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Studies on Incubator Hygiene
Studies on Incubator Hygiene VIII. THE RESISTANCE OF S. AERTRYCKE, S. ANATUM, AND SALMONELLA FROM QUAIL TO FORMALDEHYDE FUMIGATION* ROBERT GRAHAM AND V. M. MICHAEL University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (Received for publication, July 19, 1936)
HILE incubator disseminated Salmonella infections of chicks, other than S. pullorum has not been recognized, an occasional serious loss in chicks associated with S. aertrycke and S. anatum has been reported in literature. A Salmonella type distinct from S. pullorum has also been noted in baby quail. The spontaneous occurrence of S. aertrycke in chicks has been reported by different investigators in this and other countries. Doyle (1927) studied two outbreaks in baby chicks. All the birds in one flock of 60 died, and 50 percent of another flock succumbed. Adult fowls were found to be resistant to S. aertrycke infection and agglutination tests on these birds were negative. In autopsy, organs appeared normal. Edwards (1929) reported an epizootic of baby chicks from which S. aertrycke and S. anatum could be regularly isolated. During and after the outbreak, agglutination tests failed to reveal any carriers among the breeding flock or survivors. Gaiger and Davies (1933) reported the occurrence of an acute, highly fatal disease of chicks, caused by 5. aertrycke. The symptoms somewhat resembled those seen in pullorum disease. Chicks from three of ten days were found to be dull and listless, *A Smith Junior forced draft incubator was employed in these studies, and the eggs for hatching purposes were purchased with funds provided by Smith Incubator Company.
with diarrhea as a common symptom. In one outbreak, the only lesion found on autopsy was an acute inflammation of the intestines, while autopsy findings from another outbreak revealed an excess of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Chicks which survived for seven days, in the latter outbreak, were found to have small, necrotic spots on the liver, and occasionally hemorrhages on the epicardium. A Salmonella separate and distinct from 5. pullorum in differential media, was noted in baby quail associated with an acute loss in incubator hatched quail chicks. Approximately 60 percent of the hatch succumbed during the first three weeks of life. The quail chicks were acutely affected. Symptoms preceding death were only occasionally observed. In connection with studies on incubator hygiene with particular reference to the germicidal value of formaldehyde for S. pullorum and fowl pox virus in forced draft incubators, an opportunity was provided to note the tolerance of Salmonella types other than S. pullorum. The strains selected were S. aertrycke, and S. newport obtained from the Army Medical School and an unidentified Salmonella strain isolated in the University Laboratory of Animal Pathology from baby quail immediately following death. The forced draft incubator employed had a capacity of 32,000 eggs and during the fumigations to be described carried from 750 to 4,400 eggs in the trays.
[494]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Texas at Austin on June 8, 2015
W
NOVEMBER,
1936.
VOL.
XV,
No.
24, 48, and 96 hours. The results obtained in 4 separate fumigations with S. newport, S. aertrycke, and unidentified quail Salmonella, are summarized in Table 1. S. aertrycke, in four fumigations, survived 30 minutes but not 60 minutes. See Table 1A. S. newport survived 30 minutes but not 60 minutes. See Table IB. Quail Salmonella in four fumigations survived 60 minutes, but not 90 minutes. See Table 1C. SUMMARY
S. aertrycke and S. newport on cotton squares survived formaldehyde fumigation in forced draft incubator for 30 minutes but were non-viable at 60 minutes, while the quail Salmonella survived for 60 minutes but was non-viable at 90 minutes.
TABLE 1.—Results of Formaldehyde Fumigation of Salmonella in a Forced Draft Incubator REFERENCES
Squares fumigated at 15 min. 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. Control—no fumigation
A
B
C
S. aertrycke
S. newport
Quail Salmonella
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
Key: + = microorganisms still viable. + = small number of colonies. — = no growth.
forced draft incubator. The squares, held in position on rubber stoppers on the inside of the door, were removed at 15 minute intervals without opening the door. Formaldehyde (20 cc. per 100 cubic feet) was released from cheesecloth. The fumigated squares were streaked heavily across plain nutrient agar plates, and incubated at 37°C. The inoculated plates were examined at
Beaudette, F. R., 1936, New Brunswick, N.J. Personal communication. Doyle, T. M., 1927. B. aertrycke infection of chicks. Jour. Compar. Path, and Therap., 40:71-75. Edwards, P. R., 1929. A fatal infection of chicks due to bacilli of the paratyphoid B group. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 45 :191-19S. Gaiger, S. H., and G. O. Davies, 1933. Salmonella aertrycke infection in chicks. Vet. Rec, 13:538S39. Graham, Robert, and V. M. Michael, 1932. Studies on incubator hygiene, I. Poul Sci., 11:110-116. , 1932 b. Studies on .incubator hygiene, I I . Poul Sci. 11:197-207. , 1934. Studies on incubator hygiene, III. Poul. Sci. 13:40-43. , 1936. Studies on incubator hygiene, V. Poul. Sci. 15:83-87. , and E. H. Barger, 1936. Studies on incubator hygiene, IV. Poul. Sci. IS :48-52. Graham, Robert, 1936. Salmonella isolated from baby quail. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 88: 763-764. McGaughey, C. A., 1932. Bacteria of the enteric groups in poultry. Vet. Jour., 88:16.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Texas at Austin on June 8, 2015
Technic. The resistance of Salmonella strains to formaldehyde fumigation was determined by exposing virulent Salmonella on cotton squares (1 x 1 x 1/16-inch) to formaldehyde for varying periods of time in a forced draft incubator. The viability of the Salmonella suspension used was determined in each fumigation by culturing unfumigated contaminated cotton squares. Cotton squares were selected as vehicles for Salmonella microorganisms employed in these studies for the reason that when they were employed in previous S. pullorum fumigation studies results were secured which compared favorably with the artificially contaminated down and feet of dayold chicks. Salmonella contaminated cotton squares were placed on the inside of the door of a
495
6
HILE incubator disseminated Salmonella infections of chicks, other than S. pullorum has not been recognized, an occasional serious loss in chicks associated with S. aertrycke and S. anatum has been reported in literature. A Salmonella type distinct from S. pullorum has also been noted in baby quail. The spontaneous occurrence of S. aertrycke in chicks has been reported by different investigators in this and other countries. Doyle (1927) studied two outbreaks in baby chicks. All the birds in one flock of 60 died, and 50 percent of another flock succumbed. Adult fowls were found to be resistant to S. aertrycke infection and agglutination tests on these birds were negative. In autopsy, organs appeared normal. Edwards (1929) reported an epizootic of baby chicks from which S. aertrycke and S. anatum could be regularly isolated. During and after the outbreak, agglutination tests failed to reveal any carriers among the breeding flock or survivors. Gaiger and Davies (1933) reported the occurrence of an acute, highly fatal disease of chicks, caused by 5. aertrycke. The symptoms somewhat resembled those seen in pullorum disease. Chicks from three of ten days were found to be dull and listless, *A Smith Junior forced draft incubator was employed in these studies, and the eggs for hatching purposes were purchased with funds provided by Smith Incubator Company.
with diarrhea as a common symptom. In one outbreak, the only lesion found on autopsy was an acute inflammation of the intestines, while autopsy findings from another outbreak revealed an excess of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Chicks which survived for seven days, in the latter outbreak, were found to have small, necrotic spots on the liver, and occasionally hemorrhages on the epicardium. A Salmonella separate and distinct from 5. pullorum in differential media, was noted in baby quail associated with an acute loss in incubator hatched quail chicks. Approximately 60 percent of the hatch succumbed during the first three weeks of life. The quail chicks were acutely affected. Symptoms preceding death were only occasionally observed. In connection with studies on incubator hygiene with particular reference to the germicidal value of formaldehyde for S. pullorum and fowl pox virus in forced draft incubators, an opportunity was provided to note the tolerance of Salmonella types other than S. pullorum. The strains selected were S. aertrycke, and S. newport obtained from the Army Medical School and an unidentified Salmonella strain isolated in the University Laboratory of Animal Pathology from baby quail immediately following death. The forced draft incubator employed had a capacity of 32,000 eggs and during the fumigations to be described carried from 750 to 4,400 eggs in the trays.
[494]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Texas at Austin on June 8, 2015
W
NOVEMBER,
1936.
VOL.
XV,
No.
24, 48, and 96 hours. The results obtained in 4 separate fumigations with S. newport, S. aertrycke, and unidentified quail Salmonella, are summarized in Table 1. S. aertrycke, in four fumigations, survived 30 minutes but not 60 minutes. See Table 1A. S. newport survived 30 minutes but not 60 minutes. See Table IB. Quail Salmonella in four fumigations survived 60 minutes, but not 90 minutes. See Table 1C. SUMMARY
S. aertrycke and S. newport on cotton squares survived formaldehyde fumigation in forced draft incubator for 30 minutes but were non-viable at 60 minutes, while the quail Salmonella survived for 60 minutes but was non-viable at 90 minutes.
TABLE 1.—Results of Formaldehyde Fumigation of Salmonella in a Forced Draft Incubator REFERENCES
Squares fumigated at 15 min. 30 min. 60 min. 90 min. Control—no fumigation
A
B
C
S. aertrycke
S. newport
Quail Salmonella
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
Key: + = microorganisms still viable. + = small number of colonies. — = no growth.
forced draft incubator. The squares, held in position on rubber stoppers on the inside of the door, were removed at 15 minute intervals without opening the door. Formaldehyde (20 cc. per 100 cubic feet) was released from cheesecloth. The fumigated squares were streaked heavily across plain nutrient agar plates, and incubated at 37°C. The inoculated plates were examined at
Beaudette, F. R., 1936, New Brunswick, N.J. Personal communication. Doyle, T. M., 1927. B. aertrycke infection of chicks. Jour. Compar. Path, and Therap., 40:71-75. Edwards, P. R., 1929. A fatal infection of chicks due to bacilli of the paratyphoid B group. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 45 :191-19S. Gaiger, S. H., and G. O. Davies, 1933. Salmonella aertrycke infection in chicks. Vet. Rec, 13:538S39. Graham, Robert, and V. M. Michael, 1932. Studies on incubator hygiene, I. Poul Sci., 11:110-116. , 1932 b. Studies on .incubator hygiene, I I . Poul Sci. 11:197-207. , 1934. Studies on incubator hygiene, III. Poul. Sci. 13:40-43. , 1936. Studies on incubator hygiene, V. Poul. Sci. 15:83-87. , and E. H. Barger, 1936. Studies on incubator hygiene, IV. Poul. Sci. IS :48-52. Graham, Robert, 1936. Salmonella isolated from baby quail. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 88: 763-764. McGaughey, C. A., 1932. Bacteria of the enteric groups in poultry. Vet. Jour., 88:16.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Texas at Austin on June 8, 2015
Technic. The resistance of Salmonella strains to formaldehyde fumigation was determined by exposing virulent Salmonella on cotton squares (1 x 1 x 1/16-inch) to formaldehyde for varying periods of time in a forced draft incubator. The viability of the Salmonella suspension used was determined in each fumigation by culturing unfumigated contaminated cotton squares. Cotton squares were selected as vehicles for Salmonella microorganisms employed in these studies for the reason that when they were employed in previous S. pullorum fumigation studies results were secured which compared favorably with the artificially contaminated down and feet of dayold chicks. Salmonella contaminated cotton squares were placed on the inside of the door of a
495
6