- Email: [email protected]
Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications M.R. Bindhu, M. Umadevi, M. Kavin Micheal, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi www.elsevier.com
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0167-577X(15)30972-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.020 MLBLUE19980
To appear in: Materials Letters Received date: 2 November 2015 Accepted date: 2 December 2015 Cite this article as: M.R. Bindhu, M. Umadevi, M. Kavin Micheal, Mariadhas Valan Arasu and Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications, Materials Letters, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.020 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications
M.R.Bindhu1*, M.Umadevi2, M. Kavin Micheal1, Mariadhas Valan Arasu3 and Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi3 1
Department of Physics, Nanjil Catholic College of Arts and Science, Nedumcode, Kaliyakavilai, Tamil Nadu, India. 2
Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia *Email: [email protected]; Tele: 04651244788 .
Abstract Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by wet chemical reaction method. The structural, optical and morphologies of MgO nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV- Vis Spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles with the average size of 16nm. The SEM and TEM reveal the formation of almost spherical shaped MgO nanoparticles. XRD shows the face cubic centred structure of the MgO nanoparticles. The observed antibacterial properties, suggest the possible utilization of prepared nanoparticles in water purification. Keywords: MgO; Nanosize; X-ray techniques; Optical properties; Surfaces; Antibacterial activity; water purification.
1
1. Introduction Water is one of the purest symbols of wealth, health, tranquility, beauty and originality. Pure water, which is free of toxic chemicals and pathogenic bacteria, is necessary for human health. Waterborne pathogens including helminthes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses and prions, can cause many diseases. In India 80% of the diseases are due to bacterial contamination of drinking water. Keeping this in mind, the removal or deactivation of pathogenic bacteria in water is described in the present study. Nanostructured oxide materials have been studied extensively because of their large surface areas, unusual adsorptive properties, surface defects and fast diffusivities. They are not only stable in cruel method conditions but also observed as secure materials to human beings and animals. Nanoparticles exhibit novel material properties due to their small size, that are significantly different from those of their bulk counterparts. Among the known metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide (MgO) has been widely studied because it is a unique solid of high ionic character, simple stoichiometry and crystal structure, and surface structural defects, and its novel applications in areas such as electronics, adsorption, catalysis, ceramics, petrochemical products, reflecting and antireflecting coatings, detection and remediation of chemical waste and warfare agents, and many other fields [1-8]. MgO nanoparticles can be synthesized using various physicochemical techniques [914]. The morphology and properties of the prepared MgO nanoparticles differ and depend on the synthesis route and processing conditions. Wet chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the most sensitive methods which will be advantageous over other conventional process as it will be a simple, inexpensive and fast method [15]. Antibacterial activities of MgO nanoparticles against various pathogens have also been established [13, 1618]. Main objective of this present study is to synthesize MgO nanoparticles using wet chemical reaction method and show its function as a antibacterial agent so that it may be used for water purification application.
2. Experimental Details All the chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Synthesis was carried out by simple chemical reaction method by using magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 1:2 molar ratio of the metal ions to hydroxide ions were added and kept under constant stirring for 2 hours for entire dissolution of contents and allowed to settle for 24 hours at room temperature to form magnesium hydroxide. The supernatant liquid was then discarded carefully and the remaining solution was centrifuged (10,000rpm) for 20 minutes. The Centrifugate was washed several times with double distilled water in an ultrasonic bath at a frequency of about 200KHz for 5hours, to remove the by products that bound with the
2
nanoparticles. Finally the sample was dried in hot air oven for 3 hours at 100°C and calcined at 400ºC for 5hour to obtain the purest form of MgO nanoparticles. The structure of the dried samples were characterized by XRD using X’Per PRO (PANalytical) X-ray Diffractometer with CuKα radiation λ =1.5406A˚, at the scanning rate of 0.05 0. UV study was carried out by using Double Beam UV-vis Spectrophotometer (LMSP UV 1900). Morphology studies were made using a JEOL TEM 2010 High Resolution TEM with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV and SEM using a Hitachi S3000P.
3.
Results and Discussion
3.1.
Structural Studies Fig. 1(a) indicates the XRD pattern of MgO nanoparticles calcined at 400oC.The diffraction peaks are
narrower at this higher temperature. The result confirmed the formation of MgO nanopowders. The peaks at 2 values of 36.9º, 42.9º, 62.3º and 74.6º and 78.6º in the 2θ range can be indexed to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (220), (311) and (2 2 2) planes of the Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structured MgO nanopowders with space group of Fm-3m (JCPDS file no. 89-7746). No other peaks were detected in the XRD pattern confirming high purity of the obtained MgO nanoparticles. The average crystallite size ranging from 12 nm was estimated by using Scherrer’s formula. The lattice constant and volume were found to be a = 4.211A˚ and 74.67 (A˚) 3 respectively, which is agreement with the literature report (a= 4.219 A˚and V=75.14 (A˚) 3, JCPDS no.89-7746). The values of surface area to volume ratio (SA:V), Specific Surface Area (SSA), average strain (ε) and dislocation density (δ) are calculated as 0.47, 131.96m2/g, 0.124x10-2 and 34.79 x 1014 m-2 respectively [19-22].
Figure. 1. XRD pattern of obtained MgO nanoparticles.
3
3.2.
UV-vis Studies The optical properties of MgO nanoparticles have been recorded by absorption spectrum in the UV-
visible wavelength range of 200-500 nm and are shown in Fig. 2. It exhibits absorption at 212nm. This absorption is considerably higher than that of the bulk MgO due to bulk excitonic transitions for single crystals of MgO (163nm). The absorption at 212nm accredited to coordination of surface oxide ion, the high wavelength of the surface exciton associated with it indicating low coordination. This is because electrostatic potential of a O2- ion in MgO gradually decreased as the coordination decrease, and on the whole process needs less energy. The band gap of MgO nanoparticles is calculated based on the equation α=A(hν-Eg)1/2/hν where α, Eg and A are the absorption coefficient, band gap and constant respectively. The evaluated optical band gap energy of MgO nanoparticle is 5.25eV and agrees well with values obtained in other works [23-24]. The results show that MgO is a wide and direct-gap semiconductor. This observed band gap value is red shifted from the standard value of bulk Eg (7.65eV) [25]. The red shift of the direct band gaps exhibit the effect of the morphologies of crystals having various main active facets and response various excitation energy and so having different direct band gaps, and may be due to the quantum size effect.
Figure. 2. Optical absorption spectra of MgO nanoparticles (inset) A plot of (αhν)1/2 versus hν.
4
3.3.
Morphological Studies Fig. 3 (a) and (b) shows the TEM and SEM images of MgO nanoparticles. These results show that the
particles were in almost spherical shape with smooth surfaces. It was observed that some of the particles were well dispersed and most of them were aggregated. It shows the presence of almost spherical nanoparticles with average size of 16 nm ranging from 7 to 38 nm size were observed at Fig. 3(a-b). The observed nanostructures grow by a process involving rapid reduction, assembly and room temperature sintering of spherical nanoparticles. The TEM image is in good agreement with the sizes obtained from TEM image agree reasonably well with the XRD data. The high specific surface area and surface area to volume ratio of the prepared nanoparticles also tends to smaller particles as explained in XRD pattern of MgO.
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(b) Figure. 3. (a) TEM and (b) SEM images at different magnifications of MgO nanoparticles.
5
3.4
Antibacterial Activity The antibacterial activity of prepared MgO nanoparticles was performed against gram negative
pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, which are commonly found in water. In our case, the MgO nanoparticles are more effective against gram positive pathogen than the gram negative pathogen. The differences observed in the diameter of zone of inhibition may be due to the difference in the susceptibility of different bacteria to the prepared nanoparticles. Gram positive bacteria characteristically have no outer membrane in the cell wall and thick wall composed of multi layers of peptidoglycan. On the other hand, gram-negative bacteria have more complex cell wall structure, with a layer of peptidoglycan between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. Thus the cell membrane of gram positive bacteria can be damaged more easily. The bactericidal action of MgO nanoparticles may responsible to the binding of surface oxide ion to the bacteria depends on the surface area available for interaction. As the surface area of the particles increases, there is an increase in the surface oxide ion concentration, which results in a more effective destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of the bacteria are influenced by the size and morphology of the prepared particles, and the effect of antibacterial activity increases with decreasing size of nanoparticles [19-20,26].
a)
b)
c)
Figure. 4. Zone of inhibition of MgO nanoparticles for (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (b) Staphylococcus aureus respectively, and (iii) Antibacterial activity of prepared nanoparticles against pathogens.
4. Conclusion MgO nanoparticles were synthesized with average size of 16 nm were prepared using wet chemical reaction method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis., XRD, SEM and TEM. The surface morphological studies confirm the formation of MgO nanoparticles with size distribution of 7-38nm. XRD
6
reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles were well produced and has FCC structure. The optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles indicate the quantum confinement effect. The prepared nanoparticles displayed a pronounced antibacterial activity against different pathogens, which are commonly found in water. This approach will be very useful for the synthesis of nanostructures in water purification processes for inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Acknowledgement The project was full financially supported by king Saud University, through Vice Deanship of Research Chairs. References [1] Utamapanya S, Klabunde KJ, Schlup JR, Chem Mater 1991;3:175-81. [2] Rajagopalan S, Koper S, Decker S, Klabunde KJ, J Eur Chem 2002;8:2602-7. [3] Xu BQ, Wei JH, Wang HY, Sun KQ, Zhu QM, Cat Today, 2001;68:217. [4] A. Bagheri GH, M. Sabbaghan, Z. Mirgani, Spectrochim Acta A2015; 137:1286-91. [5] Hongji L, Mingji L, Xiufeng W, Xiaoguo W, Fude L, Baohe Y, Mater Lett 2013;102–103: 80-82. [6] Mingji L, Xiufeng W, Hongji L, Dai W, Guojun Q, Fude L, Baohe Y, Mater Lett 2013;106:45-48. [7] Sagiv K, Rachman C, Mater Lett 2007; 61: 4489-91. [8] Li Y, Bando Y, Sato T, Chem Phys Lett 2002;359:141-45. [9] Štengl V, Bakardjieva S, Ma kova M, Bezdika P, Šubrt S, Mater Lett 2003;57:3998-4003. [10] Choi HS, Hwang ST, J Mater Res 2000;15:842-5. [11] Piya O, Thammanoon S, Sumaeth C, Mater Lette 2009;63:1862-65. [12] Zhu YQ, Hsu WK, Znou WZ,Terrones M, Kroto HW, Walton DRW, Chem Phys Lett 2001;347:337-43. [13] Makhluf S, Dror R, Nitzan Y, Abramovich Y, Jelinek R, Gedanken A, Adv Funct Mater 2005;15:1708-15. [14] Wang T et al., Mater Lett 2014;116:332-36. [15] Asadollah S, Alimorad R, Katayoun M, Sakineh K, Mater Lett 2013;109:269-74. [16] Sawai J et al., World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2000;16:187-194. [17] Koper OB, Klabunde JS, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ, Stoimenov PL, Curr Microbiol 2002;44:49-55. [18] Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ, Langmuir 2002;18:6679-86. [19] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Spectrochim Acta A 2014;121:596–604. [20] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Mater Lett 2014;120:122–25.
7
[21] Murali KR, Vidhya VS, Jayachandran M. Mat Sci in Semiconduc Pro 2007;10:155–58. [22] Venkatachalam S, Rajendrakumar RT, Mangalaraj D, Narayandass SK, Kim K, Yi J. Sol Sta Elec 2004;48:2219-23. [23 Pandey R, Jaffe JE, Kunz AB, Phys Rev B 1991;43:9228-37. [24] Schomberger U, Aryasetiawan F, Phys Rev B 1995;52:8788-93. [25] Williams MW and Arakawa ET, J Appl Phys 1967;38:5272-76. [26] Bindhu MR, Vijaya Rekha P, Umamaheswari T, Umadevi M, Mater Lett 2014;131:194–97.
Highlights
MgO nanoparticles synthesized using wet chemical reaction method.
Shows good antibacterial activity.
Can be used in water purification processes for inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
.
8
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0167-577X(15)30972-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.020 MLBLUE19980
To appear in: Materials Letters Received date: 2 November 2015 Accepted date: 2 December 2015 Cite this article as: M.R. Bindhu, M. Umadevi, M. Kavin Micheal, Mariadhas Valan Arasu and Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications, Materials Letters, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.020 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications
M.R.Bindhu1*, M.Umadevi2, M. Kavin Micheal1, Mariadhas Valan Arasu3 and Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi3 1
Department of Physics, Nanjil Catholic College of Arts and Science, Nedumcode, Kaliyakavilai, Tamil Nadu, India. 2
Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia *Email: [email protected]; Tele: 04651244788 .
Abstract Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by wet chemical reaction method. The structural, optical and morphologies of MgO nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV- Vis Spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles with the average size of 16nm. The SEM and TEM reveal the formation of almost spherical shaped MgO nanoparticles. XRD shows the face cubic centred structure of the MgO nanoparticles. The observed antibacterial properties, suggest the possible utilization of prepared nanoparticles in water purification. Keywords: MgO; Nanosize; X-ray techniques; Optical properties; Surfaces; Antibacterial activity; water purification.
1
1. Introduction Water is one of the purest symbols of wealth, health, tranquility, beauty and originality. Pure water, which is free of toxic chemicals and pathogenic bacteria, is necessary for human health. Waterborne pathogens including helminthes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses and prions, can cause many diseases. In India 80% of the diseases are due to bacterial contamination of drinking water. Keeping this in mind, the removal or deactivation of pathogenic bacteria in water is described in the present study. Nanostructured oxide materials have been studied extensively because of their large surface areas, unusual adsorptive properties, surface defects and fast diffusivities. They are not only stable in cruel method conditions but also observed as secure materials to human beings and animals. Nanoparticles exhibit novel material properties due to their small size, that are significantly different from those of their bulk counterparts. Among the known metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide (MgO) has been widely studied because it is a unique solid of high ionic character, simple stoichiometry and crystal structure, and surface structural defects, and its novel applications in areas such as electronics, adsorption, catalysis, ceramics, petrochemical products, reflecting and antireflecting coatings, detection and remediation of chemical waste and warfare agents, and many other fields [1-8]. MgO nanoparticles can be synthesized using various physicochemical techniques [914]. The morphology and properties of the prepared MgO nanoparticles differ and depend on the synthesis route and processing conditions. Wet chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the most sensitive methods which will be advantageous over other conventional process as it will be a simple, inexpensive and fast method [15]. Antibacterial activities of MgO nanoparticles against various pathogens have also been established [13, 1618]. Main objective of this present study is to synthesize MgO nanoparticles using wet chemical reaction method and show its function as a antibacterial agent so that it may be used for water purification application.
2. Experimental Details All the chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Synthesis was carried out by simple chemical reaction method by using magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 1:2 molar ratio of the metal ions to hydroxide ions were added and kept under constant stirring for 2 hours for entire dissolution of contents and allowed to settle for 24 hours at room temperature to form magnesium hydroxide. The supernatant liquid was then discarded carefully and the remaining solution was centrifuged (10,000rpm) for 20 minutes. The Centrifugate was washed several times with double distilled water in an ultrasonic bath at a frequency of about 200KHz for 5hours, to remove the by products that bound with the
2
nanoparticles. Finally the sample was dried in hot air oven for 3 hours at 100°C and calcined at 400ºC for 5hour to obtain the purest form of MgO nanoparticles. The structure of the dried samples were characterized by XRD using X’Per PRO (PANalytical) X-ray Diffractometer with CuKα radiation λ =1.5406A˚, at the scanning rate of 0.05 0. UV study was carried out by using Double Beam UV-vis Spectrophotometer (LMSP UV 1900). Morphology studies were made using a JEOL TEM 2010 High Resolution TEM with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV and SEM using a Hitachi S3000P.
3.
Results and Discussion
3.1.
Structural Studies Fig. 1(a) indicates the XRD pattern of MgO nanoparticles calcined at 400oC.The diffraction peaks are
narrower at this higher temperature. The result confirmed the formation of MgO nanopowders. The peaks at 2 values of 36.9º, 42.9º, 62.3º and 74.6º and 78.6º in the 2θ range can be indexed to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (220), (311) and (2 2 2) planes of the Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structured MgO nanopowders with space group of Fm-3m (JCPDS file no. 89-7746). No other peaks were detected in the XRD pattern confirming high purity of the obtained MgO nanoparticles. The average crystallite size ranging from 12 nm was estimated by using Scherrer’s formula. The lattice constant and volume were found to be a = 4.211A˚ and 74.67 (A˚) 3 respectively, which is agreement with the literature report (a= 4.219 A˚and V=75.14 (A˚) 3, JCPDS no.89-7746). The values of surface area to volume ratio (SA:V), Specific Surface Area (SSA), average strain (ε) and dislocation density (δ) are calculated as 0.47, 131.96m2/g, 0.124x10-2 and 34.79 x 1014 m-2 respectively [19-22].
Figure. 1. XRD pattern of obtained MgO nanoparticles.
3
3.2.
UV-vis Studies The optical properties of MgO nanoparticles have been recorded by absorption spectrum in the UV-
visible wavelength range of 200-500 nm and are shown in Fig. 2. It exhibits absorption at 212nm. This absorption is considerably higher than that of the bulk MgO due to bulk excitonic transitions for single crystals of MgO (163nm). The absorption at 212nm accredited to coordination of surface oxide ion, the high wavelength of the surface exciton associated with it indicating low coordination. This is because electrostatic potential of a O2- ion in MgO gradually decreased as the coordination decrease, and on the whole process needs less energy. The band gap of MgO nanoparticles is calculated based on the equation α=A(hν-Eg)1/2/hν where α, Eg and A are the absorption coefficient, band gap and constant respectively. The evaluated optical band gap energy of MgO nanoparticle is 5.25eV and agrees well with values obtained in other works [23-24]. The results show that MgO is a wide and direct-gap semiconductor. This observed band gap value is red shifted from the standard value of bulk Eg (7.65eV) [25]. The red shift of the direct band gaps exhibit the effect of the morphologies of crystals having various main active facets and response various excitation energy and so having different direct band gaps, and may be due to the quantum size effect.
Figure. 2. Optical absorption spectra of MgO nanoparticles (inset) A plot of (αhν)1/2 versus hν.
4
3.3.
Morphological Studies Fig. 3 (a) and (b) shows the TEM and SEM images of MgO nanoparticles. These results show that the
particles were in almost spherical shape with smooth surfaces. It was observed that some of the particles were well dispersed and most of them were aggregated. It shows the presence of almost spherical nanoparticles with average size of 16 nm ranging from 7 to 38 nm size were observed at Fig. 3(a-b). The observed nanostructures grow by a process involving rapid reduction, assembly and room temperature sintering of spherical nanoparticles. The TEM image is in good agreement with the sizes obtained from TEM image agree reasonably well with the XRD data. The high specific surface area and surface area to volume ratio of the prepared nanoparticles also tends to smaller particles as explained in XRD pattern of MgO.
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(b) Figure. 3. (a) TEM and (b) SEM images at different magnifications of MgO nanoparticles.
5
3.4
Antibacterial Activity The antibacterial activity of prepared MgO nanoparticles was performed against gram negative
pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, which are commonly found in water. In our case, the MgO nanoparticles are more effective against gram positive pathogen than the gram negative pathogen. The differences observed in the diameter of zone of inhibition may be due to the difference in the susceptibility of different bacteria to the prepared nanoparticles. Gram positive bacteria characteristically have no outer membrane in the cell wall and thick wall composed of multi layers of peptidoglycan. On the other hand, gram-negative bacteria have more complex cell wall structure, with a layer of peptidoglycan between outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. Thus the cell membrane of gram positive bacteria can be damaged more easily. The bactericidal action of MgO nanoparticles may responsible to the binding of surface oxide ion to the bacteria depends on the surface area available for interaction. As the surface area of the particles increases, there is an increase in the surface oxide ion concentration, which results in a more effective destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of the bacteria are influenced by the size and morphology of the prepared particles, and the effect of antibacterial activity increases with decreasing size of nanoparticles [19-20,26].
a)
b)
c)
Figure. 4. Zone of inhibition of MgO nanoparticles for (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (b) Staphylococcus aureus respectively, and (iii) Antibacterial activity of prepared nanoparticles against pathogens.
4. Conclusion MgO nanoparticles were synthesized with average size of 16 nm were prepared using wet chemical reaction method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis., XRD, SEM and TEM. The surface morphological studies confirm the formation of MgO nanoparticles with size distribution of 7-38nm. XRD
6
reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles were well produced and has FCC structure. The optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles indicate the quantum confinement effect. The prepared nanoparticles displayed a pronounced antibacterial activity against different pathogens, which are commonly found in water. This approach will be very useful for the synthesis of nanostructures in water purification processes for inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Acknowledgement The project was full financially supported by king Saud University, through Vice Deanship of Research Chairs. References [1] Utamapanya S, Klabunde KJ, Schlup JR, Chem Mater 1991;3:175-81. [2] Rajagopalan S, Koper S, Decker S, Klabunde KJ, J Eur Chem 2002;8:2602-7. [3] Xu BQ, Wei JH, Wang HY, Sun KQ, Zhu QM, Cat Today, 2001;68:217. [4] A. Bagheri GH, M. Sabbaghan, Z. Mirgani, Spectrochim Acta A2015; 137:1286-91. [5] Hongji L, Mingji L, Xiufeng W, Xiaoguo W, Fude L, Baohe Y, Mater Lett 2013;102–103: 80-82. [6] Mingji L, Xiufeng W, Hongji L, Dai W, Guojun Q, Fude L, Baohe Y, Mater Lett 2013;106:45-48. [7] Sagiv K, Rachman C, Mater Lett 2007; 61: 4489-91. [8] Li Y, Bando Y, Sato T, Chem Phys Lett 2002;359:141-45. [9] Štengl V, Bakardjieva S, Ma kova M, Bezdika P, Šubrt S, Mater Lett 2003;57:3998-4003. [10] Choi HS, Hwang ST, J Mater Res 2000;15:842-5. [11] Piya O, Thammanoon S, Sumaeth C, Mater Lette 2009;63:1862-65. [12] Zhu YQ, Hsu WK, Znou WZ,Terrones M, Kroto HW, Walton DRW, Chem Phys Lett 2001;347:337-43. [13] Makhluf S, Dror R, Nitzan Y, Abramovich Y, Jelinek R, Gedanken A, Adv Funct Mater 2005;15:1708-15. [14] Wang T et al., Mater Lett 2014;116:332-36. [15] Asadollah S, Alimorad R, Katayoun M, Sakineh K, Mater Lett 2013;109:269-74. [16] Sawai J et al., World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2000;16:187-194. [17] Koper OB, Klabunde JS, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ, Stoimenov PL, Curr Microbiol 2002;44:49-55. [18] Stoimenov PK, Klinger RL, Marchin GL, Klabunde KJ, Langmuir 2002;18:6679-86. [19] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Spectrochim Acta A 2014;121:596–604. [20] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Mater Lett 2014;120:122–25.
7
[21] Murali KR, Vidhya VS, Jayachandran M. Mat Sci in Semiconduc Pro 2007;10:155–58. [22] Venkatachalam S, Rajendrakumar RT, Mangalaraj D, Narayandass SK, Kim K, Yi J. Sol Sta Elec 2004;48:2219-23. [23 Pandey R, Jaffe JE, Kunz AB, Phys Rev B 1991;43:9228-37. [24] Schomberger U, Aryasetiawan F, Phys Rev B 1995;52:8788-93. [25] Williams MW and Arakawa ET, J Appl Phys 1967;38:5272-76. [26] Bindhu MR, Vijaya Rekha P, Umamaheswari T, Umadevi M, Mater Lett 2014;131:194–97.
Highlights
MgO nanoparticles synthesized using wet chemical reaction method.
Shows good antibacterial activity.
Can be used in water purification processes for inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
.
8