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Studies on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Composite Panels
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMMAS17
Studies on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Composite Panels Valarmathi.T.Na,*, Jeswin Arputhabalan.Jb, Ravichandran.Sc, Robin.S d, Revanth.V e, Sekar.Sf a
Professor, Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India. b Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical & Production Engg., Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India c Professor, Department of Physics, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, Tamil Nadu, India d,e UG Students, Department of Mechanical & Production Engg., Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India f Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg., Velammal Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai-600 066, India
Abstract Composite materials are widely used in many fields because of their superior qualities. Nowadays natural fibers are finding becoming good choice as they are cheap, safe to manufacture, recyclable, biodegradable and eco-friendly. In this study, Jute fiber and epoxy composite and Jute fiber and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panels of 5mm thickness is fabricated using hand layup method to investigate their tensile strength and hardness. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Manufacturing and Applied Sciences. Keywords: Jute; epoxy; Al metal powder; mechanical properties.
1. Introduction Natural composites are becoming popular as they are cheap, light weight, good strength and high stiffness properties. The natural fiber composites have some disadvantages like dimensional changes occur due to high moisture absorption, need of surface treatment, etc. Even though the natural fiber composite preparation is a time consuming process it is preferred as it is available enormously with low cost. Many research works which are carried out recently shows their wide usage in replacing the conventional materials. Ajith Gopinath et al[1] fabricated a composite using jute with epoxy and polyester and found that the time required for processing with polyester is less when compared to only with epoxy and it has better tensile and flexural properties but epoxy composite is most suitable in automobile because of its better mechanical properties. Debiprasad Gon et al [2] suggested that natural composites like jute composites can be used as a substitute for manufacturing furniture industries which in turn reduces the usage of wood. Fernanda Santos da Luz et al [3] replaced the aramid fabric layer with jute fabric epoxy composite and concluded that light weight and less cost of jute composite is advantageous than aramid fabric. Mohammed Rafiquzzaman et al [4] fabricated hybrid Jute – * Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9445433963. E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Manufacturing and Applied Sciences.
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Valarmathi. T.N et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
Al epoxy composite panel and concluded that the mechanical properties are improved by the addition of Al metal powder and it can suitable for low load bearing applications. Sivasubramanian and Alavudeen [5] worked on Natural fibres are now considered as a suitable alternative to glass fibre, due to their advantages, which include low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, and recyclability. Palanikumar and Valarmathi [6] carried out thrust force studies in wood composite panels. Temesgen Berhanu et al [7] studied the mechanical properties of jute fiber composite made using polypropylene. They observed that there is an improvement in the mechanical properties of composite, when the weight percentage of jute fiber is increased. Valarmathi et al [8] studied drilling characteristics of wood composite panels. Valarmathi and Palanikumar [9] carried out delamination studies on Particleboard wood composite panels. Vivek Mishra and Sandhyarani Biswas [10] fabricated bidirectional composite using jute with epoxy and studied the physical and mechanical properties of composite during loading and concluded that formation of voids have significant effect on mechanical properties. In this study, Jute fiber and epoxy composite and Jute fiber and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel are fabricated using hand layup method to investigate their mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. Also to compare the composite panels to observe the effect of Al metal powder. 2. Experimental procedure In the present work a composite panel made of Jude fiber is fabricated to study the mechanical properties. The methodology used for this study is given in Figure 1. Composite panels are made using different methods like compression moulding, hand layup, etc. In this study the composite panels are made using hand layup method. Two types of composites are fabricated in this study one is made of jute fiber as reinforcement and epoxy resin as a matrix and the other one is made of jute fiber as reinforcement and epoxy resin with Al metal powder as a matrix. Jute is a natural fiber. It is composed of lignin and cellulose. It belongs to bast fiber category. Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre-polymers or higher molecular weight polymers having excellent mechanical properties when they are cured. Here for curing hardener is used. Woven jute fiber layers are placed in between two Mylar sheets. The epoxy resin is mixed with hardener. The resin mixture is placed on the jute fiber laminates and allowed for setting. The methodology chart is presented in Fig. 1. The fabricated composite panels are presented in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSITES
JUTE FIBER LAMINATE + MYLAR SHEETS
EPOXY RESIN(LY 556) + HARDENER(HY 951)
EPOXY RESIN(LY 556) + Al Powder + HARDENER(HY 951)
FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE PANELS
CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITES
TESTING
HARDNESS
IMPACT STRENGTH
Fig. 1. Methodology chart
Valarmathi. T.N et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
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Fig. 2. Fabricated jute – epoxy composite panel
Fig. 3. Fabricated jute – epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Testing of mechanical properties The jute fiber reinforced epoxy and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel is subjected to mechanical characterization. Three specimens of each category are cut to the required size for testing their mechanical properties. Hardness and tensile strength test have been carried out to analyze the mechanical properties. The tensile strength was found using computer controlled universal testing machine. Hardness was measured with Shore-D hardness tester. The testers used are shown in Fig. 4 (a & b). The average values of results are presented in Table 1.
Fig. 4. (a) Universal testing machine; (b) Shore durometer hardness tester
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Valarmathi. T.N et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243 Table 1 Test results of composite panels Jute and Epoxy
Trail No.
Jute and Epoxy with Al metal powder
Tensile strength
Hardness
Tensile strength
Hardness
1
22.575
62.30
31.093
66.70
2
33.779
65.40
32.943
60.10
3
29.933
62.70
31.093
62.80
Average
28.762
63.46
31.709
63.20
The comparison plots are presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6 for tensile strength and hardness. 40
TENSILE STRENGTH
35 30 25
JUTE- EPOXY COMPOSITE
20 15
JUTE - EPOXY WITH Al METAL POWDER COMPOSITE
10 5 0 1
2
3
TRAIL
Fig. 5. Comparison of tensile strength of fabricated composite panels
From the results and comparison graph it is revealed that the jute-epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel has better tensile strength than jute-epoxy composite panel. 68
HARDNESS
66 64 JUTE- EPOXY COMPOSITE
62 60
JUTE - EPOXY WITH Al METAL POWDER COMPOSITE
58 56 1
2
3
TRAIL
Fig. 6. Comparison of hardness of fabricated composite panels
Valarmathi. T.N et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
1243
From the results and comparison graph it is observed that there is little difference in hardness of the fabricated composite panels of two kinds. There may be chances of improvement if the composition of epoxy - Al metal powder is changed. 4. Conclusion In the present study, woven jute fiber – epoxy composite panels are fabricated to study the mechanical properties. Tensile strength and hardness of the fabricated composite panels have been tested. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that
The jute-epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel has better tensile strength than jute-epoxy composite panel. There is only little difference in hardness of the fabricated composite panels of two kinds. There may be chances of improvement if the composition of epoxy - Al metal powder is varied.
References [1] Ajith Gopinath, M.Senthil Kumar, A.Elayaperumal, Procedia Engineering. 97 (2014) 2052 – 2063. [2] Debiprasad Gon, Kousik Das, Palash Paul, Subhankar Maity, International Journal of Textile Science.1 (6) (2012) 84 – 93. [3] Fernanda Santos da Luz, Edio Pereira Lima Junior, Luis Henrique Leme Louro, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Materials Research.18 (2015) 170 –77. [4] Md. Rafiquzzaman, Md. Habibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayeed and Md. Nawazish Ali, Int. J. Mech. Engg. Automation. 3(1) (2016) 202-207. [5] K.Palanikumar, T.N.Valarmathi, Experimental Techniques. 40(1) (2016) 391–400. [6] P.Sivasubramanian, A.Alavudeen, M.Thiruchitrambalam, http://www.jeccomposites.com/knowledge/international-composites-news/. (2011). [7] Temesgen Berhanu, Pradeep Kumar, Inderdeep Singh, 5 th Int.&26th Conference AIMTDR 2014, IIT Guwahati, Assam. (Dec 12th – 14th 2014). [8] T.N.Valarmathi, K.Palanikumar, S.Sekar, AdvancedMaterials Research. 622-623 (2013) 1285-1299. [9] T.N.Valarmathi, K.Palanikumar, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 79(3) (2013) 339-345. [10] Vivek Mishra, Sandhyarani Biswas, Procedia Engineering. 51 (2013) 561 – 566.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMMAS17
Studies on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Composite Panels Valarmathi.T.Na,*, Jeswin Arputhabalan.Jb, Ravichandran.Sc, Robin.S d, Revanth.V e, Sekar.Sf a
Professor, Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India. b Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical & Production Engg., Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India c Professor, Department of Physics, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, Tamil Nadu, India d,e UG Students, Department of Mechanical & Production Engg., Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India f Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg., Velammal Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai-600 066, India
Abstract Composite materials are widely used in many fields because of their superior qualities. Nowadays natural fibers are finding becoming good choice as they are cheap, safe to manufacture, recyclable, biodegradable and eco-friendly. In this study, Jute fiber and epoxy composite and Jute fiber and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panels of 5mm thickness is fabricated using hand layup method to investigate their tensile strength and hardness. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Manufacturing and Applied Sciences. Keywords: Jute; epoxy; Al metal powder; mechanical properties.
1. Introduction Natural composites are becoming popular as they are cheap, light weight, good strength and high stiffness properties. The natural fiber composites have some disadvantages like dimensional changes occur due to high moisture absorption, need of surface treatment, etc. Even though the natural fiber composite preparation is a time consuming process it is preferred as it is available enormously with low cost. Many research works which are carried out recently shows their wide usage in replacing the conventional materials. Ajith Gopinath et al[1] fabricated a composite using jute with epoxy and polyester and found that the time required for processing with polyester is less when compared to only with epoxy and it has better tensile and flexural properties but epoxy composite is most suitable in automobile because of its better mechanical properties. Debiprasad Gon et al [2] suggested that natural composites like jute composites can be used as a substitute for manufacturing furniture industries which in turn reduces the usage of wood. Fernanda Santos da Luz et al [3] replaced the aramid fabric layer with jute fabric epoxy composite and concluded that light weight and less cost of jute composite is advantageous than aramid fabric. Mohammed Rafiquzzaman et al [4] fabricated hybrid Jute – * Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9445433963. E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials, Manufacturing and Applied Sciences.
1240
Valarmathi. T.N et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
Al epoxy composite panel and concluded that the mechanical properties are improved by the addition of Al metal powder and it can suitable for low load bearing applications. Sivasubramanian and Alavudeen [5] worked on Natural fibres are now considered as a suitable alternative to glass fibre, due to their advantages, which include low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, and recyclability. Palanikumar and Valarmathi [6] carried out thrust force studies in wood composite panels. Temesgen Berhanu et al [7] studied the mechanical properties of jute fiber composite made using polypropylene. They observed that there is an improvement in the mechanical properties of composite, when the weight percentage of jute fiber is increased. Valarmathi et al [8] studied drilling characteristics of wood composite panels. Valarmathi and Palanikumar [9] carried out delamination studies on Particleboard wood composite panels. Vivek Mishra and Sandhyarani Biswas [10] fabricated bidirectional composite using jute with epoxy and studied the physical and mechanical properties of composite during loading and concluded that formation of voids have significant effect on mechanical properties. In this study, Jute fiber and epoxy composite and Jute fiber and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel are fabricated using hand layup method to investigate their mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. Also to compare the composite panels to observe the effect of Al metal powder. 2. Experimental procedure In the present work a composite panel made of Jude fiber is fabricated to study the mechanical properties. The methodology used for this study is given in Figure 1. Composite panels are made using different methods like compression moulding, hand layup, etc. In this study the composite panels are made using hand layup method. Two types of composites are fabricated in this study one is made of jute fiber as reinforcement and epoxy resin as a matrix and the other one is made of jute fiber as reinforcement and epoxy resin with Al metal powder as a matrix. Jute is a natural fiber. It is composed of lignin and cellulose. It belongs to bast fiber category. Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre-polymers or higher molecular weight polymers having excellent mechanical properties when they are cured. Here for curing hardener is used. Woven jute fiber layers are placed in between two Mylar sheets. The epoxy resin is mixed with hardener. The resin mixture is placed on the jute fiber laminates and allowed for setting. The methodology chart is presented in Fig. 1. The fabricated composite panels are presented in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSITES
JUTE FIBER LAMINATE + MYLAR SHEETS
EPOXY RESIN(LY 556) + HARDENER(HY 951)
EPOXY RESIN(LY 556) + Al Powder + HARDENER(HY 951)
FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE PANELS
CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITES
TESTING
HARDNESS
IMPACT STRENGTH
Fig. 1. Methodology chart
Valarmathi. T.N et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
1241
Fig. 2. Fabricated jute – epoxy composite panel
Fig. 3. Fabricated jute – epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Testing of mechanical properties The jute fiber reinforced epoxy and epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel is subjected to mechanical characterization. Three specimens of each category are cut to the required size for testing their mechanical properties. Hardness and tensile strength test have been carried out to analyze the mechanical properties. The tensile strength was found using computer controlled universal testing machine. Hardness was measured with Shore-D hardness tester. The testers used are shown in Fig. 4 (a & b). The average values of results are presented in Table 1.
Fig. 4. (a) Universal testing machine; (b) Shore durometer hardness tester
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Valarmathi. T.N et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243 Table 1 Test results of composite panels Jute and Epoxy
Trail No.
Jute and Epoxy with Al metal powder
Tensile strength
Hardness
Tensile strength
Hardness
1
22.575
62.30
31.093
66.70
2
33.779
65.40
32.943
60.10
3
29.933
62.70
31.093
62.80
Average
28.762
63.46
31.709
63.20
The comparison plots are presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6 for tensile strength and hardness. 40
TENSILE STRENGTH
35 30 25
JUTE- EPOXY COMPOSITE
20 15
JUTE - EPOXY WITH Al METAL POWDER COMPOSITE
10 5 0 1
2
3
TRAIL
Fig. 5. Comparison of tensile strength of fabricated composite panels
From the results and comparison graph it is revealed that the jute-epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel has better tensile strength than jute-epoxy composite panel. 68
HARDNESS
66 64 JUTE- EPOXY COMPOSITE
62 60
JUTE - EPOXY WITH Al METAL POWDER COMPOSITE
58 56 1
2
3
TRAIL
Fig. 6. Comparison of hardness of fabricated composite panels
Valarmathi. T.N et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019) 1239–1243
1243
From the results and comparison graph it is observed that there is little difference in hardness of the fabricated composite panels of two kinds. There may be chances of improvement if the composition of epoxy - Al metal powder is changed. 4. Conclusion In the present study, woven jute fiber – epoxy composite panels are fabricated to study the mechanical properties. Tensile strength and hardness of the fabricated composite panels have been tested. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that
The jute-epoxy with Al metal powder composite panel has better tensile strength than jute-epoxy composite panel. There is only little difference in hardness of the fabricated composite panels of two kinds. There may be chances of improvement if the composition of epoxy - Al metal powder is varied.
References [1] Ajith Gopinath, M.Senthil Kumar, A.Elayaperumal, Procedia Engineering. 97 (2014) 2052 – 2063. [2] Debiprasad Gon, Kousik Das, Palash Paul, Subhankar Maity, International Journal of Textile Science.1 (6) (2012) 84 – 93. [3] Fernanda Santos da Luz, Edio Pereira Lima Junior, Luis Henrique Leme Louro, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Materials Research.18 (2015) 170 –77. [4] Md. Rafiquzzaman, Md. Habibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayeed and Md. Nawazish Ali, Int. J. Mech. Engg. Automation. 3(1) (2016) 202-207. [5] K.Palanikumar, T.N.Valarmathi, Experimental Techniques. 40(1) (2016) 391–400. [6] P.Sivasubramanian, A.Alavudeen, M.Thiruchitrambalam, http://www.jeccomposites.com/knowledge/international-composites-news/. (2011). [7] Temesgen Berhanu, Pradeep Kumar, Inderdeep Singh, 5 th Int.&26th Conference AIMTDR 2014, IIT Guwahati, Assam. (Dec 12th – 14th 2014). [8] T.N.Valarmathi, K.Palanikumar, S.Sekar, AdvancedMaterials Research. 622-623 (2013) 1285-1299. [9] T.N.Valarmathi, K.Palanikumar, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 79(3) (2013) 339-345. [10] Vivek Mishra, Sandhyarani Biswas, Procedia Engineering. 51 (2013) 561 – 566.