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Study of Material Used in Nanotechnology for the Recycling of Industrial Waste Water
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
Eighth International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM8-ISM5)
Study of material used in nanotechnology for the recycling of industrial waste water. L. LARBIa*,N. FERTIKHb, A. TOUBALb a
Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Environment Laboratory, P.O.BOX.12, 23000 Annaba , Algeria; b Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, LASEA Laboratory, P.O.BOX.12, 23000 Annaba , Algeria;
Abstract The objective of our study is to recycle the industrial waste water of a industrial Complex after treatment by the bioprocess MBR (membrane bioreactor). In order to apply this bioprocess, the water quality in question was first of all studied. To characterize this industrial waste water, a series of physicochemical analysis was carried out according to standardized directives and methods. Following-up the water quality to meet the regulatory requirements with rejection of this industrial waste water, a study was done thanks to the permanently monitoring of the following relevant parameters(P): the flow, the potential of hydrogen (pH) , the total suspended solids(TSS), the turbidity (Turb), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ,the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the Kjeldahl total nitrogen (KTN) and ammonia (NH4+), the total phosphorus (Ptot), the fluorine (F), the oils (O), the fats (F) and the phenols (Ph ). According to collected information, it was established the sampling rates to which the quality control was done, the selected analytical methods were validated by the control charts and the analysis test number was determined by the Cochran test. The results of the quality control show that some rejected water contents are not in the Algerian standards, but, in our case, the objective is the preoccupation for a standard setting of these industrial water parameters so as to recycle it. The process adopted by MBR for waste water treatment is being studied, first in the development of the experimental characterizing of the reactor and the selected membrane. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ©2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selectionand/orpeerͲreviewunderresponsibilityofCSM8ͲISM5. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of CSM8-ISM5 Keywords:wastewater;qualityofwater;bioreactor;membrane.
1.
Introduction
This study was conducted in the context of controlling industrial waste water and think of recycling it in order to reduce the impact of contaminated liquids discharged in the environment. * Corresponding author. Tel.:+213.7.73.64.39.62; fax:+213.38.86.43.82. EͲmailaddress:[email protected]
1875-3892 © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of CSM8-ISM5 doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.046
318
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
The eexploitation off self-monitoriing data is a management m toool for the disccharges and iss particularly effective e for indusstrial establishm ment. To doo this, we havee established sttatistical studiees: x T The distributionn of the param meters evolution, x U Under the law of distribution we determine the frequency of sampling [11, 2]. x F Finally, arrivinng to the rejectiion decision off sewage conformity. KOf course, the ese studies weere possible thaanks to the infformation provvided by the ennvironment serrvice of the pproduction unitt for the two peeriods of time 2009 2 and 20100. 2.
E Experimental procedure
x
T The sampling program p is bassed on the, sam mpler, the samppling site, the period p of transsportation sampples and the m mode of samples preservation n [3]. T The choice off the analyticaal methods is established [4] [ where the equipment annd analysis methods m are ssummarized in the table below w:
x
Table 1. Methods of meeasure PaarametersUnitssEquipm ment Methodsofaanalysis Standards pHͲͲ ͲͲͲpHmeter potentio ometricFSͲ90Ͳ100[5] T°CThermomeeterͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ TurbNTUTurbidimeterͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ NFT90Ͳ008 TSSmg/LͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ FilterpaaperNFT90Ͳ105 KTNmg/LSpectrophottometerspectropho otometricISO5663[6] + NH4 mg/LSpectrophotometerspectrophotometric FSͲT90Ͳ015[7] Ptotmg/Lm molecularabsorptiionspectrometerspectrophoto ometricT90Ͳ023[8] Fmg/LSpectrophotometerspectrophotometric ISO10304[9] CODmg/LReactor VolumetricsaltmohrNFT90Ͳ101[10] BOD5mg/LIncubatorroximetterT90Ͳ103[11]
The ssampling was done accordin ng to the normaative referencees [12, 13], buut before to disscuss the deterrmination of the fr frequency of saampling, the databanks d valuues of each parrameter were verified to seee if they follow w a normal distriibution. To do this, t the Shapirro test [14] is to t compare the critical value (Wcrit). The n experimentall observations are a ranged in ascending a orderr. The sseries of measuurement is calcculated by the following f equaation where y iss the average number n of measures: (1) mber Tn is defin ned by: The ccalculated num (2) The ddifferences di too dj are calculaated as: di =yi+1 – yi
(3)
i calculated byy the followingg equation: And ffinally, the Wiilk number W is (4) The rrule of the test is as follow:
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
x x
If W>Wcrit : we w accept for th he chosen 5 % risk the norm mality assumptiion of the distrribution parameter and we nnote it DN. IIf W
Thereefore, if the quuantified param meters follow a normal distriibution, the sam mpling frequenncy is calcuulated from repreesentative databbanks of wastee water accordiing to a confiddence interval L, at a confideence level of 95 9 %, and is wing relationshiip [15]: givenn by the follow (5) Wherre the variancee S is: (6) With the arithmetic mean value mo : (7) t same variaable and the facctor İ , dependding on the connfidence level of 95 %, is Wherre xi is the conncentration of the equall to 1.96. In adddition, the stattistical treatmen nt of the waterr quality was done d according to standard annalysis applied to this type of treeatment: test off conformity. The ttaken hypothessis is that a 95 % chance the content of the studied param meter is in confformity with thhe standards of inddustrial releaseed water. The ttest in questionn is used to veriify this hypothhesis by compaaring İc and İ cooefficients. To peerform this testt, we must kno ow the averagee theoretical annd actual of μ and a mo, the num mber of samplees n and the standdard deviation ı or S, wheree μ and ı are given by the standard s Algerrian industrial liquid waste and a n is the numbber of samples (analysis of on ne year). Theree are two possiible cases: -
ı is known, thee statistic used d is : (8)
-
ı is unknown,, then we consiidere the follow wing statistic : (9)
The ddecision rule iss as follow: x
IIf İc<İ , the hyppothesis is acceepted, we notee it Ho
x
O Otherwise, the hypothesis is rejected, desiggnated by H1; with İ distribbuted accordingg to a normal distribution eequal to 1,96 asssociated with the selected 5 % risk.
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
3.
Results
Table 2. Results of Shapiro and Wilk test Parameters pH T KTN NH4+ Ptot F COD BOD5 TSS Fats & Oils
n 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
y 07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
Tn 00.38 11.59 33.56 24.50 09.34 00.13 457.57 116.71 30.87 19.71
W 33.63 30.25 33.59 33.76 33.91 31.59 33.43 32.82 33.73 31.07
Wcrit 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934
Decision DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN
We identified the type of normal distribution of temperature, pH, TKN, NH4+, Ptot, COD, BOD5, TSS, fats and oils of the wastewater studied. Then, the results of the sampling frequency obtained and the conformity test are summarized in the following tables: Table 3. Actual frequency values of sampling (studied from databanks of 2009) Parameters n mo S pH 38 007.38 00.46 T 38 022.15 01.34 min 38 251.82 04.25 KTN NH4+ 38 121.57 10.51 38 074.37 07.32 Ptot F 38 000.94 00.38 COD 38 087.90 35.99 BOD5 38 034.01 10.47 TSS 38 204.88 50.12 Fats & O 38 001.12 01.31 Table 4. Actual frequency values of sampling (tracking surveys, taken in 2010) Parameters n mo S pH T KTN NH4+ Ptot F COD BOD5 TSS Fats & O
35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
00.61 03.40 05.79 04.95 03.05 00.36 21.39 10.80 05.55 04.43
Sampling frequency 1 times a day 1taken every 20 / / / 5 times a week / / / / Sampling frequency 2 times a day 2 times a day 5 times a day 4 times a day 2 times a day 4 times a week / / 5 times a day 3 times a day
Table 5. Results of the statistical study of liquid discharge during 2009 (collected information by environment service). n mo Parameters S Standard μ İc Decision pH 38 007.38 00.46 7.5 0.71 H0 T 38 022.15 01.34 Max 30 44.12 H1 38 251.82 04.25 Max 40 1429.0 H1 KTN NH4+ 38 121.57 10.51 Max 40 626.16 H1 Ptot 38 074.37 07.32 Max 15 412.24 H1 Turb 38 001.76 -----Max 10 -------------38 000.94 00.38 Max 20 55.82 H1 F COD 38 087.90 35.99 Max 130 141.2 H1 38 034.01 10.47 Max 40 86.4 H1 BOD5 TSS 38 204.88 50.12 Max 40 1139.7 H1 Fats & O 38 001.12 01.31 Max 30 85.51 H1 Ph 38 000.39 00.03 00.50 21 H1
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323 s study off liquid discharge for f 2010, (collectedd information by environment e servicce) Table 6. Results of the statistical
P Parameters
n
ppH T KTN N 4+ NH Ptot T Turb F C COD B 5 BOD T TSS F &O Fats
35 35 5 35 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 35 35
mo 07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 01.35 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
S 00.61 03.40 05.79 04.95 03.05 -----00.36 21.39 10.80 05.55 04.43
Standard μ
Decision
İc
7.5 Maax 30 Maax 40 Maax 40 Maax 15 Maax 10 Maxx 20 Maax 130 Maax 40 Maax 40 Maax 30
0.5 1.944 1.85 0.771 1.777 --------5.446 1.888 0.559 1.995 3.773
H0 H0 H0 H0 H0 ------H1 H0 H0 H0 H1
The w waste water quuality in 2010 is better than 2009 because practically all the controlledd concentrationns are in the standdards. We fo followed the waater quality during campaignn period so thatt to see if thesee waters are stilll non- conform m according to an actual samplinng frequency th hat we have previously determ mined. ples does not allow us to study s the com mpliance of the water accorrding to the The insufficient nuumber of samp statistical test. To do d so, we havee performed in the form of hiistographic disstribution accorrding to a validd procedure of comparison to staandards. KTN (mg/L ) 200
non compliant in the standard
150 100 50 0
1
2
3
4
T Time (week)
Fig. 1. Kjeldahl total t nitrogen variaation of dischargedd water 140 TSS(mg/L) 120
non comppliant
in the staandard
100 80 60 40 20 0
1
2
3
4
Time (week)
Fig. 2. 2 Variation in conntent of total suspennded solids of watter discharged
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
PTOTT (mg/L L
1
non compliantt in the standardd
2
3
4
Time (week)
Fig g. 3. Variation in content c of total phoosphorus of dischaarged water
300 250
CO OD(mg/l )
non complliant in the stanndard
200 150 100 50 0
Time (week)
1 Chemical oxygen 3riation of discharg 4 ged water Fig. F 4. o 2 demand var 4.
C Conclusion
It iis concluded thhat the establisshed statisticall approach enaabled us to cleaarly demonstraate the non-com mpliance of the ddischarged watter with respecct to the regulaatory standards required. Thhis observationn was establishhed for data bankss of 2009 and in i our study (C Campaign 20111). All thhe studied parrameters conceerning the rejeected industriaal waters folloow a normal distribution d (teested by the Shapiiro and Wilk equations) e whiich helped to formulate f apprropriate statisttical approachees to determinee the actual samppling frequencyy. It hass been shown clearly c the num mber of sampless taken to achieeve, so that thee test results arre representativve, but since the flluctuations in concentrations c of pollutants are a considerable, the frequenccies are random m. The w water discharged may exceed d levels of nitrrogen pollutionn in the order of o 191.47 mg/L L of kjeldahl nitrogen n and 103m mg/L NH4+, in phosphate p pollution of 36,68 mg/L of P wiith TSS of 120,33 mg/L , whiile the discharrge standard requiired levels aree 40mg/L KTN or NH4+, 15 mg/L m of P and 40 4 mg of TSS .This type of discharged pollluted water causees and acceleraates the eutroph hication phenoomena with all their negative impact on the seawater. Studyying, by the coompliance test, the water disscharges, it apppears that thosse of 2009 werre outsized whhile those of 2010 had improvedd in quality and d were practicaally in the standdards required by environmenntal regulationns. ormity is the study we conduucted during the t Campaign 2011, althouggh the study Whicch has challengged this confo durattion was short and a we observeed clearly that the levels of discards d are nott in the standarrds. Certaainly, there is a procedure fo or recycling these waste wateers, or in the case c where theere are rejectedd flows, the resultt of non-comppliance is the im mpotence of thhe water polluutant mass disccharged into thhe coast, and this requires essenntial solutions and courageou us political deecisions to preeserve a rationnal way of lifee and biodiverrsity of our region. This first approachh will allow uss to continue thhe study in thee context of esstablishing thee biological treeatment and m in holllow fibers bunndle tension. separration of sludgee formed by a material The nnanotechnologyy offers many cost effective solutions to cllean water and the project is a considerablee stake since the reecycling of thiis water will make m it possiblle to reduce thhe impact of thhe liquid rejecttions on the ennvironment, reducce the proceduure of the polllutant paying and will carryy out an econoomy and autonomy with thhe Industrial Compplex.
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the workshop organizers, hosts and participants for their time and effort resulting in an excellent and productive workshop. References [1] Picotreboul B, Roux M. Study of the evolution of river water quality. Water Research 1982; Vol 16 issue 7: 1173-1187. [2] Mukherjee DP, Pal A, Sarma SE, Majamder D.D. Pattern recognition approach. Water quality analysis 1985; Vol 28 issue2: 269-281. [3] ISO 5667/3. (F) Water quality, sampling, part 3: general guide for the conservation and manipulation of sampling. General guide for the storage and handling of water samples; 1987. [4] XP T90-210. French Standards Protocol for evaluation of an alternative method of quantitative physicochemical analysis with respect to a reference method; 1987. [5] FS T90-100. Electrometric measurement of pH with glass electrode; 1953. [6] ISO 5663 (F). Water quality, kjeldahl nitrogen determination, method after mineralization with selenium; 1984. [7] FS T 90-015-1. Determination of ammonia nitrogen by titration after steam distillation in the water intended for human consumption, surface water and waste water; janv 1984. [8] In FS-118 article 6. T90-023. Determination of phosphorus total by molecular absorption spectrometry; Janv 1997. [9] FS in ISO 1030. water quality anions by ion chromatography dissolved in the liquid phase. Part 2: determination of bromide, chloride, nitrate …..In waste water; 2001. [10] FS T 90-101. Chemical oxygen demand; 2001. [11] T90-103-1-Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BOD5)-Part 1: dilution and seeding method with addition of allyl thio- urea. [12] In 25667-1 water quality sampling –Part 1:general guide for the establishment of sampling programs;1993. [13] In 25667-2 water quality sampling - Part 2: general guide on sampling techniques; 2006. [14] Foucart T. Introduction to statistical tests, computer assisted instruction. Ed. technip; 1997. [15] Lepretre A, Carpentier P.A. Simple method of fore casting trends applied to time series of quality of running watersProceedings of the Academy of Sciences. Series III. Science of life May 1997; Vol 320 Issue 5:407- 411.
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ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
Eighth International Conference on Material Sciences (CSM8-ISM5)
Study of material used in nanotechnology for the recycling of industrial waste water. L. LARBIa*,N. FERTIKHb, A. TOUBALb a
Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Environment Laboratory, P.O.BOX.12, 23000 Annaba , Algeria; b Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, LASEA Laboratory, P.O.BOX.12, 23000 Annaba , Algeria;
Abstract The objective of our study is to recycle the industrial waste water of a industrial Complex after treatment by the bioprocess MBR (membrane bioreactor). In order to apply this bioprocess, the water quality in question was first of all studied. To characterize this industrial waste water, a series of physicochemical analysis was carried out according to standardized directives and methods. Following-up the water quality to meet the regulatory requirements with rejection of this industrial waste water, a study was done thanks to the permanently monitoring of the following relevant parameters(P): the flow, the potential of hydrogen (pH) , the total suspended solids(TSS), the turbidity (Turb), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ,the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the Kjeldahl total nitrogen (KTN) and ammonia (NH4+), the total phosphorus (Ptot), the fluorine (F), the oils (O), the fats (F) and the phenols (Ph ). According to collected information, it was established the sampling rates to which the quality control was done, the selected analytical methods were validated by the control charts and the analysis test number was determined by the Cochran test. The results of the quality control show that some rejected water contents are not in the Algerian standards, but, in our case, the objective is the preoccupation for a standard setting of these industrial water parameters so as to recycle it. The process adopted by MBR for waste water treatment is being studied, first in the development of the experimental characterizing of the reactor and the selected membrane. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ©2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selectionand/orpeerͲreviewunderresponsibilityofCSM8ͲISM5. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of CSM8-ISM5 Keywords:wastewater;qualityofwater;bioreactor;membrane.
1.
Introduction
This study was conducted in the context of controlling industrial waste water and think of recycling it in order to reduce the impact of contaminated liquids discharged in the environment. * Corresponding author. Tel.:+213.7.73.64.39.62; fax:+213.38.86.43.82. EͲmailaddress:[email protected]
1875-3892 © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of CSM8-ISM5 doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.046
318
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
The eexploitation off self-monitoriing data is a management m toool for the disccharges and iss particularly effective e for indusstrial establishm ment. To doo this, we havee established sttatistical studiees: x T The distributionn of the param meters evolution, x U Under the law of distribution we determine the frequency of sampling [11, 2]. x F Finally, arrivinng to the rejectiion decision off sewage conformity. KOf course, the ese studies weere possible thaanks to the infformation provvided by the ennvironment serrvice of the pproduction unitt for the two peeriods of time 2009 2 and 20100. 2.
E Experimental procedure
x
T The sampling program p is bassed on the, sam mpler, the samppling site, the period p of transsportation sampples and the m mode of samples preservation n [3]. T The choice off the analyticaal methods is established [4] [ where the equipment annd analysis methods m are ssummarized in the table below w:
x
Table 1. Methods of meeasure PaarametersUnitssEquipm ment Methodsofaanalysis Standards pHͲͲ ͲͲͲpHmeter potentio ometricFSͲ90Ͳ100[5] T°CThermomeeterͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ TurbNTUTurbidimeterͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ NFT90Ͳ008 TSSmg/LͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ FilterpaaperNFT90Ͳ105 KTNmg/LSpectrophottometerspectropho otometricISO5663[6] + NH4 mg/LSpectrophotometerspectrophotometric FSͲT90Ͳ015[7] Ptotmg/Lm molecularabsorptiionspectrometerspectrophoto ometricT90Ͳ023[8] Fmg/LSpectrophotometerspectrophotometric ISO10304[9] CODmg/LReactor VolumetricsaltmohrNFT90Ͳ101[10] BOD5mg/LIncubatorroximetterT90Ͳ103[11]
The ssampling was done accordin ng to the normaative referencees [12, 13], buut before to disscuss the deterrmination of the fr frequency of saampling, the databanks d valuues of each parrameter were verified to seee if they follow w a normal distriibution. To do this, t the Shapirro test [14] is to t compare the critical value (Wcrit). The n experimentall observations are a ranged in ascending a orderr. The sseries of measuurement is calcculated by the following f equaation where y iss the average number n of measures: (1) mber Tn is defin ned by: The ccalculated num (2) The ddifferences di too dj are calculaated as: di =yi+1 – yi
(3)
i calculated byy the followingg equation: And ffinally, the Wiilk number W is (4) The rrule of the test is as follow:
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
x x
If W>Wcrit : we w accept for th he chosen 5 % risk the norm mality assumptiion of the distrribution parameter and we nnote it DN. IIf W
Thereefore, if the quuantified param meters follow a normal distriibution, the sam mpling frequenncy is calcuulated from repreesentative databbanks of wastee water accordiing to a confiddence interval L, at a confideence level of 95 9 %, and is wing relationshiip [15]: givenn by the follow (5) Wherre the variancee S is: (6) With the arithmetic mean value mo : (7) t same variaable and the facctor İ , dependding on the connfidence level of 95 %, is Wherre xi is the conncentration of the equall to 1.96. In adddition, the stattistical treatmen nt of the waterr quality was done d according to standard annalysis applied to this type of treeatment: test off conformity. The ttaken hypothessis is that a 95 % chance the content of the studied param meter is in confformity with thhe standards of inddustrial releaseed water. The ttest in questionn is used to veriify this hypothhesis by compaaring İc and İ cooefficients. To peerform this testt, we must kno ow the averagee theoretical annd actual of μ and a mo, the num mber of samplees n and the standdard deviation ı or S, wheree μ and ı are given by the standard s Algerrian industrial liquid waste and a n is the numbber of samples (analysis of on ne year). Theree are two possiible cases: -
ı is known, thee statistic used d is : (8)
-
ı is unknown,, then we consiidere the follow wing statistic : (9)
The ddecision rule iss as follow: x
IIf İc<İ , the hyppothesis is acceepted, we notee it Ho
x
O Otherwise, the hypothesis is rejected, desiggnated by H1; with İ distribbuted accordingg to a normal distribution eequal to 1,96 asssociated with the selected 5 % risk.
320
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
3.
Results
Table 2. Results of Shapiro and Wilk test Parameters pH T KTN NH4+ Ptot F COD BOD5 TSS Fats & Oils
n 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
y 07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
Tn 00.38 11.59 33.56 24.50 09.34 00.13 457.57 116.71 30.87 19.71
W 33.63 30.25 33.59 33.76 33.91 31.59 33.43 32.82 33.73 31.07
Wcrit 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934 0.934
Decision DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN
We identified the type of normal distribution of temperature, pH, TKN, NH4+, Ptot, COD, BOD5, TSS, fats and oils of the wastewater studied. Then, the results of the sampling frequency obtained and the conformity test are summarized in the following tables: Table 3. Actual frequency values of sampling (studied from databanks of 2009) Parameters n mo S pH 38 007.38 00.46 T 38 022.15 01.34 min 38 251.82 04.25 KTN NH4+ 38 121.57 10.51 38 074.37 07.32 Ptot F 38 000.94 00.38 COD 38 087.90 35.99 BOD5 38 034.01 10.47 TSS 38 204.88 50.12 Fats & O 38 001.12 01.31 Table 4. Actual frequency values of sampling (tracking surveys, taken in 2010) Parameters n mo S pH T KTN NH4+ Ptot F COD BOD5 TSS Fats & O
35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
00.61 03.40 05.79 04.95 03.05 00.36 21.39 10.80 05.55 04.43
Sampling frequency 1 times a day 1taken every 20 / / / 5 times a week / / / / Sampling frequency 2 times a day 2 times a day 5 times a day 4 times a day 2 times a day 4 times a week / / 5 times a day 3 times a day
Table 5. Results of the statistical study of liquid discharge during 2009 (collected information by environment service). n mo Parameters S Standard μ İc Decision pH 38 007.38 00.46 7.5 0.71 H0 T 38 022.15 01.34 Max 30 44.12 H1 38 251.82 04.25 Max 40 1429.0 H1 KTN NH4+ 38 121.57 10.51 Max 40 626.16 H1 Ptot 38 074.37 07.32 Max 15 412.24 H1 Turb 38 001.76 -----Max 10 -------------38 000.94 00.38 Max 20 55.82 H1 F COD 38 087.90 35.99 Max 130 141.2 H1 38 034.01 10.47 Max 40 86.4 H1 BOD5 TSS 38 204.88 50.12 Max 40 1139.7 H1 Fats & O 38 001.12 01.31 Max 30 85.51 H1 Ph 38 000.39 00.03 00.50 21 H1
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L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323 s study off liquid discharge for f 2010, (collectedd information by environment e servicce) Table 6. Results of the statistical
P Parameters
n
ppH T KTN N 4+ NH Ptot T Turb F C COD B 5 BOD T TSS F &O Fats
35 35 5 35 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 5 35 35 35
mo 07.58 19.94 26.27 22.43 09.75 01.35 00.76 85.72 22.00 26.59 05.52
S 00.61 03.40 05.79 04.95 03.05 -----00.36 21.39 10.80 05.55 04.43
Standard μ
Decision
İc
7.5 Maax 30 Maax 40 Maax 40 Maax 15 Maax 10 Maxx 20 Maax 130 Maax 40 Maax 40 Maax 30
0.5 1.944 1.85 0.771 1.777 --------5.446 1.888 0.559 1.995 3.773
H0 H0 H0 H0 H0 ------H1 H0 H0 H0 H1
The w waste water quuality in 2010 is better than 2009 because practically all the controlledd concentrationns are in the standdards. We fo followed the waater quality during campaignn period so thatt to see if thesee waters are stilll non- conform m according to an actual samplinng frequency th hat we have previously determ mined. ples does not allow us to study s the com mpliance of the water accorrding to the The insufficient nuumber of samp statistical test. To do d so, we havee performed in the form of hiistographic disstribution accorrding to a validd procedure of comparison to staandards. KTN (mg/L ) 200
non compliant in the standard
150 100 50 0
1
2
3
4
T Time (week)
Fig. 1. Kjeldahl total t nitrogen variaation of dischargedd water 140 TSS(mg/L) 120
non comppliant
in the staandard
100 80 60 40 20 0
1
2
3
4
Time (week)
Fig. 2. 2 Variation in conntent of total suspennded solids of watter discharged
322
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
PTOTT (mg/L L
1
non compliantt in the standardd
2
3
4
Time (week)
Fig g. 3. Variation in content c of total phoosphorus of dischaarged water
300 250
CO OD(mg/l )
non complliant in the stanndard
200 150 100 50 0
Time (week)
1 Chemical oxygen 3riation of discharg 4 ged water Fig. F 4. o 2 demand var 4.
C Conclusion
It iis concluded thhat the establisshed statisticall approach enaabled us to cleaarly demonstraate the non-com mpliance of the ddischarged watter with respecct to the regulaatory standards required. Thhis observationn was establishhed for data bankss of 2009 and in i our study (C Campaign 20111). All thhe studied parrameters conceerning the rejeected industriaal waters folloow a normal distribution d (teested by the Shapiiro and Wilk equations) e whiich helped to formulate f apprropriate statisttical approachees to determinee the actual samppling frequencyy. It hass been shown clearly c the num mber of sampless taken to achieeve, so that thee test results arre representativve, but since the flluctuations in concentrations c of pollutants are a considerable, the frequenccies are random m. The w water discharged may exceed d levels of nitrrogen pollutionn in the order of o 191.47 mg/L L of kjeldahl nitrogen n and 103m mg/L NH4+, in phosphate p pollution of 36,68 mg/L of P wiith TSS of 120,33 mg/L , whiile the discharrge standard requiired levels aree 40mg/L KTN or NH4+, 15 mg/L m of P and 40 4 mg of TSS .This type of discharged pollluted water causees and acceleraates the eutroph hication phenoomena with all their negative impact on the seawater. Studyying, by the coompliance test, the water disscharges, it apppears that thosse of 2009 werre outsized whhile those of 2010 had improvedd in quality and d were practicaally in the standdards required by environmenntal regulationns. ormity is the study we conduucted during the t Campaign 2011, althouggh the study Whicch has challengged this confo durattion was short and a we observeed clearly that the levels of discards d are nott in the standarrds. Certaainly, there is a procedure fo or recycling these waste wateers, or in the case c where theere are rejectedd flows, the resultt of non-comppliance is the im mpotence of thhe water polluutant mass disccharged into thhe coast, and this requires essenntial solutions and courageou us political deecisions to preeserve a rationnal way of lifee and biodiverrsity of our region. This first approachh will allow uss to continue thhe study in thee context of esstablishing thee biological treeatment and m in holllow fibers bunndle tension. separration of sludgee formed by a material The nnanotechnologyy offers many cost effective solutions to cllean water and the project is a considerablee stake since the reecycling of thiis water will make m it possiblle to reduce thhe impact of thhe liquid rejecttions on the ennvironment, reducce the proceduure of the polllutant paying and will carryy out an econoomy and autonomy with thhe Industrial Compplex.
L. Larbi et al. / Physics Procedia 55 (2014) 317 – 323
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the workshop organizers, hosts and participants for their time and effort resulting in an excellent and productive workshop. References [1] Picotreboul B, Roux M. Study of the evolution of river water quality. Water Research 1982; Vol 16 issue 7: 1173-1187. [2] Mukherjee DP, Pal A, Sarma SE, Majamder D.D. Pattern recognition approach. Water quality analysis 1985; Vol 28 issue2: 269-281. [3] ISO 5667/3. (F) Water quality, sampling, part 3: general guide for the conservation and manipulation of sampling. General guide for the storage and handling of water samples; 1987. [4] XP T90-210. French Standards Protocol for evaluation of an alternative method of quantitative physicochemical analysis with respect to a reference method; 1987. [5] FS T90-100. Electrometric measurement of pH with glass electrode; 1953. [6] ISO 5663 (F). Water quality, kjeldahl nitrogen determination, method after mineralization with selenium; 1984. [7] FS T 90-015-1. Determination of ammonia nitrogen by titration after steam distillation in the water intended for human consumption, surface water and waste water; janv 1984. [8] In FS-118 article 6. T90-023. Determination of phosphorus total by molecular absorption spectrometry; Janv 1997. [9] FS in ISO 1030. water quality anions by ion chromatography dissolved in the liquid phase. Part 2: determination of bromide, chloride, nitrate …..In waste water; 2001. [10] FS T 90-101. Chemical oxygen demand; 2001. [11] T90-103-1-Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BOD5)-Part 1: dilution and seeding method with addition of allyl thio- urea. [12] In 25667-1 water quality sampling –Part 1:general guide for the establishment of sampling programs;1993. [13] In 25667-2 water quality sampling - Part 2: general guide on sampling techniques; 2006. [14] Foucart T. Introduction to statistical tests, computer assisted instruction. Ed. technip; 1997. [15] Lepretre A, Carpentier P.A. Simple method of fore casting trends applied to time series of quality of running watersProceedings of the Academy of Sciences. Series III. Science of life May 1997; Vol 320 Issue 5:407- 411.
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