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Studies on the Amino Acid and Vitamin Composition of Feather Meal
234
RESEARCH NOTES
traction of isolated frog intestine. It is possible that the observations recorded above might be related to an effect of this kind. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Busse, W., 1952. The effect of chloramphenical on intestinal molitity. Naunyn—Schmiedeberg's
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACID AND VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF FEATHER MEAL B. R. GREGORY, O. H. M. WILDER AND P. C. OSTBY
Division of Animal Feeds, American Méat Institute Foundation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Received for publication November 2,1955)
Considérable interest has developed in the use of chicken feather meal as a potential source of protein for feed use. Binkley and Vasak (1950), and Mayer (1955) hâve described a method for the production of a friable feather meal in a dry-rendering type cooker. This type of process is now in gênerai use for the production of feather meal, and samples of such material hâve been used by Wilder, Ostby and Gregory (1955) in expérimental chick rations. Thèse feeding tests hâve indicated that feather meal is a valuable supplément when used with méat and bone scrap in a practical type ration. Since the feather meal in itself did not appear to be a complète protein for feed use, it was of importance to détermine its amino acid Journal Paper No. 128 American Méat Institute Foundation.
and vitamin composition. Analysis of feather protein was reportée! by Block (1939), and by Graham, Waitkoff and Hier (1949). Thèse analyses were, however, made on the unprocessed feathers and no data hâve been available on the material processed under steam pressure and used in feeds as feather meal. Five samples of the feather meals previously used by Wilder et al. (1955) hâve now been analyzed for 13 amino acids and 4 vitamins that are of significance in nutrition. METHOD
For ail amino acids except cystine and tryptophan, the samples were hydrolyzed by autoclaving for 16 hours with 3 N hydrochloric acid. For cystine the method was the same, but the time of autoclaving was reduced to 3 hours to avoid destruc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at EKU Libraries,SerialsEastern Kentucky University on May 24, 2015
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Ltd., Montréal, Canada, for the riboflavin, vitamin B12 and penicillin, and Fine Chemicals Division, American Cyanamid Co., Inc., Pearl River, N.Y., for the aureomycin used in thèse experiments.
Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 216: 331343. Busse, W., and H. Spiess, 1952. Animal experiments on the inhibitory effects of chloromycetin on the motility of the small intestine. Klin. Wochschr. 30: 333-334. Hillerman, J. P., F. H. Kratzer and W. O. Wilson, 1953. Food passage through chickens and turkeys and some regulating factors. Poultry Sci. 32: 332-335. Nakatsuka, M., J. Matsumoto, H. Yamamoto and G. Masuda, 1952. Pharmacological studies concerning a few antibacterial substances. II. Influence on isolated frog intestine. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1:55-78. Schaumann, O., M. Giovannini and K. Jochum, 1952. The effect of analgésies and drugs that act like morphine on intestinal motility. Naunym— Schmiedeberg's Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 215: 460-468.
235
P.S.A. TABLE 1.—Amino acid content offeather meal % of sample Amino acid
% of protein
Average
%
%
Arginine Glutamic Acid Histidine Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Methionîne Cystine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
5.39-6.09 7.43-8.38 0.32-0.44 1.17-2.34 6.76-7.77 3.65-3.88 0.45-0.62 2.10-3.56 3.43-4.10 3.72-4.33 0.48-0.68 2.03-2.80 6.40-6.73
5.62 8.04 0.40 1.55 7.43 3.79 0.51 3.09 3.77 3.96 0.57 2.43 6.53
6.08-6.90 8.60-9.59 0.37-0.50 1.35-2.61 7.82-8.83 4.22-4.35 0.51-0.71 2.42-4.23 3.82-4.65 4.30-4.95 0.54-0.79 2.34-3.20 7.41-7.50
Protein (NX6.25)
Range86.34-89.59%
%
Range
Average
%
6.41 9.19 0.46 1.76 8.48 4.33 0.58 3.55 4.31 4.51 ' 0.66 2.75 7.45
Average 87.61%
tion of cystine which might occur during prolonged autoclaving. Tryptophan was determined chemically by the method described by Graham, Smith, Hier and Klein (1947). The remainder of the amino acids were determined microbiologically. For arginine, Bacto-Arginine Assay Médium from Difco Laboratories was used, and for the other amino acids, a synthetic amino acid médium of the type described by Schweigert, Guthneck, Kraybill and Greenwood (1949) was employed. The samples for the détermination of riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid were treated with papain and takadiastase for libération of the vitamins, and those for vitamin BX2 activity were autoclaved for 5 minutes with phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. A synthetic amino acid médium was used for the détermination of vitamin B12 activity, casein-hydrolysate médium for niacin and pantothenic acid, and an alkali-treated peptone médium for riboflavin. Thèse procédures are described in "Methods of Vitamin Analysis," (1951). The results of thèse analyses are shown
AUGUST 7-10, ANNUAL MEI TION, NORTH CAROLINA
Vitamin
Range
Average
Riboflavin mg./lb. Niacin mg./lb. Pantothenic Acid mg./lb. B12 activity* mcg./lb.
0.68- 1.34 6.12-10.43 2.77- 5.72 20.9 -46.3
0.88 7.85 3.68 32.2
* Vitamin B12 activity (L. leichmannii)
in Tables 1 and 2. In comparison with the work of Block (1939) and Graham et al. (1949), thèse data indicate that the amino acids in feather protein are relatively stable during steam pressure processing in the production of feather meal, with the exception of arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and cystine. Of thèse, the only one showing considérable loss was cystine. REFERENCES Binkley, C. H., and O. R. Vasak, 1950. Production of a friable meal from feathers. AIC-274, Bureau Agricultural and Ind. Chem. Agr. Res. Administration, U.S.D.A., June 1950. Block, R. J., 1939. The amino acid composition of hair, wool, horn, and other eukeratins. J. Biol. Chem. 128:181-186. Graham, C. E., E. P. Smith, S. W. Hier and D. Klein, 1947. An improved method for the détermination of tryptophan with p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde. J. Biol. Chem. 168: 711-716. Graham, C. E., H. H. Waitkofï and S. W. Hier, 1949. The amino acid content of some scleroproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 177:529-532. Mayer, E. J., 1955. Conversion of feathers. U. S. Patent 2,702,245, February 15. Methods of Vitamin Assay, 1951. The Association of Vitamin Chemists, Inc., Interscience Publishers. New York. Schweigert, B. S., B. Guthneck, H. R. Kraybill and D. A. Greenwood, 1949. The amino acid composition of pork and lamb cuts. J. Biol. Chem. 180: 1077-1083. Wilder, O. H. M., P. C. Ostby and B. R. Gregory, 1955. The use of chicken feather meal in feeds. Poultry Sci. 34: 518-524.
POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIACOLLEGE, RALEIGH, N. C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at EKU Libraries,SerialsEastern Kentucky University on May 24, 2015
Range
TABLE 2.—Vitamin content offeather meal
RESEARCH NOTES
traction of isolated frog intestine. It is possible that the observations recorded above might be related to an effect of this kind. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Busse, W., 1952. The effect of chloramphenical on intestinal molitity. Naunyn—Schmiedeberg's
STUDIES ON THE AMINO ACID AND VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF FEATHER MEAL B. R. GREGORY, O. H. M. WILDER AND P. C. OSTBY
Division of Animal Feeds, American Méat Institute Foundation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Received for publication November 2,1955)
Considérable interest has developed in the use of chicken feather meal as a potential source of protein for feed use. Binkley and Vasak (1950), and Mayer (1955) hâve described a method for the production of a friable feather meal in a dry-rendering type cooker. This type of process is now in gênerai use for the production of feather meal, and samples of such material hâve been used by Wilder, Ostby and Gregory (1955) in expérimental chick rations. Thèse feeding tests hâve indicated that feather meal is a valuable supplément when used with méat and bone scrap in a practical type ration. Since the feather meal in itself did not appear to be a complète protein for feed use, it was of importance to détermine its amino acid Journal Paper No. 128 American Méat Institute Foundation.
and vitamin composition. Analysis of feather protein was reportée! by Block (1939), and by Graham, Waitkoff and Hier (1949). Thèse analyses were, however, made on the unprocessed feathers and no data hâve been available on the material processed under steam pressure and used in feeds as feather meal. Five samples of the feather meals previously used by Wilder et al. (1955) hâve now been analyzed for 13 amino acids and 4 vitamins that are of significance in nutrition. METHOD
For ail amino acids except cystine and tryptophan, the samples were hydrolyzed by autoclaving for 16 hours with 3 N hydrochloric acid. For cystine the method was the same, but the time of autoclaving was reduced to 3 hours to avoid destruc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at EKU Libraries,SerialsEastern Kentucky University on May 24, 2015
The authors wish to thank Merck and Co., Ltd., Montréal, Canada, for the riboflavin, vitamin B12 and penicillin, and Fine Chemicals Division, American Cyanamid Co., Inc., Pearl River, N.Y., for the aureomycin used in thèse experiments.
Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 216: 331343. Busse, W., and H. Spiess, 1952. Animal experiments on the inhibitory effects of chloromycetin on the motility of the small intestine. Klin. Wochschr. 30: 333-334. Hillerman, J. P., F. H. Kratzer and W. O. Wilson, 1953. Food passage through chickens and turkeys and some regulating factors. Poultry Sci. 32: 332-335. Nakatsuka, M., J. Matsumoto, H. Yamamoto and G. Masuda, 1952. Pharmacological studies concerning a few antibacterial substances. II. Influence on isolated frog intestine. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 1:55-78. Schaumann, O., M. Giovannini and K. Jochum, 1952. The effect of analgésies and drugs that act like morphine on intestinal motility. Naunym— Schmiedeberg's Arch. Exptl. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 215: 460-468.
235
P.S.A. TABLE 1.—Amino acid content offeather meal % of sample Amino acid
% of protein
Average
%
%
Arginine Glutamic Acid Histidine Lysine Leucine Isoleucine Methionîne Cystine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
5.39-6.09 7.43-8.38 0.32-0.44 1.17-2.34 6.76-7.77 3.65-3.88 0.45-0.62 2.10-3.56 3.43-4.10 3.72-4.33 0.48-0.68 2.03-2.80 6.40-6.73
5.62 8.04 0.40 1.55 7.43 3.79 0.51 3.09 3.77 3.96 0.57 2.43 6.53
6.08-6.90 8.60-9.59 0.37-0.50 1.35-2.61 7.82-8.83 4.22-4.35 0.51-0.71 2.42-4.23 3.82-4.65 4.30-4.95 0.54-0.79 2.34-3.20 7.41-7.50
Protein (NX6.25)
Range86.34-89.59%
%
Range
Average
%
6.41 9.19 0.46 1.76 8.48 4.33 0.58 3.55 4.31 4.51 ' 0.66 2.75 7.45
Average 87.61%
tion of cystine which might occur during prolonged autoclaving. Tryptophan was determined chemically by the method described by Graham, Smith, Hier and Klein (1947). The remainder of the amino acids were determined microbiologically. For arginine, Bacto-Arginine Assay Médium from Difco Laboratories was used, and for the other amino acids, a synthetic amino acid médium of the type described by Schweigert, Guthneck, Kraybill and Greenwood (1949) was employed. The samples for the détermination of riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid were treated with papain and takadiastase for libération of the vitamins, and those for vitamin BX2 activity were autoclaved for 5 minutes with phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. A synthetic amino acid médium was used for the détermination of vitamin B12 activity, casein-hydrolysate médium for niacin and pantothenic acid, and an alkali-treated peptone médium for riboflavin. Thèse procédures are described in "Methods of Vitamin Analysis," (1951). The results of thèse analyses are shown
AUGUST 7-10, ANNUAL MEI TION, NORTH CAROLINA
Vitamin
Range
Average
Riboflavin mg./lb. Niacin mg./lb. Pantothenic Acid mg./lb. B12 activity* mcg./lb.
0.68- 1.34 6.12-10.43 2.77- 5.72 20.9 -46.3
0.88 7.85 3.68 32.2
* Vitamin B12 activity (L. leichmannii)
in Tables 1 and 2. In comparison with the work of Block (1939) and Graham et al. (1949), thèse data indicate that the amino acids in feather protein are relatively stable during steam pressure processing in the production of feather meal, with the exception of arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and cystine. Of thèse, the only one showing considérable loss was cystine. REFERENCES Binkley, C. H., and O. R. Vasak, 1950. Production of a friable meal from feathers. AIC-274, Bureau Agricultural and Ind. Chem. Agr. Res. Administration, U.S.D.A., June 1950. Block, R. J., 1939. The amino acid composition of hair, wool, horn, and other eukeratins. J. Biol. Chem. 128:181-186. Graham, C. E., E. P. Smith, S. W. Hier and D. Klein, 1947. An improved method for the détermination of tryptophan with p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde. J. Biol. Chem. 168: 711-716. Graham, C. E., H. H. Waitkofï and S. W. Hier, 1949. The amino acid content of some scleroproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 177:529-532. Mayer, E. J., 1955. Conversion of feathers. U. S. Patent 2,702,245, February 15. Methods of Vitamin Assay, 1951. The Association of Vitamin Chemists, Inc., Interscience Publishers. New York. Schweigert, B. S., B. Guthneck, H. R. Kraybill and D. A. Greenwood, 1949. The amino acid composition of pork and lamb cuts. J. Biol. Chem. 180: 1077-1083. Wilder, O. H. M., P. C. Ostby and B. R. Gregory, 1955. The use of chicken feather meal in feeds. Poultry Sci. 34: 518-524.
POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIACOLLEGE, RALEIGH, N. C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at EKU Libraries,SerialsEastern Kentucky University on May 24, 2015
Range
TABLE 2.—Vitamin content offeather meal