Study of urban puddle sediments for understanding heavy metal pollution in an urban environment

Accepted Manuscript Study of urban puddle sediments for understanding heavy metal pollution in an urban environment Andrian A. Seleznev, Ilia V. Yarmoshenko PII: DOI: Reference:

S2352-1864(14)00002-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2014.08.001 ETI 1

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Environmental Technology & Innovation

Received date: 10 April 2014 Revised date: 30 July 2014 Accepted date: 8 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Seleznev AA, Yarmoshenko IV. Study of urban puddle sediments for understanding heavy metal pollution in an urban environment. Environmental Technology & Innovation (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2014.08.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Andrian A. Selezneva (corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected], tel: +7 343 3623421, fax: +7 343 3743771), Ilia V. Yarmoshenkoa (e-mail: [email protected]); affiliation: a Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; address: S. Kovalevskoy St., 20, 620219, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Manuscript

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STUDY OF URBAN PUDDLE SEDIMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING HEAVY

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METAL POLLUTION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

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Abstract

4

Natural processes cause sedimentation in local surface depressed zones of the urban

5

landscape with the formation of micro water bodies (puddles). The urban puddle sediments can

6

be defined as a separate peculiar subtype of geochemical traps of the recent technogenic and

7

anthropogenic sediments. Accumulation of pollutants over space and time is a remarkable

8

advantage of urban sediments in comparison with urban soils. The relevance of urban puddle

9

sediments as an object for the assessment of heavy metals pollution (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn,

10

Fe) of an urban ecosystem was studied on the example of Ekaterinburg city, Russia. Samples of

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urban puddle sediments were collected from 213 locations in residential areas. The study of

12

heavy metals pollution in Ekaterinburg city showed that the puddle sediments provide further

13

opportunities for the analysis of the urban environment.

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Keywords: puddle sediments, heavy metals, pollution, urban environment, environmental

15

assessment

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1. Introduction

17

Studies of the environmental problems of urban areas are commonly based on the

18

investigations of the soil, air, and deposition media (snow, bottom sediments, dust etc.).

19

However, while the permanent migration of pollutants and sedimentation caused by natural

20

forces is a significant process which takes place under anthropogenic pressure in urban

21

ecosystems, the separate data on the pollution of the environmental compartments do not allow

22

for a comprehensive pattern of pollution in a large metropolis. The main disadvantage of a soil

23

investigation, as a common environmental diagnostic tool in the urban environment, is low

24

representativeness of a single urban soil core due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of

25

urban soil material caused by numerous natural and anthropogenic factors [1–5].

26

In recent decades, specialists have given much attention to the investigation of the

27

recent anthropogenic sediments in an urban ecosystem [6–10]. In particular, the sediments of

28

large water bodies, road dust, atmospheric depositions, street deposited sediments, soakaway

29

and sewage sediments are extensively involved in urban environmental studies [11–15].

30

The origin of various types of the urban sediments is associated with such natural and

31

technogenic processes as soil erosion, atmospheric deposition, and the transfer of traffic related

32

materials (tyre and brake abrasion products, combustion exhaust, and pavement wear) [6,16–

33

19]. In comparison with the other types of the recent anthropogenic sediments of the urban

34

environment, the puddle sediments and their role in the redistribution of pollutants is the least

35

studied. 1

1

The precipitated rain and surface water runoff form micro water bodies (puddles) in the

2

local surface depressed areas, filling them with the sedimentary material represented by the

3

solid and suspended particles of soil, erosion material, and other particles [20] washed out and

4

transported from the water catchment area. The puddle catchment area contains roofs of

5

buildings, grounds, pavements, local roads within the district or neighbourhood and green

6

zones with grass, trees, and bushes and other harvesting surfaces. The process of sedimentation

7

and migration provides an intermixing of soluble and insoluble pollutants over the puddle

8

catchment in the puddle sediments. Summarising all of the above, we can suppose that the

9

puddle sediments of local surface depressed zones of the urban landscape are an ultimate

10

accumulation depot of pollutants in an urban environment.

11

The objective of the research was to show the relevance of the puddle sediments as an

12

object for the assessment of heavy metals pollution of the urban ecosystem (on the example of

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Ekaterinburg, Russia). To demonstrate the suggested approach, the set of metals (typical

14

pollutants and elements of the parent rock) for the city was chosen for the analysis. The

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assessment of the heavy metal concentrations in urban puddle sediments and the comparison

16

with the results of the soil investigation was conducted.

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2. Materials and methods

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2.1. Description of the sampling area

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Ekaterinburg is a major city of the Ural region of Russia, the administrative centre of

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Sverdlovsk oblast. The linear dimensions of the city are approx. 25 km from north to south and

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20 km from west to east. The population of Ekaterinburg is approx. 1.4 million people; the

22

number of cars is approx. 0.3 per person. The city is situated on the eastern side of the Ural

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Mountains on the Iset River. Ekaterinburg and the Middle Ural region belong to the temperate

24

continental climatic zone with well-marked cold and warm seasons. The average temperature is

25

–14°C in January and +19°C in July. The winter lasts approx. 5 months – from November until

26

April. Summer in the Urals is short, with warm weather for only 65-70 days.

27

Metallurgy, electric power, chemical and petrochemical industries, manufacturers of

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building materials, roads and rail transport, as well as machine building and metal working

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plants are located in the northern part of Ekaterinburg, metallurgical – in the south and west.

30

Several major highways pass through the city. Three heat and power stations are also located in

31

the city (in the west, north, and east). The low scattering power of the atmosphere determines

32

the high degree of air pollution in the city. In recent years, the emissions from vehicles have

33

increased due to increasing number of cars. In addition, the emissions of industrial enterprises,

34

located in Ekaterinburg and in the suburbs, are superposed to each other under certain weather

35

conditions. 2

1

The environmental monitoring in Ekaterinburg is carried out by the authorised body

2

SRD FSHEM (The Sverdlovsk Regional Department of The Federal Service for

3

Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring). Air pollution monitoring in Ekaterinburg

4

city is conducted by a network of eight stationary monitoring posts (one stationary post per 10-

5

15 km2 on average). The soil investigations are carried out every five years on an irregular grid

6

at 90 sites in the most polluted parts of the city located mainly in the vicinity of 10 km from the

7

large enterprises in the parks, forest park areas, and places where undisturbed soils are present.

8

The soil sampling is not conducted directly in residential districts. Background soil samples for

9

the city are collected at the sites located at a distance of 50-60 km to the southwest just outside

10

the city.

11

2.2. Sampling collection and preparation

12

Puddle sediments sampling sites were chosen on an irregular grid in 10 enlarged

13

residential districts (Fig. 1) consisting of microrayons (primary structural element of the

14

residential area development separated by the forest park zones, major highways, railways, and

15

industrial sites of enterprises). The majority of the contemporary microrayons in Ekaterinburg

16

were formed under the planned construction of the city during the 20th century.

17

All of the sampling sites were situated inside the territories of the residential yards. It

18

should be noted that the roads with heavy traffic and industrial plants are located at a

19

considerable distance from the residential areas, and at the same time the roads with medium-

20

intensive traffic are often across the microrayons. To avoid a sampling bias, all the sampling

21

sites have been chosen with the same typical features in the yards and have been located at an

22

equal distance from the nearest industrial plants (500-3000 m), the roads with heavy traffic (>

23

500 m) and from roads with medium-intensive traffic (100 m).

24

A member of the research team visited the yards and selected the depressed zones by

25

visual inspection. The urban puddle sediments samples were taken from the depressed zones

26

that seemed to be the oldest and the most undisturbed in recent years. The samples were taken

27

from the upper 5 cm layer, with a sample mass of approx. 1.5 kg (dry weight). Domestic

28

wastes, debris, roots, and foreign inclusions were removed during the sampling process. The

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information on the location and the site specific descriptions of the puddles and their

30

environment was documented. The position of the sampling areas was assigned according to its

31

address and was marked on the city map. The photo documentation of the areas and samples

32

was also performed.

33

The puddle sediments samples were air-dried at ambient temperature in the laboratory

34

for 2 weeks. Dried samples were crushed, homogenised and passed through a 1 mm sieve. To

3

1

determine the total concentrations of metals, a small representative portion (20 g) of each

2

sample was taken from the sieved sample. Then, it was abraded to powder in agate pounder.

3

During the sampling collection and preparation processes, all the labware was cleaned

4

to prevent the accidental pollution of the given sample from the previous one. The sample was

5

taken with the plastic scoop that was cleaned with the disposable wet alcohol wipe after the

6

each collection of the sample. Under the sample preparation, the sieve, pounder, and other

7

labware was cleaned with disposable wet alcohol wipes after each sample preparation act.

8

2.3. Heavy metal analysis

9

Chemical analysis of the samples was conducted at the Chemical Analytical Center of

10

Institute of Industrial Ecology. The ‘total’ concentrations of heavy metals were determined in

11

each sample. The procedure of sampling preparation and analysis were conducted according to

12

the technique for measuring the metal content in solid objects by the spectrometry with

13

inductively coupled plasma PND F 16.1:2.3:3.11-98 [21] certified by The State Bureau for

14

Environmental Protection of Russian Federation. The preparation method of the samples is very

15

similar to the US EPA method [22]. The total concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe

16

in the samples were determined with ICP-MS Perkin Elmer ELAN 9000 (Perkin Elmer Inc.,

17

USA).

18

The quality control procedure of measurements is provided by the use of certified

19

methodologies for measuring and accreditation and authorisation of the Chemical Analytical

20

Center of Institute of Industrial Ecology in The Systems of the State Accreditation laboratories.

21

3. Results

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The samples of urban puddle sediments were collected in 213 locations in residential

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areas in Ekaterinburg during the summer seasons in 2007-2010. The puddle sediments cocktail

24

is partly represented by the particles of the natural and the anthropogenically transformed soil.

25

The thickness of the sediments varies in a range less than 5 cm. The base surface substrate is

26

represented by the variety of materials such as urban sealed soil and ground, anthropogenic

27

landfill, soil surrogate (mainly turf), asphalt and different pavement surfaces. The material of

28

the sediments appeared to be easily identified and distinguished from the base surface substrate

29

due to the finer particle size composition (because of the significant amount of dust content)

30

and more homogeneous structure.

31

Table 1 summarises the results of the statistical analysis of concentrations of heavy

32

metals in urban puddle sediments in Ekaterinburg. The concentrations of Mn, Fe, and Co as

33

measured in the collected samples follow the normal distribution and concentrations of Ni, Cu,

34

Zn, and Pb – lognormal distribution. The association between the average concentrations of

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heavy metals in puddle sediments (grey bars) and in soils in Ekaterinburg city (white bars) is 4

1

shown in Fig. 2. The ratios between the average heavy metal concentrations in the puddle

2

sediments and the soils in the city increased in the order of Co (1.05) < Cu (1.19) < Mn (1.29) <

3

Ni (1.40) < Fe (1.54) < Pb (2.02) < Zn (2.97).

4

The analysis of the spatial redistribution of concentrations of pollutants in urban puddle

5

sediments was conducted by 10 districts in Ekaterinburg (Table 2). According to the analysis of

6

variances (ANOVA), the mean values of the concentrations of Mn, Fe, and Co in puddle

7

sediments significantly differ by the city districts (p<0.001). The mean values of logarithms of

8

concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb also significantly differ by the city districts (p<0.01).

9

4. Discussion

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4.1. Association between the heavy metal content in puddle sediments and in soils in the city

11

The obtained close association between the average concentrations of heavy metals in

12

puddle sediments (Fig. 2) may confirm the potential common origin of heavy metals in the

13

puddle sediments and in the urban soils. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the average values of the

14

concentrations of all the measured metals are higher in puddle sediments than in the urban soils.

15

The ratio between the average heavy metal concentrations in puddle sediments and soils above

16

1 may correspond to the migration of heavy metals into puddle sediments, concentration of

17

heavy metals by the substance of puddle sediments and additional pollution of puddle

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sediments versus soils in the city. This means that the puddle sediments concentrate heavy

19

metals in the urban environment. At the same time, as the puddle sediments are represented by

20

the material of soil or soil surrogate (turf), which is substantially finer than surrounding soils,

21

they are potentially more carbon rich. This geochemical characteristic of the sediments (along

22

with other factors) can contribute to the metal enrichment of puddle sediments in all the

23

sampling sites.

24

The relationship between the content of the heavy metals in puddle sediments and the

25

geochemical characteristics of the parent rock of the Middle Ural was analysed. The puddle

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sediments sampling sites were combined into the groups according to the primary types of the

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lithogenic substrate in the city, which is represented on the State Geological Map of The

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Russian Federation, Scale 1:1 000 000, series Ural [23]. The ANOVA showed the significant

29

differences of the mean concentration of Co, Fe, and Mn and insignificant differences of the

30

mean concentration of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb between the primary types of the lithogenic substrate.

31

It is also important that the concentrations of Co, Fe, and Mn follow normal distribution (Table

32

1), whereas concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb deviate from normal distribution significantly.

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Comparison of the Clarke values [24] and concentrations of the metals demonstrate the same

34

associations: mean concentrations of Co, Fe, and Mn are close to the Clarke values; mean

35

concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb are several times higher. Thus, the comparison with the 5

1

geochemical background demonstrated that the content of Co, Fe, and Mn can be associated

2

with the main types of parent rock (typomorphic geochemical association), while Ni, Cu, Zn,

3

and Pb may be partly associated with the anthropogenic origin (technogenic geochemical

4

association).

5

4.2. The spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban puddle sediments

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The origin of Pb, Cu, and Zn may be mostly related to the pollution from the automobile

7

traffic. The potential sources of these metals include vehicle emissions from the dense network

8

of roads and can be tied to automobile by-products. Pb was an additive to gasoline in Russia

9

until 1997 and was an important component of the automobile emissions, whereas Cu and Zn

10

contaminations can occur from brake emissions and tyre abrasions, respectively. The other

11

sources of these three elements in an urban environment can be incinerators, pipes, cables, and

12

paints [25–27]. In the Southeastern, Southeastern Suburb, and Southern Suburb districts, the

13

concentrations of these three elements are lower than the average value because these districts

14

are not affected by the intensive industrial emissions and have less intensive automobile traffic.

15

The analysis of the spatial redistribution of other metals does not reveal any additional patterns

16

of pollution in the city.

17

A strong correlation of Cu vs Pb and Zn vs Pb was observed in the central districts

18

(West, Center, South, East) where a high automobile traffic density is typical. Thus, the higher

19

concentrations of these three metals in puddle sediments in the central districts can be attributed

20

to high automobile emissions. Nevertheless, the contribution of industrial enterprises (besides

21

the automobile traffic) to the pollution of puddle sediments is still undetermined. It should be

22

noted that the powerful source of copper pollution (Sredneuralsky Copper Smelter Plant) is

23

situated in the western direction, 30 km outside of Ekaterinburg. However, according to the

24

data on the copper content in puddle sediments, the correlation between the pollution of the

25

samples of this metal and the western direction has not been identified.

26

4.3. Temporal conditions of the formation of puddle sediments pollution

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The time period of the formation of a puddle may vary from several hours to several

28

days. However, the time periods and changes in water loading insignificantly influence the

29

loading of the sedimentary material during the time of their existence. In the case when the

30

pollution of the soil is caused by the atmospheric emissions, the concentration of heavy metals

31

in an upper soil layer increases permanently with time. In the urban environment, the

32

concentration of metals depends on the time of exposure of the ground to atmospheric fallouts

33

that starts after covering the surface by a layer of manmade ‘clean’ soil surrogate. Therefore,

34

the pollution of the ground depends on the age of the local landscape of the urban environment.

6

1

While the sediments may be removed, the age cannot be assessed using the thickness of the

2

sediments.

3

It should be noted that the permanent cycle of migration of the sedimentary material is

4

occurring in an urban environment. The origin of the sedimentary material is related to the

5

constantly increasing volume of suspended and solid particulate matter and dust from

6

automobile and industrial emissions, soil erosion, abrasion, and corrosion products of different

7

materials (building construction materials, tire and brake abrasion products, combustion

8

exhaust and pavement wear) [6,14,16,28,29]. Natural processes of deposition, wind,

9

atmospheric and rainwater/stormwater transfer and anthropogenic activities (landscape

10

planning accompanying residential construction and development practices, installations of

11

footpath, lawns, drainages, clearing the territories) lead to the constant migration cycle of

12

particulate matter between the environmental compartments and sedimentation [30–35]. The

13

nature of the transfer of sediments and pollution makes obtaining reliable information on the

14

dominant sources of sediments and the association between the sediment substance and

15

contaminants within the urban landscape difficult. However, this migration cycle led to the

16

additional integration of pollution over the space.

17

The parts of the catchment area are formed in different time periods and have a different

18

age and pollution. Nevertheless, the particles of hard material originating from different parts of

19

the puddle catchment area are intermixed within the local surface depressed zone during the

20

process of sedimentation. Analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship between the heavy

21

metal concentration and the parameters characterising the age of the specific site where the

22

puddle sediments were formed. One of such parameters was the year of construction of the

23

residential buildings in the block of houses where the puddle sediments sample was collected.

24

The year of construction of each residential building was taken from the public resource of Ural

25

Chamber of Real Estate. Each puddle catchment site corresponded to the several (usually 2-4)

26

residential buildings in the block of houses. The mean, minimal, and maximal value of the year

27

of construction was calculated for each site of the sampling of puddle sediments.

28

According to the analysis, the widest variability of the concentration of Pb and Zn is

29

related to two temporal factors: the mean value of the age of the residential building and the

30

difference between the minimal and maximal ages of the site of landscape. The years of

31

construction of the residential buildings were combined into four groups as shown in Fig. 3.

32

The average year in the groups 1 and 2 is in the range 1960-1970. Groups 1 and 2

33

contain the sites where the difference between the minimal and maximal years of construction

34

is up to 40 years and below 10 years on average, respectively. The average year of construction

35

in groups 3 and 4 is in the range 1980-1990; the difference between the minimal and maximal 7

1

years in group 3 does not exceed 30 years, but in group 4 it does not exceed 10 years.

2

According to the analysis of variances, these two factors influence the concentration of Pb and

3

Zn in the puddle sediments. The relations between the average concentrations of Pb and Zn and

4

the age are shown in Fig 4.

5

As can be seen in Fig. 4, the maximal content of Pb and Zn is revealed at the sampling

6

sites where the residential buildings were constructed before 1986 on average. Minimal

7

concentrations are observed for the group of the average range of year of construction 1984-

8

1993. The analysis of the relation between the Pb and Zn concentration in the puddle sediments

9

and the age of the residential buildings shows the dynamics of their pollution in an urban

10

environment, which increased with the amount of vehicles in the city and decreased with the

11

legitimating ban on the use of leaded gasoline in Sverdlovsk region in 1997 [36].

12

No correlations between the age of the residential buildings and other metals

13

concentrations were obtained. Apparently, the process of pollution of the atmosphere with the

14

other heavy metals was less intensive and did not significantly contribute to the final

15

concentration of those metals.

16

5. Conclusion

17

A specific part of the urban landscape is a local surface depressed zone of terrain which

18

provides the conditions for forming puddles and sedimentation. The amount of pollutant

19

concentrated in puddle sediments is proportionate to the time integral of the precipitation of

20

pollutants over the catchment area for the period of the average time of existence of the

21

catchments area from its forming until moment of collecting the sample of the sediments. The

22

urban puddle sediments are an independent compartment of the environment. Accumulation of

23

the pollutants over space and time is a remarkable advantage of urban sediments in comparison

24

with urban soils, which are affected by generally unknown migration processes. Urban puddle

25

sediments characterise a larger area than the soil samples while the catchment area may reach a

26

few hundred square metres.

27

Another important advantage of the puddle sediments consists in the possibility to

28

investigate the residential blocks directly, whereas undisturbed soil samples characterise

29

territories outside of the residential area. For this reason, the soil investigation cannot provide

30

the representative information on the pollution of the residential areas of the city.

31

Study of heavy metals pollution in Ekaterinburg city showed that the puddle sediments

32

provide further opportunities for the analysis of the urban environment. In general, the

33

concentrations of heavy metals show wide ranges of values. Elevated heavy metals

34

concentrations in the city are likely to reflect the long history of urban and industrial

8

1

development. For Ekaterinburg city, the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the puddle sediments

2

are the most sensitive indicators of pollution.

3

The puddle sediments require appropriate geochemical classification as anthropogenic

4

sedimentary deposits of the urban environment. The urban puddle sediments reflect the recent

5

natural and technogenic processes, such as rainwater surface runoff, weathering, and erosion

6

processes in the urban ecosystem. The process of formation of urban puddle sediments occurs

7

through interactions of natural processes and urban management. The urban puddle sediments

8

can be defined as a separate peculiar subtype of geochemical traps of the recent anthropogenic

9

sediments. This type of urban sediments starts forming simultaneously with the development,

10

construction, and landscape planning of a residential district. The puddle sediments show and

11

reflect the environmental state at the local territory and environmental changes during the time

12

of the existence of the urban landscape.

13 14

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[22] EPA-821-R-01-010, Method 200.7, Trace Elements In Water, Solids, And Biosolids By

2

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Revision 5.0, U.S. Environmental

3

Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC, 2001.

4

[23] The State Geological Map of The Russian Federation, Scale 1:1 000 000, Series Ural,

5

Pages O-41 – Ekaterinburg, Federal State Unitary Enterprise «A.P. Karpinsky Russian

6

Geological Research Institute», Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian

7

Federation, Federal Agency of Mineral Resources, 2011. (in Russian)

8

[24] S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan, The continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution,

9

Blackwell, Oxford, 1985.

10

[25] M. Wang, Y. Bai, W. Chen, B. Markert, C. Peng, Z. Ouyang, A GIS technology based

11

potential eco-risk assessment of metals in urban soils in Beijing, China, Environmental

12

Pollution. 161 (2012) 235–242.

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[26] M. Biasioli, R. Barberis, F. Ajmone-Marsan, The influence of a large city on some soil

14

properties and metals content, Science of the Total Environment. 356 (2006) 154–164.

15

[27] P.J. Hooker, C.P. Nathanail, Risk-based characterisation of lead in urban soils, Chemical

16

Geology. 226 (2006) 340–351.

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[28] M. Jartun, R.T. Ottesen, E. Steinnes, T. Volden, Runoff of particle bound pollutants from

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urban impervious surfaces studied by analysis of sediments from stormwater traps, Science Of

19

The Total Environment. 396 (2008) 147–163.

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[29] L.D. Sabin, J.H. Lim, K.D. Stolzenbach, K.C. Schiff, Contribution of trace metals from

21

atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment, Water

22

Research. 39 (2005) 3929–3937.

23

[30] EPA-841-B-05-004, National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source

24

Pollution from Urban Areas, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water,

25

Washington, DC, 2005.

26

[31] EPA-841-B-13-001, Stormwater to Street Trees. Engineering Urban Forests for

27

Stormwater Management, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,

28

2001.

29

[32] EPA 833-D-91-100, Construction Site Stormwater Discharge Control, An Inventory Of

30

Current Practices, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water,

31

Washington, DC, 1991.

32

[33] EPA 833-B-09-002, Developing Your Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: A Guide for

33

Industrial Operators, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2009.

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1

[34] EPA-833-F-08-009, Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure. Municipal

2

Handbook. Green Streets, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,

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4

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6

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Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2009.

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[36] On Amending Resolution of the Government of Sverdlovsk region from 17.06.97 № 503-P

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‘On urgent measures to reduce air pollution emissions from vehicles’. Resolution of the

10

Government of Sverdlovsk region from 31.12.1999 № 1501-PP, Legislative Assembly of the

11

Sverdlovsk Region, Ekaterinburg, 1999. (in Russian)

12

12

1

Figure captions

2 3

Fig.1. Association between the average concentrations of heavy metals in puddle sediments

4

(grey bar) and in soils in Ekaterinburg city (white bar). The data on the soil pollution in the city

5

were obtained from The Report on Soil Pollution of Ekaterinburg City with Industrial Toxicants

6

for 2010 issued by the SRD FSHEM (SRD FSHEM, 2011).

7 8

Fig.2. Location of the residential districts in Ekaterinburg city: North (N), Northwestern (NW),

9

West (W), Center (C), East (E), Southwestern (SW), South (S), Southeastern (SE), Southern

10

Suburb (SS), Southeastern Suburb (SES). The main road network in the city is also shown.

11 12

Fig. 3. The groups of years of construction of residential buildings according to the data of The

13

Ural Chamber of Real Estate. Max, min and average values of the year in the groups are

14

represented.

15 16

Fig. 4. Relative concentrations of Pb and Zn in the groups by years of construction of buildings.

13

*Highlights (for review)

Highlights Puddle sediments are attractive urban objects to use in an environmental study. Urban puddle sediments accumulate pollution over space and time. Puddle sediments are collected in the residential blocks directly. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in puddle sediments reveal urban pollution.

Table

Table 1. Concentrations of metals in urban puddle sediments in Ekaterinburg city. Element

Range of concentration

Average concentr ation

SD

Geometric mean

Geometric standard deviation

Distribution type

Mn, mg/kg Fe, g/kg Co, mg/kg

263-2212 6-75 5-47

823 37 22

262 12 7

-

-

Normal Normal Normal

Ni, mg/kg

26-663

175

106

148

1.80

Lognormal

Cu, mg/kg

14-370

105

50

94

1.57

Lognormal

Zn, mg/kg

57-4676

455

524

336

2.02

Lognormal

Pb, mg/kg

14-1027

103

123

74

2.07

Lognormal

Table 2. Average concentrations of heavy metals in urban puddle sediments by 10 residential districts in the city. District, parameter East (E) West (W) North (N) Northwestern (NW) Center (C) South (S) Southeastern (SE) Southeastern Suburb (SES)

Arithmetic mean Mn, Fe, Co, mg/kg g/kg mg/kg 857* 44* 24* 778* 34 20 854* 37* 23*

Ni, mg/kg 195* 130 189*

Geometric mean Cu, Zn, mg/kg mg/kg 127* 473* 104* 380* 93 277

Pb, mg/kg 104* 90* 71

Number of samples 21 28 45

838*

35

19

119

96*

237

75*

7

779 879* 673

32 40* 41*

21 23* 19

141 148* 136

103* 104* 77

433* 509* 230

91* 101* 57

30 10 21

1115*

46*

28*

147

82

281

52

9

Southwestern (SW)

649

28

16

122

91

399*

82*

18

Southern Suburb (SS)

964*

36

23*

126

79

285

46

24

* Districts where the mean concentrations of metals in puddle sediments are higher than the mean value for the city (for Mn, Fe and Co the represented mean value is arithmetic and for Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb – geometric mean).

Figure 1

1000

Concentration

soil sediments 100

10

1 Co, mg/kg

Fe, g/kg

Pb, mg/kg

Cu, mg/kg

Ni, mg/kg

Zn, mg/kg

Mn, mg/kg

Figure 2

N NW

W

E

C

SE

SW

S

SS

SES

Figure 3

2010 2000 max 1990

Year

1980 1970

average

1960 min 1950 1940 1930 1920 1954-1993

1960-1969

1974-2006

Year of construction

1985-1993

Figure 4

1 Zn Pb 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 Average range of year of construction: 1954-1994

1961-1970

1972-2006

1984-1993

Average year of construction: <1986

>1986