan, which have functional interrelationships and form an urban system linked to integrated regional infrastructure network system. Kuta Subdistrict is part of Badung Regency. Delineation of this metropolitan as shown in Figure 1 has been agreed upon based administrative unit of the sub-district with an area of 72.399 Ha (41,37% total area of Denpasar City, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan Regencies and 12.5% total area of Bali Province), consisting of: • All area of Denpasar City covering 3 sub-districts, i.e. Denpasar Utara, Denpasar Timur, Denpasar Selatan dan Denpasar Barat, with an area of 12.778 Ha. • 5 out of 6 sub-districts of Badung Regencies, i.e. Mengwi, Abiansemal, Kuta Utara, Kuta and Kuta Selatan subdistricts, with an area of 30.352 Ha. • 4 out of 7 sub-districts of Gianyar Regencies, i.e. Sukawati, Blahbatuh, Gianyar and Ubud sub-districts, with an area of 18.769 Ha. • 2 out of 10 sub-districts of Tabanan Regencies, i.e. Tabanan and Kediri sub-districts, with an area of 10.500 Ha.
Figure 1 Sub-districts of Sarbagita Agglomerated City and Regencies
Figure 2 Population Density of Sarbagita in sub-districts
3.3. Population and population density According to demographic statistic data in year 2016 mentioned that total population of Sarbagita reach 2,023,420 people with total area of 723,99 km2. The average population density is 2,795 inhabitants / km2. Details of population in each sub-district of Sarbagita area can be seen in the Table 1 and Figure 2. The highest population
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density is at the Denpasar Barat Sub-districts (10,798 people/km2), followed by Denpasar Timur (6,879 people/km2), Denpasar Utara (6,301 people/km2) and Denpasar Selatan (5,722 people/km2). The highest population density is at Denpasar Selatan (286,060 people), which is mostly dominated by a long-stay tourist destination, followed by Denpasar Barat (259,790 people). Table 1. Number of Population and Area of Jurisdiction of Sarbagita Agglomeration [Sources: Statistics of Denpasar City, Badung Regency, Gianyar Regency and Tabanan Regency, 2017 No.
Sub-districts
Population
Area (km2)
Population density (people/km2)
1.
Denpasar Selatan
286.060
49,99
5.722
2.
Denpasar Timur
153.480
22,31
6.879
3.
Denpasar Barat
259.790
24,06
10.798
4.
Denpasar Utara
197.970
31,42
6.301
5.
Kuta Selatan
152.600
101,13
1.509
6.
Kuta
102.770
17,52
5.866
7.
Kuta Utara
127.400
33,86
3.763
8.
Mengwi
130.040
82,00
1.586
9.
Abiansemal
91.280
69,01
1.323
10.
Sukawati
120.910
55,02
2.198
11.
Blahbatuh
70.290
39,70
1.771
12.
Gianyar
92.290
50,59
1.824
13.
Ubud
72.860
42,38
1.719
14.
Tabanan
73.870
51,40
1.437
15
Kediri
91.810
53,60
1.713
2.023.420
723,99
2.795 (Average)
Total
3.4. Development Planning The Sarbagita Area is a cross-regional urban area with the City of Denpasar as the main core city and the Urban Area of Kuta as the secondary core city, which has functional linkages in an urban system with adjacent urban areas in the vicinity as the satellite cities, i.e. Mangupura urban area, Jimbaran, Gianyar, Ubud, Sukawatu and Tabanan and other smaller urban areas such as Kerobokan, Blahkiuh, Kediri, Sukawati, and Blahbatuh, which are centres of tourism activities. The Article 44 of Spatial Plan Law UUPR no. 26/2007 describes that the Metropolitan Area Spatial Plan is a means of coordinating the implementation of cross-regional development. Therefore, the spatial planning of the Sarbagita Metropolitan Area, which is also a National Strategic Area, requires inter-governmental coordination in terms of regional infrastructure development among Bali Provincial Government, and Regency / City Government Sarbagita In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 45 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plans for Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan, which has been changed through Presidential Regulation no. 54 year 2014, Spatial Planning of National Strategic Area (KSN) Sarbagita is aimed at realizing the Sarbagita Metropolitan area which is safe, comfortable, productive, competitive, and sustainable as the center of national economic activity based on the international standard of tourism activity, which is self-cultural Bali based Tri Hita Karana. The direction of regulation of Sarbagita area is contained in Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan in 2029; where the spatial plan aims to distribute the designation of spatial for the functions of protection and cultivation. The arrangement of Central Service System of Sarbagita Metropolitan area is arranged in the Spatial Structure Plan until 2029, composed by settlement centers and infrastructure and facilities network system that serve as
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supporting socio-economic activity which hierarchically having functional relationship. The arrangement of the service center system of the Sarbagita Metropolitan area consists of: • Core City, comprising of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta, with functions of provincial and municipal government centers, tertiary education, regional, national and international trade and service, and tourism. • Satellite Cities/Regencies, aimed becoming an urban area and center of regional development, which integrated with core city, with the function as the balance and inhibition of the development rate of the Core City, comprises: • Gianyar urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism and agriculture • Mangupura urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism, and agriculture • Tabanan urban area, with function as the center of district government, trade and services, tourism, and agriculture • Jimbaran urban area, with function as a center of trade and services, higher education, and tourism • Ubud urban area, with function as center of tourism and agriculture 3.5. Mapping of provincial, city and regency stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA Table 2. Stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Location
Stakeholders/Institutions
Bali Province
Provincial Planning Department of Bali Province – Bappeda Prov Bali BMKG Regional III Bali Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali Forestry Department of Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali Spatial and Agraria Department of Bali Province – BPN/ATR Prov Bali Local Disaster Managamen Office at Bali Provincial – BPBD Prov Bali
Denpasar City
City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar Local Disaster Managamen Office of Denpasar City – BPBD Kota Denpasar Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar Public Works Department of Denpasar City – Dinas PU Kota Denpasar Environemnt Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar
Badung Regency
Regional Planning Department of Badung Regency – Bappeda Kab. Badung Local Disaster Managamen Office of Badung Regency – BPBD Kab. Badung Environemnt Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Badung Public Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kab. Badung
Gianyar Regency
Regional Planning Department of Gianyar Regency – Bappeda Kab. Gianyar Local Disaster Managamen Office of Gianyar Regency – BPBD Kab. Gianyar Environemnt Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Gianyar Agriculture Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Pertanian Kab. Gianyar Public Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas PU (Bina Marga) Kab. Gianyar Health Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Kesehatan Kab. Gianyar
Tabanan Regency
Regional Planning Department of Tabanan Regency – Bappeda Kab. Tabanan Local Disaster Managamen Office of Tabanan Regency – BPBD Kab. Tabanan Environemnt Department of Tabanan Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Tabanan
Table 2 details the main stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA within Sarbagita. Figure 3 further illustrates the level of resourcing and degree of influence each of these stakeholders has in addressing climate change adaptation (left) and disaster risk reduction (right) issues in the Sarbagita Metropolitan. Both climate change adaptation aspects and disaster risk reduction aspects have not been considered in the agglomeration development planning. Meanwhile, at the individual city/regency level both climate change adaptation program and disaster risk reduction program are not aligned in relation to influence the city/regency development planning. Only disaster risk reduction program has been acknowledged in the planning process as part of consideration on the disaster risk reduction based spatial planning as endorsed both by Spatial Plan Law UUPR no. 26/2007 and Disaster Management Law UUMB no 24/2007.
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Further analysis found that the DRR strategic program has an inter-sectoral basis and is accommodated by a local law as a Disaster Management Plan (PRB) led by BPBD. In contrast, the CCA strategic action plan, which is also inter-sectoral and supposed to be included within a Local Action Plan for CCA (RAD-API), does not have a single institution mandated to lead. The stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA are also not aligned. From Table 2 at the province level, there are 3 stakeholders that have an important role for both CCA and DRR, i.e. Planning Department (Bapeda Bali Province), BMKG, and Spatial and Agraria Department (BPN/ATR Bali Province). However, for DRR only one stakeholder is involved, i.e. the Local Disaster Management Office of Bali Province, while for CCA there are two stakeholders involved, i.e. the Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali and the Forestry Department of Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali. By way of comparison, within Denpasar City, the stakeholders involved for both CCA and DRR programs are City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar, Public Works Department of Denpasar City – Dinas PU Kota Denpasar. Meanwhile for DRR it involves the Local Disaster Management Office of Denpasar City – BPBD Kota Denpasar and Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar, while for CAA it only involves the Environment Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar. It is evident from this analysis that stakeholders are not appropriately aligned, either between CCA and DRR, or between the various cities and regencies that make up the agglomeration area.
Figure 3 Stakeholder mapping for climate change (left) and disaster risk reduction (right) in Sarbagita Metropolitan
3.6. The strategic issues of the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan Several important policies of Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan include: • Development of integrated system of activity centers that support the function of the region as the center of national economic activity based on international tourism; • Improving the quality and scope of the services of infrastructure systems; • Improvement of functions and protection of national defense and security facilities; • Natural and socio-culture conservation in the Sarbagita Metropolitan as a center of international tourism with a Balinese culture. There is very significant linkage of several centres of activities that support the function of Sarbagita Metropolitan as a centre of national economic activities based on the international tourism industry. Those centres include Denpasar, Badung, Tanah Lot in Tabanan to Gianyar area. In addition, there is also a regional linkage and cooperation related to improving the quality and scope of service of infrastructure system, i.e. transportation mode, garbage and clean water. These findings need to be further analysed holistically and in depth from the perspective of cost benefit effectiveness from regional economic development, coupled with the impact of climate change and coastal hazard threats. These findings will inform recommendations on mainstreaming the integration of DRR and CCA into development planning.
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4. Discussion and conclusion Several key issues have emerged from this initial analysis. Firstly, Sarbagita Agglomeration plays important role in the national strategic development plan, as center for regional economic development based on tourism industry. Cities and regencies agglomerated in Sarbagita Metropolitan will support each other not only for the tourism based regional economic development but also in terms of sustainability and caring capacity, i.e. infrastructure sharing, interconnectivity, and water/food security. However, there is a significant probably of population and its density exposed to coastal hazard. Despite this threat, both DRR and CCA are not considered in the agglomeration plan, and dualism in managing the disaster and climate change impact is a major concern. The extent to which DRR and CCA are considered on any level, also varies significantly. A DRR strategic plan has legal endorsement and a lead agency, whereas CCA is only an action plan and does not have a lead agency. These initial findings will inform the next phase of the study, which will involve a detailed examination of the natural hazards that threaten Sarbagita Metropolitan, the potential impact of climatic changes, and how these are addressed through the development planning process. The study will also be replicated in Jakarta, West Java Province, to allow for a cross case analysis. Acknowledgement The research is jointly funded by a British Council Institutional Links Newton Fund grant to the University of Huddersfield, and an Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (Ristekdikti) grant to the Institute of Technology Bandung. This 18 month research project is entitled Mainstreaming integrated DRR and CCA strategies into coastal urban agglomeration policy. References [1] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, World Cities Report 2016 Urbanisation and development: emerging futures, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya. [2] Fang C L, Yu D L, 2017. Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162: 126– 136. [3] J.R. Friedman The world city hypothesis: Development and change, Urban Studies, 23 (2) (1986), pp. 59-137 [4] J. Teaford The metropolitan revolution, Columbia University Press, New York (2006). Analisis Tim WJPMDM Tahun 2011, 2012, 2013; Data SP Tahun 2010; GIS Bappeda Jabar 2020 [5] Balcia S.F., Wright N.G., van der Meulen F. A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts. Nat. Hazards. 64:73–105 (2012). [6] Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls R J, Corfee-Morlot J Future flood losses in major coastal cities Nature Climate Change 3, 802–806 (2013). [7] Murray V, Maini R, Clarke L, Eltinay N (2016) Coherence between the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, the Climate Agreement, New Urban Agenda and World Humanitarian Summit and he role of science in their implementation. [8] Bappenas. 2013. Perencanaan Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional: Tinjauan Kebencanaan Studi Kasus Penataan Ruang Kawasan JABODETABEKPUNJUR. [9] Bappenas. 2014. Rancangan Awal, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, Buku III: Agenda Pembangunan Wilayah [10] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan [11] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Dan Tabanan [12] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Dan Tabanan