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Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route Amarish Kumar Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar ⇑ Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 June 2019 Accepted 30 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Aluminium foam Cenosphere Syntactic foam Spray forming Wear of foam
a b s t r a c t In the present study, aluminium syntactic foam has been fabricated using cenosphere space holder by spray forming route, and its wear behavior is investigated. The microstructure of foam shows that cenosphere distributed uniformly into the matrix. Detailed investigation of reciprocating friction wear has been carried out, and finally, the fretting wear behavior of aluminium foam evaluated against tungsten carbide ball under fretting wear mode and compared with the as received commercially available aluminium. The mechanism and kinetics of wear have also been studied through a detail microstructure analysis of the worn surface. The results show that the cenosphere space holder decreases the relative density, increases the hardness and wear properties of foam compare to their solid material counterparts. Wear studies of foam show a substantial improvement in wear resistance in comparison with commercial aluminium. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
1. Introduction Aluminium foams containing pores have the alluring potential for different sectors of industrial applications, mostly in aerospace and automobile, because of its light weight, and excellent physical, mechanical, and wear properties. Because of their remarkable energy absorption capacity, aluminium foam offers significant performance gains for crash protection of the vehicle, higher thermal insulation and damping strength in comparison to their solid material counterpart [1–5]. Apart of automotive and aerospace application, aluminium foams are also used for other industrial applications, like, railway, structural application for passenger safety, blast resistance, sandwich panels, packaging and fire proof applications [6,7]. Earlier, numerous attempts have been reported to develop aluminium foam, like stir casting, powder metallurgy, melt infiltration, spray forming, etc. [7]. The foam developed by spray forming route gets less attention by using cenosphere space holder. The advantages of spray forming over other conventional techniques are the development of refined structure with zero segregation and enhanced mechanical properties resulting from rapid
solidification [8]. This process is intermediate in terms of cost between stirring and powder metallurgy route [8]. Aluminium foam has low wear resistance, and this can be improved by adding of cenosphere particle into the aluminium matrix [9]. The cenosphere base syntactic foam has a higher porosity, and it makes the materials cheaper than other foam [10]. Cenosphere space holder has a spherical nature, because of that it gives closed porosity with porosity ranging in the micro range. The shell of cenosphere has a mullite phase which provides excellent strength, energy absorption properties and wear resistance in both lubricant and dry environments. The spherical nature of cenosphere particles, provide less wear from the counter surface [9,10]. In the present work, 35 percentages of cenosphere, constant current (400Amp), and varying hydrogen pressure (5, and 10 Psi), has been used to develop aluminium foam by spray forming route. A detailed investigation was done to study the effect of spray forming parameters on the microstructures evolution and process parameter were optimized for the spray forming process. Finally, the average surface roughness, micro-hardness and wear properties of foam have been evaluated and the mechanism and kinetics of wear have been investigated through a detail microstructure analysis of the worn surface.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Dutta Majumdar). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
2
A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental The aluminium (Aldrich, 200 Mesh, 99%), and cenosphere powders of 60 mm average particle size (Cenosphere India Ltd., Kolkata) were mixed with tumbler mixing, and it was used as precursor powder to prepare foam by using spray forming technique. In this technique, argon (40 Psi) gas was used for arc initiation, and hydrogen (5 Psi and 10 Psi) was used as an auxiliary gas which is shown in Table 1. Argon causes a rapid heat transfer between a plasma jet flame and the heated object. Besides, argon also protects powder particles against oxidation. After preparation of foam, the microstructure of foam examined by using an optical microscope (LEICA: DM6000 M). The average surface roughness (Ra) of the foamed samples was carried out to obtain the sharpness of deposition by using surface profilometer (Bruker ContourGT-K). The microhardness of the foam sample was measured using Vickers micro-hardness tester (UHL-VMHT 001) by using a load of 100gmf and dwell time of 10 s. The fretting wear of foamed sample was studied by Ducom ball-on-plate tribometer at the room temperature. The foamed sample was ultrasonically cleaned in acetone before doing an experiment. The sample was mounted in a sample holder on a translation table, which oscillates the sample at the desired frequency and on a set stroke length by means of a stepping motor with the help of the software program. The tests were performed under identical wear parameters, the load of 10 N, displacement stroke length of 1 mm, frequency 10 Hz and up to 2000
wear cycles. Finally, a detailed study of post wear has been carried out, by measure the wear scar diameter (transverse direction) the worn area by field emission scanning electron microscopy and correlated with kinetics of wear and coefficient of friction to understand the mode of wear. Finally, the wear volume was computed. 3. Result and discussion The optical micrograph of foam sample obtained by optical microscope (LEICA: DM6000 M), which shown in Fig. 1. The microstructure of foam shows the presence of spherical cenosphere in the aluminium matrix. The particle of cenosphere distributed uniformly into the matrix, and some of the interconnected micro pores (marked through arrow) and micro porosity (marked through white circle) has also been observed in the micrograph. Because of higher pressure, the cenosphere deeply inserted into the aluminium matrix. In addition, with that, somewhere cluster of cenosphere (marked through black circle), has been observed. The optical micrograph demonstrates interface bonding between cenosphere and the matrix. The density of foam has been obtained by using water displacement technique, which is shown in Table 1. As the pressure of hydrogen increase, it increases the heating rate, because of that few cenosphere particles get diffused, and it develops the open porosity into the matrix. The average surface roughness (Ra) of the foamed samples was carried out to obtain the sharpness of
Table 1 The processing parameters, and physical properties of foam. Sample Name
composition
H2 (Psi)
Relative Density
Average Roughness (mm)
S1 S2
Al + Cenosphere Al + Cenosphere
5 10
0.71 ± 0.041 0.70 ± 0.022
15.67 ± 2.09 13.45 ± 2.51
Fig. 1. Optical Micrograph of foam prepared through spray forming route at varied hydrogen pressure (a) S-1 (5 psi) and (b) S-2 (10 psi).
Fig. 2. (a) Wear kinetics in terms of cumulative depth of wear as a function of time (b) coefficient of friction as a function of time.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
deposition by using surface profilometer. The average roughness of foam relatively high because of cenosphere particles. The few particles of cenosphere broken because of higher pressure, which is also confirmed by microstructure, that increase the average roughness of foam prepared by spray forming. The wear behavior of foam shown in Fig. 2(a and b). Fig. 2(a) show the wear kinetics of commercial aluminium and aluminium cenosphere foamed sample in terms of cumulative depth of wear as a function of time against WC ball, under fretting wear condition (with 10 Hz frequency and 1 mm stroke length) at an applied load of 10 N. At initial stage till 100 s all the samples show approximate same wear depth because of the formation of oxide layer on the surface, which provide a protective shielding during wear. After 100 s there is significant increase wear rate which attributed to the abrasive action of WC surface. It is further noted that the wear depth of continuously increasing in case of commercially pure aluminium after 100 s, but cenosphere embedded foam show almost constant wear rate after 200 s and 800 s. It has been observed in microstructure that the higher pressure develops open porosity into the matrix which slightly increases the wear rate of foam. The foam shows constantly improved wear resistance because of (1) improved microhardness from 34 ± 1.8 HV (for Al) to 35.16 ± 4.11 (for S1) HV, and 37.8 ± 3.81 (for S2) HV (2) low interaction area between matrix and matching surface (3) loss of frac-
3
tion energy due to the cushioning effect of cenosphere and (4) less adhesion because of cenosphere and more heat conduction because of foam [10]. The accumulated worn out debris at the interface changes the mechanism of wear from two-body to three body wear which in turn reduces the effective abrasive action of WC ball by acting as a barrier between the surfaces. As a result, the wear rate remains constant. Fig. 2(b) shows the coefficient of friction variation in aluminium and foam sample. The rise and fall of COF because of removal of cenosphere from the matrix. It is noted that COF is low and constant in foam sample because of the shock absorption capacity of cenosphere during fretting motion. A post wear behavior of worn out surface was undertaken to understand the wear mechanism of matrix and foam. Fig. 3 shows the microstructure of scar diameter of matrix and foam sample. The image-j software has been utilized to measure the length of scar diameter in the transverse direction. The average value of scar diameter has been utilized to calculate the wear volume of the foamed sample. The microstructure of worn surface and wear volume of the sample reveals that the worn area of foam sample is relatively less compared to commercial aluminium, which confirm the cenosphere foam is suitable material for wear resistance. Fig. 4 shows the interface phase between worn out surface and matrix. The interface of aluminium shows the removal of material
Fig. 3. Scar image and wear volume of aluminium and foam Sample.
Fig. 4. Microstructure of interface and worn out surface of foam.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
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A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
from the surface in terms of wear debris. The small size of pits is also present in microstructure because of collective action of fretting and adhesive wear. The foam sample reveals the relatively smooth surface because of collapsed cenosphere particle and few cenosphere remain into the matrix. These broken particle of cenosphere get accumulated into the cavity and these hard particles further resist the load and hinder the detachment from the matrix. The spherical nature of cenosphere further resists the wear rate due to the cushioning effect of cenosphere [10]. 4. Conclusion In the present study, aluminium foam has been successfully developed by spray forming route by using cenosphere space holder. From the detailed investigation, it has been observed that the porosity generated into the foam sample is because of the presence of cenosphere as a space holder. The addition of cenosphere decreases the relative density and increases the microhardness of foam. The cenosphere embedded foam shows the improved wear resistance compare to commercial aluminium. The wear behavior of foam in terms of wear depth increases continuously up to 800 s, after that the cenosphere further resist the wear rate because the hard particle and cushioning effect of cenosphere.
References [1] S.S.M. Nazirudeen, A development of technology for making porous metal foams castings, Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng. 4 (2010) 292–299. [2] J. Banhart, Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles, Int. J. Veh. Des. 37 (2005) 114. [3] A. Salimon, Y. Bréchet, M.F. Ashby, A.L. Greer, Potential applications for steel and titanium metal foams, J. Mater. Sci. 40 (2005) 5793–5799. [4] Sudarshan, M.K. Surappa, Dry sliding wear of fly ash particle reinforced A356 Al composites, Wear 265 (2008) 349–360. [5] S. Birla, D.P. Mondal, S. Das, D.K. Kashyap, V.A.N. Ch, Effect of cenosphere content on the compressive deformation behaviour of aluminium-cenosphere hybrid foam, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 685 (2017) 213–226. [6] N. Jha, D.P. Mondal, J. Dutta Majumdar, A. Badkul, A.K. Jha, A.K. Khare, Highly porous open cell Ti-foam using NaCl as temporary space holder through powder metallurgy route, Mater. Des. 47 (2013) 810–819. [7] M.F. Ashby, A.G. Evans, N.A. Fleck, L.J. Gibson, J.W. Hutchinson, H.N.G. Wadley, Metal Foams: A Design Guide Metal Foams: A Design Guide, 2000. [8] A.R.E. Singer, Metal matrix composites made by spray forming, Mater. Sci. Eng. a-Structural Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 135 (1991) 13–17. [9] D.P. Mondal, J.D. Majumdar, M.D. Goel, G. Gupta, Characteristics and wear behavior of cenosphere dispersed titanium matrix composite developed by powder metallurgy route, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24 (2014) 1379– 1386. [10] D.P. Mondal, S. Das, N. Ramakrishnan, K. Uday Bhasker, Cenosphere filled aluminium syntactic foam made through stir-casting technique, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 40 (2009) 279–288.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route Amarish Kumar Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar ⇑ Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 June 2019 Accepted 30 July 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Aluminium foam Cenosphere Syntactic foam Spray forming Wear of foam
a b s t r a c t In the present study, aluminium syntactic foam has been fabricated using cenosphere space holder by spray forming route, and its wear behavior is investigated. The microstructure of foam shows that cenosphere distributed uniformly into the matrix. Detailed investigation of reciprocating friction wear has been carried out, and finally, the fretting wear behavior of aluminium foam evaluated against tungsten carbide ball under fretting wear mode and compared with the as received commercially available aluminium. The mechanism and kinetics of wear have also been studied through a detail microstructure analysis of the worn surface. The results show that the cenosphere space holder decreases the relative density, increases the hardness and wear properties of foam compare to their solid material counterparts. Wear studies of foam show a substantial improvement in wear resistance in comparison with commercial aluminium. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
1. Introduction Aluminium foams containing pores have the alluring potential for different sectors of industrial applications, mostly in aerospace and automobile, because of its light weight, and excellent physical, mechanical, and wear properties. Because of their remarkable energy absorption capacity, aluminium foam offers significant performance gains for crash protection of the vehicle, higher thermal insulation and damping strength in comparison to their solid material counterpart [1–5]. Apart of automotive and aerospace application, aluminium foams are also used for other industrial applications, like, railway, structural application for passenger safety, blast resistance, sandwich panels, packaging and fire proof applications [6,7]. Earlier, numerous attempts have been reported to develop aluminium foam, like stir casting, powder metallurgy, melt infiltration, spray forming, etc. [7]. The foam developed by spray forming route gets less attention by using cenosphere space holder. The advantages of spray forming over other conventional techniques are the development of refined structure with zero segregation and enhanced mechanical properties resulting from rapid
solidification [8]. This process is intermediate in terms of cost between stirring and powder metallurgy route [8]. Aluminium foam has low wear resistance, and this can be improved by adding of cenosphere particle into the aluminium matrix [9]. The cenosphere base syntactic foam has a higher porosity, and it makes the materials cheaper than other foam [10]. Cenosphere space holder has a spherical nature, because of that it gives closed porosity with porosity ranging in the micro range. The shell of cenosphere has a mullite phase which provides excellent strength, energy absorption properties and wear resistance in both lubricant and dry environments. The spherical nature of cenosphere particles, provide less wear from the counter surface [9,10]. In the present work, 35 percentages of cenosphere, constant current (400Amp), and varying hydrogen pressure (5, and 10 Psi), has been used to develop aluminium foam by spray forming route. A detailed investigation was done to study the effect of spray forming parameters on the microstructures evolution and process parameter were optimized for the spray forming process. Finally, the average surface roughness, micro-hardness and wear properties of foam have been evaluated and the mechanism and kinetics of wear have been investigated through a detail microstructure analysis of the worn surface.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Dutta Majumdar). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Manufacturing, Material Science and Engineering.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
2
A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experimental The aluminium (Aldrich, 200 Mesh, 99%), and cenosphere powders of 60 mm average particle size (Cenosphere India Ltd., Kolkata) were mixed with tumbler mixing, and it was used as precursor powder to prepare foam by using spray forming technique. In this technique, argon (40 Psi) gas was used for arc initiation, and hydrogen (5 Psi and 10 Psi) was used as an auxiliary gas which is shown in Table 1. Argon causes a rapid heat transfer between a plasma jet flame and the heated object. Besides, argon also protects powder particles against oxidation. After preparation of foam, the microstructure of foam examined by using an optical microscope (LEICA: DM6000 M). The average surface roughness (Ra) of the foamed samples was carried out to obtain the sharpness of deposition by using surface profilometer (Bruker ContourGT-K). The microhardness of the foam sample was measured using Vickers micro-hardness tester (UHL-VMHT 001) by using a load of 100gmf and dwell time of 10 s. The fretting wear of foamed sample was studied by Ducom ball-on-plate tribometer at the room temperature. The foamed sample was ultrasonically cleaned in acetone before doing an experiment. The sample was mounted in a sample holder on a translation table, which oscillates the sample at the desired frequency and on a set stroke length by means of a stepping motor with the help of the software program. The tests were performed under identical wear parameters, the load of 10 N, displacement stroke length of 1 mm, frequency 10 Hz and up to 2000
wear cycles. Finally, a detailed study of post wear has been carried out, by measure the wear scar diameter (transverse direction) the worn area by field emission scanning electron microscopy and correlated with kinetics of wear and coefficient of friction to understand the mode of wear. Finally, the wear volume was computed. 3. Result and discussion The optical micrograph of foam sample obtained by optical microscope (LEICA: DM6000 M), which shown in Fig. 1. The microstructure of foam shows the presence of spherical cenosphere in the aluminium matrix. The particle of cenosphere distributed uniformly into the matrix, and some of the interconnected micro pores (marked through arrow) and micro porosity (marked through white circle) has also been observed in the micrograph. Because of higher pressure, the cenosphere deeply inserted into the aluminium matrix. In addition, with that, somewhere cluster of cenosphere (marked through black circle), has been observed. The optical micrograph demonstrates interface bonding between cenosphere and the matrix. The density of foam has been obtained by using water displacement technique, which is shown in Table 1. As the pressure of hydrogen increase, it increases the heating rate, because of that few cenosphere particles get diffused, and it develops the open porosity into the matrix. The average surface roughness (Ra) of the foamed samples was carried out to obtain the sharpness of
Table 1 The processing parameters, and physical properties of foam. Sample Name
composition
H2 (Psi)
Relative Density
Average Roughness (mm)
S1 S2
Al + Cenosphere Al + Cenosphere
5 10
0.71 ± 0.041 0.70 ± 0.022
15.67 ± 2.09 13.45 ± 2.51
Fig. 1. Optical Micrograph of foam prepared through spray forming route at varied hydrogen pressure (a) S-1 (5 psi) and (b) S-2 (10 psi).
Fig. 2. (a) Wear kinetics in terms of cumulative depth of wear as a function of time (b) coefficient of friction as a function of time.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
deposition by using surface profilometer. The average roughness of foam relatively high because of cenosphere particles. The few particles of cenosphere broken because of higher pressure, which is also confirmed by microstructure, that increase the average roughness of foam prepared by spray forming. The wear behavior of foam shown in Fig. 2(a and b). Fig. 2(a) show the wear kinetics of commercial aluminium and aluminium cenosphere foamed sample in terms of cumulative depth of wear as a function of time against WC ball, under fretting wear condition (with 10 Hz frequency and 1 mm stroke length) at an applied load of 10 N. At initial stage till 100 s all the samples show approximate same wear depth because of the formation of oxide layer on the surface, which provide a protective shielding during wear. After 100 s there is significant increase wear rate which attributed to the abrasive action of WC surface. It is further noted that the wear depth of continuously increasing in case of commercially pure aluminium after 100 s, but cenosphere embedded foam show almost constant wear rate after 200 s and 800 s. It has been observed in microstructure that the higher pressure develops open porosity into the matrix which slightly increases the wear rate of foam. The foam shows constantly improved wear resistance because of (1) improved microhardness from 34 ± 1.8 HV (for Al) to 35.16 ± 4.11 (for S1) HV, and 37.8 ± 3.81 (for S2) HV (2) low interaction area between matrix and matching surface (3) loss of frac-
3
tion energy due to the cushioning effect of cenosphere and (4) less adhesion because of cenosphere and more heat conduction because of foam [10]. The accumulated worn out debris at the interface changes the mechanism of wear from two-body to three body wear which in turn reduces the effective abrasive action of WC ball by acting as a barrier between the surfaces. As a result, the wear rate remains constant. Fig. 2(b) shows the coefficient of friction variation in aluminium and foam sample. The rise and fall of COF because of removal of cenosphere from the matrix. It is noted that COF is low and constant in foam sample because of the shock absorption capacity of cenosphere during fretting motion. A post wear behavior of worn out surface was undertaken to understand the wear mechanism of matrix and foam. Fig. 3 shows the microstructure of scar diameter of matrix and foam sample. The image-j software has been utilized to measure the length of scar diameter in the transverse direction. The average value of scar diameter has been utilized to calculate the wear volume of the foamed sample. The microstructure of worn surface and wear volume of the sample reveals that the worn area of foam sample is relatively less compared to commercial aluminium, which confirm the cenosphere foam is suitable material for wear resistance. Fig. 4 shows the interface phase between worn out surface and matrix. The interface of aluminium shows the removal of material
Fig. 3. Scar image and wear volume of aluminium and foam Sample.
Fig. 4. Microstructure of interface and worn out surface of foam.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728
4
A.K. Shukla, J. Dutta Majumdar / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
from the surface in terms of wear debris. The small size of pits is also present in microstructure because of collective action of fretting and adhesive wear. The foam sample reveals the relatively smooth surface because of collapsed cenosphere particle and few cenosphere remain into the matrix. These broken particle of cenosphere get accumulated into the cavity and these hard particles further resist the load and hinder the detachment from the matrix. The spherical nature of cenosphere further resists the wear rate due to the cushioning effect of cenosphere [10]. 4. Conclusion In the present study, aluminium foam has been successfully developed by spray forming route by using cenosphere space holder. From the detailed investigation, it has been observed that the porosity generated into the foam sample is because of the presence of cenosphere as a space holder. The addition of cenosphere decreases the relative density and increases the microhardness of foam. The cenosphere embedded foam shows the improved wear resistance compare to commercial aluminium. The wear behavior of foam in terms of wear depth increases continuously up to 800 s, after that the cenosphere further resist the wear rate because the hard particle and cushioning effect of cenosphere.
References [1] S.S.M. Nazirudeen, A development of technology for making porous metal foams castings, Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng. 4 (2010) 292–299. [2] J. Banhart, Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles, Int. J. Veh. Des. 37 (2005) 114. [3] A. Salimon, Y. Bréchet, M.F. Ashby, A.L. Greer, Potential applications for steel and titanium metal foams, J. Mater. Sci. 40 (2005) 5793–5799. [4] Sudarshan, M.K. Surappa, Dry sliding wear of fly ash particle reinforced A356 Al composites, Wear 265 (2008) 349–360. [5] S. Birla, D.P. Mondal, S. Das, D.K. Kashyap, V.A.N. Ch, Effect of cenosphere content on the compressive deformation behaviour of aluminium-cenosphere hybrid foam, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 685 (2017) 213–226. [6] N. Jha, D.P. Mondal, J. Dutta Majumdar, A. Badkul, A.K. Jha, A.K. Khare, Highly porous open cell Ti-foam using NaCl as temporary space holder through powder metallurgy route, Mater. Des. 47 (2013) 810–819. [7] M.F. Ashby, A.G. Evans, N.A. Fleck, L.J. Gibson, J.W. Hutchinson, H.N.G. Wadley, Metal Foams: A Design Guide Metal Foams: A Design Guide, 2000. [8] A.R.E. Singer, Metal matrix composites made by spray forming, Mater. Sci. Eng. a-Structural Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 135 (1991) 13–17. [9] D.P. Mondal, J.D. Majumdar, M.D. Goel, G. Gupta, Characteristics and wear behavior of cenosphere dispersed titanium matrix composite developed by powder metallurgy route, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24 (2014) 1379– 1386. [10] D.P. Mondal, S. Das, N. Ramakrishnan, K. Uday Bhasker, Cenosphere filled aluminium syntactic foam made through stir-casting technique, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 40 (2009) 279–288.
Please cite this article as: A. K. Shukla and J. Dutta Majumdar, Studies on wear behavior of aluminium foam developed by spray forming route, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.728