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Study On Machining Performances During Hard Turning Process Using Vibration Signal Under MQL Environment: A Review
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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC-2019
Mechanical properties of Bagasse fiber based biocomposites: A Review Ashish Naika, Sarojrani Pattnaika, Mihir Kumar Sutara* a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla
Abstract Stricter environmental regulations, low density, low cost and easy availability has gained attention of researchers to use natural fibers as an alternative reinforcement material to synthetic fibers in polymer composite materials. Biocomposites are slowly gaining popularity due to their acceptable mechanical properties and bio degradable nature. Poor fiber/matrix adhesion, low heat resistance and hygroscopic nature are some disadvantages of natural fibres, but these can be addressed by some physical and chemical treatment methods. A few recent works on bagasse fiber based biocomposites have been reviewed in this paper © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
Keywords: Bagasse fibers, polymer, morphology;mechanical properties
1. Introduction Composites are materials made by combining two or more natural or synthetic materials having different physical or chemical properties and possess characteristics different from individual components. They consist of a continuous phase known as matrix and one or more discontinuous phase called reinforcement. Bio-composites are composite materials composed of natural fibers as reinforcement in the polymer matrix. Bio-composites have superior properties than synthetic fibers such as easy & abundant availability, low cost, lightweight, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, considerable mechanical properties and biodegradable characteristics. In spite of all these
* Mihir Kumar Sutar. Tel.: +918763270195 E-mail address:[email protected] 2214-7853© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
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advantages, they have some weaknesses such as low thermal resistance, poor moisture resistance, poor fiber and matrix compatibility, inherent polarization and anisotropic fiber properties [1-2]. Biocomposites have their applications in building household materials like door panels, furniture making, in the automotive sector for interior design panels making etc [3]. Their applications can be seen in the aerospace industry because of their good stiffness to weight ratio [4]. They have their use in sports industries for making sports equipment etc. Till now various types of natural fibers have been used for making bio-composites such as bamboo, coir, bagasse, sisal, banana fiber, hemp, jute, flax etc [5]. Agricultural wastes like husk and straws of wheat & rice, shells of various dry fruits, poultry feathers, goat hairs, fish scales etc. Bagasse is the remains of sugarcane after the extraction of their juice for sugar preparation. Sugar mills produce tons of bagasse waste every year from which 80% is burned as fuel steam boilers, 9% is used for making cardboard and ethanol, still much amount of bagasse is left unused [6-8]. Bagasse fibers due to low cost, lightweight and acceptable mechanical properties make them a good choice for reinforcement in polymer composites. 2. Surface morphology of bagasse fiber The performance of the fiber is largely influenced by the surface morphology. The surface morphology of the bagasse fiber can be studied using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of the cross-section of a bagasse fiber in which porous structure can be seen with 70-80% volume is occupied by empty spaces.
Fig. 1 Microstructure of the cross-section of a bagasse fibre
The compatibility between natural fiber and polymer matrix is very poor, so for improving the fiber matrix and matrix adhesion different types of surface treatments are adopted. Fig. 2 (a) and (b) shows the microstructure of bagasse fiber before and after 5% NaOH treatment. The fiber filaments were packed close together in the untreated bagasse fiber whereas after treatment they got split. This split ends increases the surface area for contact between the matrix and fiber for better interfacial bonding [9].
Fig. 2 Microstructure of bagasse fiber (a) untreated and (b) 5% NaOH treated
Rodrigues et al [10] did a chemical modification test of sugarcane bagasse fiber by etherification and used it as reinforcement in a polyester resin matrix. To study the surface morphology SEM was done of the samples of
A. Naik et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
4023
unmodified and modified bagasse fibers. The results observed can be seen in the Fig. 3 (a) and (b) respectively. The unmodified fiber surface was full of extractives which are removed after modification. The removal of these extractives has increased the contact surface area for the matrix thereby improving the fibre/matrix bonding.
Fig. 3. Microstructure of bagasse fibre (a) modified (b) unmodified
3. Mechanical properties of the composites containing bagasse fibre The mechanical properties of the biocomposites are greatly affected by the properties of the fiber-matrix interface. This interface can be optimized by physical & chemical treatments keeping in mind that the efficiency of fibers varies with the materials and methods used. Mechanical properties vary with varying wt % of bagasse fiber in composites, size of fibers and orientation of fibers. Agunsoye and Aigbodion [11] studied the tensile strength of recycled polyethylene biocomposites reinforced with UBp (uncarbonised bagasse particle) and CBp (carbonized bagasse particle) after 1% NaOH treatment. Two sets of samples were prepared with varied wt % (10-50 wt %) of bagasse particles. The tensile test was performed and it was observed that the tensile strength increased to an optimum value of 9.20 Mpa and 11.34 Mpa at 20 wt% UBp and 30 wt% CBp respectively (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Tensile strength vs wt% of bagasse particles
Desousa et al [12] evaluated the flexural strength of chopped bagasse-polyester composite by varying size and molding pressure. In the result, it was found that with a decrease in chopped bagasse size flexural strength increased. It was also found that an increase in molding pressure resulted in an increment in flexural strength because molding pressure created close contact between matrix and fiber which removed voids and entrapped air. Reduced size of baggage fiber increased the contact surface area between matrix & fiber for better adhesion that ultimately resulted in improvement in flexural strength. Acharya et al [13] performed an experiment to study the influence of acetone treatment of bagasse fiber on the flexural strength of bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Samples were prepared to contain 20 vol% of unwashed bagasse, unwashed and treated, washed, washed and treated. These samples were then exposed to different environmental conditions such as steam, saline and subzero treatment. In the result, it was found that the
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A. Naik et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
washed and treated fiber composite has the maximum flexural strength in all environmental conditions. Acetone treatment caused the eradication hemicellulose, crystallinity development and fibrillation, which resulted in good fiber-matrix adhesion and hence, flexural strength was improved. Candido et al [14] prepared a polyester matrix composite reinforced with bagasse fiber. The polyester was hardened with 5 wt% of methyl- ethyl ketone catalyst. Molds were prepared with varying 10, 20 & 30 vol% of aligned bagasse fiber. Specimens of notch 2.4 mm with 45 degrees angle were machined with ASTM standards. Charpy impact test was performed and a linear increase in impact strength was observed. (Fig. 5)
Fig. 5 Variation of the charpy impact energy of polyester composites with the volume fraction of bagasse
Mishra and Acharya [15] performed an experiment to study the erosion behavior of bagasse fiber filled epoxy composite. Composite samples were prepared to have 20 vol% of bagasse fiber with three different ways of fiber orientations such as normal orientation, parallel orientation, antiparallel orientation wrt. the sliding direction. The sample specimens were then eroded using silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive paper of different grit sizes of 150, 180, 320 and 400 at a sliding speed of 1 m/min during which different loads of 1, 3, 5 and 7N were also applied. In results, an increment in wear rate was found with an increase in load & grit size. And parallel oriented fiber exhibit highest wear rate than anti -parallel and normal orientation. Mishra and Acharya [16] performed another experiment to find out solid particle erosion of bagasse fiber reinforced in the polymer composite. In this experiment silica sand erodent of grit size, 150-250 micrometer was used at different impingement angles of 30 to 90 degrees at four different speeds of 48, 72, 82 and 109 m/s for duration of 10 minutes. The result found out was that an increase in impact velocity caused an increment in erosion rate and maximum erosion took place at 90 degrees impingement angle. Also, a reduction in erosion rate was observed by the addition of bagasse fiber to the epoxy matrix in comparison to pure epoxy matrix. 4. Conclusions Mechanical properties of bagasse fiber based biocomposites are influenced by fiber content, size and fiber orientation. Increase in fiber content increases the tensile strength of the composite upto a optimum point after which the strength declines. Reduction of fiber size increases the flexural property of composite by providing greater area for contact between fiber and matrix. The mechanical properties can be considerably improved by physical and chemical treatments. With acceptable mechanical properties bagasse fiber is a better, profitable and ecofriendly alternative to the synthetic fibres. In future, bagasse fibers can completely replace synthetic fibers with their superior properties in most of the areas. Hence, future researches and studies should be more focused on accomplishing equivalent or higher performance and durable life of bagasse composites.
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Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla, Odisha, Department of Mechanical Engineering and TEQIP- III for funding to present this paper in ICMPC 2019 at GRIET Hyderabad. References [1] Bertoti , A.R. , Luporini , S. and Esperidião , M.C.A. Effects of acetylation in vapour phase and mercerization on the properties of sugarcane fibres. Carbohydrate Polymers. 77(1) (2009) 20 – 24 . [2] G. Hemath Kumar, H. Babuvishwanath, Rajesh Purohit, Pramod Sahu and R. S. Rana. Investigations On Mechanical Properties Of Glass And Sugarcane Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017, 5408–5420. [3] Luz , S. and Gonçalves , A. Mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of sugarcane bagasse fibres reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 38(6) 2007 1455 – 1461. [4] Maldas , D. and Kokta , B. Studies on the preparation and properties of particle boards made from bagasse and PVC: II. Influence of the addition of coupling agents. Bioresource Technology. 35(3) 1991 251 – 261. [5] H. Hajiha, M. Sain. The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites. Elsevier BV, 2015. [6] El-Tayeb , N. Abrasive wear performance of untreated SCF reinforced polymer composite. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 206 (1) 2008 305– 314. [7] Verma , D. , Gope , P.C. , Maheshwari , M.K. and Sharma , R. Bagasse fi bre composites – a review. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 3 2012 1079 -1092. [8] Wirawan , R. , Sapuan , S.M. , Yunus , R. and Abdan , K. Properties of sugarcane bagasse/poly(vinyl chloride) composites after various treatments. Journal of Composite Materials. 45(16) 2011 1667 – 1674. [9] Cao, Y., Shibata,S. & Fukumoto, I. Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before & after alkali treatments. Composites Part A: Applied s Science & Manufacturing. 37(3) 2006 423- 429. [10] Rodrigues E.,Maia T.,& Mulinari D. Tensile strength of polyester resin reinforced sugarcane bagasse fibres modified by esterification. Procedia Engineering. 10 2011 2348-2352. [11] Agunsoye J. , Aigbodion V. Bagasse filled recycled polyethylene bio composites: Morphological & mechanical properties study. Results in physics. 3 2013 187-194. [12] De Sousa , M. , Monteiro , S. and d ’ Almeida , J. Evaluation of pre-treatment, size and molding pressure on flexural mechanical behavior of chopped bagasse– polyester composites. Polymer Testing. 23(3) 2004 253 – 258. [13] Acharya , S. , Mishra , P.P. and Mehar , S.K. The influence of fibre treatment on the performance of bagasse fibre-reinforced polymer composite. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 28(4) 2009 3027 – 3036 . [14] Candido, V.S., da Silva, A.C.R., Simonassi, N.T., da Luz, F.S., Monteiro, S.N., Toughness of polyester matrix composites reinforced with sugarcane bagasse fibers evaluated by Charpy impact tests. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 6 (4), 2017, 334-338. [15] Mishra , P. and Acharya , S. Anisotropy abrasive wear behaviour of bagasse fibre reinforced polymer composite. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. (11) 2010 . [16] Mishra , P. and Acharya , S. Solid particle erosion of Bagasse fibre reinforced epoxy composite. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 5 2010 109 – 115.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC-2019
Mechanical properties of Bagasse fiber based biocomposites: A Review Ashish Naika, Sarojrani Pattnaika, Mihir Kumar Sutara* a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla
Abstract Stricter environmental regulations, low density, low cost and easy availability has gained attention of researchers to use natural fibers as an alternative reinforcement material to synthetic fibers in polymer composite materials. Biocomposites are slowly gaining popularity due to their acceptable mechanical properties and bio degradable nature. Poor fiber/matrix adhesion, low heat resistance and hygroscopic nature are some disadvantages of natural fibres, but these can be addressed by some physical and chemical treatment methods. A few recent works on bagasse fiber based biocomposites have been reviewed in this paper © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
Keywords: Bagasse fibers, polymer, morphology;mechanical properties
1. Introduction Composites are materials made by combining two or more natural or synthetic materials having different physical or chemical properties and possess characteristics different from individual components. They consist of a continuous phase known as matrix and one or more discontinuous phase called reinforcement. Bio-composites are composite materials composed of natural fibers as reinforcement in the polymer matrix. Bio-composites have superior properties than synthetic fibers such as easy & abundant availability, low cost, lightweight, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, considerable mechanical properties and biodegradable characteristics. In spite of all these
* Mihir Kumar Sutar. Tel.: +918763270195 E-mail address:[email protected] 2214-7853© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
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advantages, they have some weaknesses such as low thermal resistance, poor moisture resistance, poor fiber and matrix compatibility, inherent polarization and anisotropic fiber properties [1-2]. Biocomposites have their applications in building household materials like door panels, furniture making, in the automotive sector for interior design panels making etc [3]. Their applications can be seen in the aerospace industry because of their good stiffness to weight ratio [4]. They have their use in sports industries for making sports equipment etc. Till now various types of natural fibers have been used for making bio-composites such as bamboo, coir, bagasse, sisal, banana fiber, hemp, jute, flax etc [5]. Agricultural wastes like husk and straws of wheat & rice, shells of various dry fruits, poultry feathers, goat hairs, fish scales etc. Bagasse is the remains of sugarcane after the extraction of their juice for sugar preparation. Sugar mills produce tons of bagasse waste every year from which 80% is burned as fuel steam boilers, 9% is used for making cardboard and ethanol, still much amount of bagasse is left unused [6-8]. Bagasse fibers due to low cost, lightweight and acceptable mechanical properties make them a good choice for reinforcement in polymer composites. 2. Surface morphology of bagasse fiber The performance of the fiber is largely influenced by the surface morphology. The surface morphology of the bagasse fiber can be studied using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of the cross-section of a bagasse fiber in which porous structure can be seen with 70-80% volume is occupied by empty spaces.
Fig. 1 Microstructure of the cross-section of a bagasse fibre
The compatibility between natural fiber and polymer matrix is very poor, so for improving the fiber matrix and matrix adhesion different types of surface treatments are adopted. Fig. 2 (a) and (b) shows the microstructure of bagasse fiber before and after 5% NaOH treatment. The fiber filaments were packed close together in the untreated bagasse fiber whereas after treatment they got split. This split ends increases the surface area for contact between the matrix and fiber for better interfacial bonding [9].
Fig. 2 Microstructure of bagasse fiber (a) untreated and (b) 5% NaOH treated
Rodrigues et al [10] did a chemical modification test of sugarcane bagasse fiber by etherification and used it as reinforcement in a polyester resin matrix. To study the surface morphology SEM was done of the samples of
A. Naik et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
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unmodified and modified bagasse fibers. The results observed can be seen in the Fig. 3 (a) and (b) respectively. The unmodified fiber surface was full of extractives which are removed after modification. The removal of these extractives has increased the contact surface area for the matrix thereby improving the fibre/matrix bonding.
Fig. 3. Microstructure of bagasse fibre (a) modified (b) unmodified
3. Mechanical properties of the composites containing bagasse fibre The mechanical properties of the biocomposites are greatly affected by the properties of the fiber-matrix interface. This interface can be optimized by physical & chemical treatments keeping in mind that the efficiency of fibers varies with the materials and methods used. Mechanical properties vary with varying wt % of bagasse fiber in composites, size of fibers and orientation of fibers. Agunsoye and Aigbodion [11] studied the tensile strength of recycled polyethylene biocomposites reinforced with UBp (uncarbonised bagasse particle) and CBp (carbonized bagasse particle) after 1% NaOH treatment. Two sets of samples were prepared with varied wt % (10-50 wt %) of bagasse particles. The tensile test was performed and it was observed that the tensile strength increased to an optimum value of 9.20 Mpa and 11.34 Mpa at 20 wt% UBp and 30 wt% CBp respectively (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Tensile strength vs wt% of bagasse particles
Desousa et al [12] evaluated the flexural strength of chopped bagasse-polyester composite by varying size and molding pressure. In the result, it was found that with a decrease in chopped bagasse size flexural strength increased. It was also found that an increase in molding pressure resulted in an increment in flexural strength because molding pressure created close contact between matrix and fiber which removed voids and entrapped air. Reduced size of baggage fiber increased the contact surface area between matrix & fiber for better adhesion that ultimately resulted in improvement in flexural strength. Acharya et al [13] performed an experiment to study the influence of acetone treatment of bagasse fiber on the flexural strength of bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Samples were prepared to contain 20 vol% of unwashed bagasse, unwashed and treated, washed, washed and treated. These samples were then exposed to different environmental conditions such as steam, saline and subzero treatment. In the result, it was found that the
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A. Naik et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 4021–4025
washed and treated fiber composite has the maximum flexural strength in all environmental conditions. Acetone treatment caused the eradication hemicellulose, crystallinity development and fibrillation, which resulted in good fiber-matrix adhesion and hence, flexural strength was improved. Candido et al [14] prepared a polyester matrix composite reinforced with bagasse fiber. The polyester was hardened with 5 wt% of methyl- ethyl ketone catalyst. Molds were prepared with varying 10, 20 & 30 vol% of aligned bagasse fiber. Specimens of notch 2.4 mm with 45 degrees angle were machined with ASTM standards. Charpy impact test was performed and a linear increase in impact strength was observed. (Fig. 5)
Fig. 5 Variation of the charpy impact energy of polyester composites with the volume fraction of bagasse
Mishra and Acharya [15] performed an experiment to study the erosion behavior of bagasse fiber filled epoxy composite. Composite samples were prepared to have 20 vol% of bagasse fiber with three different ways of fiber orientations such as normal orientation, parallel orientation, antiparallel orientation wrt. the sliding direction. The sample specimens were then eroded using silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive paper of different grit sizes of 150, 180, 320 and 400 at a sliding speed of 1 m/min during which different loads of 1, 3, 5 and 7N were also applied. In results, an increment in wear rate was found with an increase in load & grit size. And parallel oriented fiber exhibit highest wear rate than anti -parallel and normal orientation. Mishra and Acharya [16] performed another experiment to find out solid particle erosion of bagasse fiber reinforced in the polymer composite. In this experiment silica sand erodent of grit size, 150-250 micrometer was used at different impingement angles of 30 to 90 degrees at four different speeds of 48, 72, 82 and 109 m/s for duration of 10 minutes. The result found out was that an increase in impact velocity caused an increment in erosion rate and maximum erosion took place at 90 degrees impingement angle. Also, a reduction in erosion rate was observed by the addition of bagasse fiber to the epoxy matrix in comparison to pure epoxy matrix. 4. Conclusions Mechanical properties of bagasse fiber based biocomposites are influenced by fiber content, size and fiber orientation. Increase in fiber content increases the tensile strength of the composite upto a optimum point after which the strength declines. Reduction of fiber size increases the flexural property of composite by providing greater area for contact between fiber and matrix. The mechanical properties can be considerably improved by physical and chemical treatments. With acceptable mechanical properties bagasse fiber is a better, profitable and ecofriendly alternative to the synthetic fibres. In future, bagasse fibers can completely replace synthetic fibers with their superior properties in most of the areas. Hence, future researches and studies should be more focused on accomplishing equivalent or higher performance and durable life of bagasse composites.
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Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla, Odisha, Department of Mechanical Engineering and TEQIP- III for funding to present this paper in ICMPC 2019 at GRIET Hyderabad. References [1] Bertoti , A.R. , Luporini , S. and Esperidião , M.C.A. Effects of acetylation in vapour phase and mercerization on the properties of sugarcane fibres. Carbohydrate Polymers. 77(1) (2009) 20 – 24 . [2] G. Hemath Kumar, H. Babuvishwanath, Rajesh Purohit, Pramod Sahu and R. S. Rana. Investigations On Mechanical Properties Of Glass And Sugarcane Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017, 5408–5420. [3] Luz , S. and Gonçalves , A. Mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of sugarcane bagasse fibres reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 38(6) 2007 1455 – 1461. [4] Maldas , D. and Kokta , B. Studies on the preparation and properties of particle boards made from bagasse and PVC: II. Influence of the addition of coupling agents. Bioresource Technology. 35(3) 1991 251 – 261. [5] H. Hajiha, M. Sain. The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites. Elsevier BV, 2015. [6] El-Tayeb , N. Abrasive wear performance of untreated SCF reinforced polymer composite. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 206 (1) 2008 305– 314. [7] Verma , D. , Gope , P.C. , Maheshwari , M.K. and Sharma , R. Bagasse fi bre composites – a review. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 3 2012 1079 -1092. [8] Wirawan , R. , Sapuan , S.M. , Yunus , R. and Abdan , K. Properties of sugarcane bagasse/poly(vinyl chloride) composites after various treatments. Journal of Composite Materials. 45(16) 2011 1667 – 1674. [9] Cao, Y., Shibata,S. & Fukumoto, I. Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before & after alkali treatments. Composites Part A: Applied s Science & Manufacturing. 37(3) 2006 423- 429. [10] Rodrigues E.,Maia T.,& Mulinari D. Tensile strength of polyester resin reinforced sugarcane bagasse fibres modified by esterification. Procedia Engineering. 10 2011 2348-2352. [11] Agunsoye J. , Aigbodion V. Bagasse filled recycled polyethylene bio composites: Morphological & mechanical properties study. Results in physics. 3 2013 187-194. [12] De Sousa , M. , Monteiro , S. and d ’ Almeida , J. Evaluation of pre-treatment, size and molding pressure on flexural mechanical behavior of chopped bagasse– polyester composites. Polymer Testing. 23(3) 2004 253 – 258. [13] Acharya , S. , Mishra , P.P. and Mehar , S.K. The influence of fibre treatment on the performance of bagasse fibre-reinforced polymer composite. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 28(4) 2009 3027 – 3036 . [14] Candido, V.S., da Silva, A.C.R., Simonassi, N.T., da Luz, F.S., Monteiro, S.N., Toughness of polyester matrix composites reinforced with sugarcane bagasse fibers evaluated by Charpy impact tests. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 6 (4), 2017, 334-338. [15] Mishra , P. and Acharya , S. Anisotropy abrasive wear behaviour of bagasse fibre reinforced polymer composite. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. (11) 2010 . [16] Mishra , P. and Acharya , S. Solid particle erosion of Bagasse fibre reinforced epoxy composite. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 5 2010 109 – 115.