bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

www.jmrt.com.br

Original Article

Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates Karthik Aruchamy a,∗ , Sampath Pavayee Subramani b , Sathish Kumar Palaniappan c , Balu Sethuraman d , Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan e a

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSM Collge of Engineering, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, 638 183, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637 215, India c Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721 302, India d Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624 622, India e Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 060, India b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:

In this study, two fabrics namely cotton/cotton woven fabric having cotton yarn in both

Received 29 September 2019

warp and weft direction; and cotton/bamboo woven fabric with cotton yarn (warp direc-

Accepted 8 November 2019

tion) and bamboo yarn (weft direction) were selected. Compression moulding method has

Available online xxx

been used to fabricate cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo woven fabric reinforced composites with epoxy resin as a matrix material. The mechanical properties of cotton/cotton

Keywords:

and cotton/bamboo reinforced composites had been compared under five different fiber

Woven cotton

loading conditions (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 wt.%) and the fractured morphology was analyzed

Bamboo fabric

using scanning electron microscope. It was noted that cotton/bamboo reinforced composite

Mechanical properties

with 45 wt.% fiber loading exhibited the best mechanical properties namely tensile, flexu-

Fractrographic analysis

ral, impact, compression, and inter laminar shear stress (ILSS), due to its weft direction of

Laminates

bamboo yarn. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the

Epoxy

CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1.

Introduction

Polymer composite material (PMC) is broadly used in various industrial applications as a result of its advanced properties and has occupied every functional area namely household items, construction, automotive industries and aerospace [1–3]. Glass, kevlar and carbon fiber reinforced composites do have advanced mechanical properties but

∗

are non-biodegradable, non-renewable, non-ecofriendly and can cause human health issues. The natural fiber reinforced composites were developed because of its ability to reduce or replace manmade synthetic fibers in many engineering applications. Due to the ecofriendly nature, renewability, nonabrasiveness, low cost, correction resistance, light weight and easy process ability [4–6], it attracts the attention of many researchers all over the world. Natural fiber laminates are of three common type’s namely random oriented, continuous and woven mat [7]. Many researchers analyzed the effect of fiber length, fiber loading and some other properties of a discontinuous or random oriented fiber reinforced com-

Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (K. Aruchamy). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013 2238-7854/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

2

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

posites with different fiber loadings, i.e., 25, 30, 35, 40 wt.%, and reported that the composite laminates exhibit the best mechanical properties when the composite reinforcement is fabricated with fibre loading of 35 wt.% and fiber length of 30 mm [8,9]. The chopped or random oriented fabrics exhibited lower mechanical properties owing to discontinuous and randomly oriented in nature [10]. Continuous fiber reinforced laminates were developed so as to improve interfacial bonding strength between the constituents of the composites. The unidirectional structure is the simplest form of continuous fiber matrix. Experimental research works related to these composites were reported in various literatures [11,12]. The complex form of continuous fiber reinforcement is woven fabric [13,14] which provides good integrity and stability in both warp and weft directions such that it has more balanced properties. The mechanical properties of plain woven fabric reinforced laminates depends upon many factors like reinforcement material in both warp and weft direction, weave type, amount of fiber loading and type of matrix material [15]. The response of the textile material depends mainly on the material properties like chemical structure of the raw material, physical properties and constructional parameters (warp and weft density of yarn, and weave type). The fiber properties and the type of spinning controlled the yarn properties, while the fabric properties are also influenced by the warp and weft density of the woven fabric and weave. Similarly, the mechanical properties are also influenced by the weaving conditions. While fabricating the fabric, all the above mentioned parameters were considered effectively to achieve high quality and high strength of fabric. Cotton/cotton and corresponding hybrid reinforced composite laminate were selected in this study. Bamboo is woven in weft direction along with cotton in warp direction inside cotton/bamboo fabric in order to minimize the cost because of higher yarn density. This study deals with the investigation effect of different wt.% on the mechanical properties namely flexural, tensile, impact and compressive strength on both cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo reinforced laminates.

2.

Materials and methods

2.1.

Fabrication of composites

and cotton/bamboo composites have been considered. However, the formation of specimens were found same for all the experimental research.

2.2.

Tensile test

The tensile properties of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard [16] using KALPAK computer control universal testing machine (UTM) with a cross head movement rate of 2 mm.min−1 to test the specimens of composites. The test was conducted using five specimens.

2.3.

Flexural test

Computer controlled KALPAK universal testing machine tested all the flexural properties of test specimens using ASTM D 790-03 standard [17] with a cross head movement rate of 2 mm.min−1 . Further, strain gauge was used in measuring the deflection of the specimen with computer interface and also the flexural strength was evaluated. Similar to the tensile testing, each testing had five identical specimens and the average value was calculated.

2.4.

Impact test

The Izod impact testing machine has been used to test the impact properties of all specimens in accordance with ASTM D256-05 standard [18]. The impact strength was directly measured from the machine. Similar to tensile and flexural tests, five test samples were in use during testing and finally the average value was obtained.

2.5.

Short beam shear test

ILSS estimated the interfacial adhesion strength of the composite and it was determined by using short beam shear testing machine according to ASTM D2344-16 standard [19] with the cross head speed of 1 mm.min−1 . A set of five specimens were subjected to short beam shear test and the mean value was considered. ILSS was calculated using the following relation. Interlaminarshearstrength(ILLS) = (0.75 ∗ P)/(b ∗ t)

LY556 (Bisphenol A) epoxy and HY951 (Triethylenetetramine) hardener with a mixing ratio of 10:1 were used as a matrix material. It is a two component system with low viscosity for curing at room temperature, which was supplied by Covai Seenu & Company, Coimbatore District, India. The composite was fabricated using compression moulding process and in this process, a steel mould of dimensions 270 mm × 270 mm × 3 mm was used to fabricate composites. The release agent was applied for easy removal of the laminate and reinforcement fiber layers were kept inside the mould. The required amount of matrix resin was applied by using simple hand layup method. The curing of moulding process was performed at a pressure of 10.35 bar and the mould was heated at a temperature of 80 ◦ C for a period 1 h and left for cooling at room temperature. In this study, different weight proportions (30:70, 35:65, 40:60, 45:55, 50:50) of cotton/cotton

P = peak load in N, b = specimen width in mm and t = specimen thickness in mm.

2.6.

Compression test

The test was performed in accordance with ASTM D 695-02 standard [20] using KALPAK universal testing machine with 2 mm.min−1 movement rate of cross head. The gauge readings were noted for five specimens to evaluate the mean value. The specimens were cut in the shape of rectangular strips with a circular saw placed in the testing machine and compressed until it gets fractured. The compression force has been recorded as a function of displacement and also the compressive strength of the specimen was evaluated.

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

ARTICLE IN PRESS 3

j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Fig. 1 – Tensile test of cotton/bamboo fabric (a) before breakage (b) after tensile fracture.

2.7.

SEM analysis

The micro-structural failures of the tensile, impact and flexural fracture like fiber matrix debonding, fiber pullout and some other interfacial properties such as voids, cracks and fiber break of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites had been analyzed using VEGA BTE SCAN (SEM). The surface images were captured at an accelerating voltage range of 10−20 kV. Furthermore, the crack propagation of fracture and toughness of the specimen were also determined. The test specimens were cut and mounted on aluminium stubs with double sided adhesive tape and sputter coated with thin layer of gold to make the sample conductive.

3.

Table 1 – Properties of cotton, bamboo yarn and woven fabric. Properties

Cotton yarn

Bamboo yarn

Yarn (tex) Yarn strength (N)

30 494.7

30 512.1

Properties

Cotton/Cotton

Cotton/Bamboo

Warp Strength (N) Weft Strength (N) Warp Elongation (%) Weft Elongation (%) End per inch Pitch per inch GSM

556.09 421.29 22.95 16.81 69 62 158

581.73 492.16 18.13 16.92 69 54 164

Results and discussions

The development of textile material mainly depends upon the physical and mechanical properties of yarn and fabric. The warp, weft linear density of the woven fabric and types of weave pattern depend on fiber and spinning yarn properties. The effect of weaving conditions relies on weft up force, weaving speed, warp insertion rate, way of shed opening, tension in warp and weft and number of threads used in reed [21–23]. Table 1 shows the test result of fabric and it is observed that both cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabrics have variation of strength in warp and weft direction. The warp and weft strength of cotton/cotton fabric has a difference of 24 % and cotton/bamboo fabric experiences variation of 15 %. The type of wave is the major factor that influences warp strength. Addition of bamboo along weft direction enhances

the strength of fabrics along weft direction [24]. This study used lyocell or bamboo yarn along weft direction with cotton yarn as a yarn material and concluded that addition of lyocell or bamboo improves the mechanical properties of the fabrics. As expected, the high tensile force in plane wean occurred because of maximum number of interlocking points. Hence, more friction was experienced between yarns and also observed greater tensile strength in warp direction. When calculating the linear density of yarn in both the direction, it can be seen from the result that warp direction cotton yarn has high breaking strength and weft direction cotton yarn records low breaking strength. The result is that the tensile strength of the fabric is less because both yarns have similar linear density. For cotton/bamboo fabric, the linear density is higher for bamboo yarn. It is noted from Fig. 1 that the cotton/bamboo

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

4

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

fabric has broken from the middle of the fabric. The cotton yarn has low elongation compared to bamboo yarn. So, there is a less friction between warp and weft yarns [25].

3.1. Tensile strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabric The tensile strength of plain woven fabric reinforced composites mainly relies on various factors namely fiber orientation, length of fiber, strength, fiber content, fillers, bonding between fiber and matrix and weave style [26,27]. From Fig. 2, it is noted that strength of cotton/cotton composite material remains 48.92 MPa at 30 wt.% fiber loading and lower mechanical strength is owing to the weak bonding of fiber and matrix [28]. Tensile strength of cotton/cotton composite records increase with further increase in wt.% of fiber loading and reaches a maximum of 76.92 MPa at 45 wt.% of fiber loading such that the strength does not get increase after increasing the fiber content beyond the critical fiber loading content [29]. After critical point, the matrix material is insufficient for effective bonding between fiber and matrix [8]. SEM image shows micro-crack initiation because of poor adhesion level of fiber. The cotton/bamboo composite follows the same trend like cotton/cotton composite but it experiences increase in tensile strength of 85 MPa at 45 wt.% of fiber loading as shown in Fig. 2. Since the bamboo fiber has higher load carrying capacity than cotton fiber, the result of difference in tensile strength shows cotton/bamboo composite has enhanced property. SEM micrograph is used to analyze the fracture surface of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo tensile tested specimen. A bonding between fiber/matrix has vital role in identifying properties of composite laminates and high strength is achieved by maximum usage of fiber and adequate stress transfer between fiber and matrix. SEM image of tensile fracture surface of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The cotton/cotton composite fiber experiences matrix debonding, crack initiation, voids and fiber pull out as noted in Fig. 3. Cotton/bamboo composite has less fiber pullout, torn fiber and good bonding between fiber and matrix as in Fig. 4. Cotton/bamboo fabric shows denser and tightly packed weave than cotton/cotton fabric. The tensile properties of bamboo yarn are higher compared to cotton yarn as indicated in Table 1. The property of composite mainly depends upon the structure of the fiber [26]. In the woven fabric, warp and weft yarn create an interlocking structure but more stress created in the matrix crimped fibers tend to lose strength under tensile loading. In this effect, a crack is initiated in the matrix. So the tensile strength of cotton/cotton is reduced when compared to cotton/bamboo composites.

3.2. Flexural strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabric The three-point flexural test analyses the bending nature of the composite. The bending strength of composite laminate is mainly due to sequence of compression and shear strength. Fig. 5 gives the flexural strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo plane woven fabric hybrid composites. The flexural strength of cotton/cotton fiber reinforced lami-

Fig. 2 – Tensile strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites.

nate gets increased as a result of increasing amount of fiber loading. When increasing the amount of fiber loading, the density of the fiber and fiber distribution enhances with elevated strength properties [15]. But, beyond 45 wt.% at 82.08 MPa, the fiber loading result decreases because of insufficient effect in bonding between fiber and matrix [41]. The cotton/bamboo composite follows the same trend like cotton/cotton as mentioned in Fig. 5. As such, flexural strength has enhanced with increase in fiber loading upto a critical point of 45 wt.%. But, it starts to decrease when there is increase in fiber loading since the flexural strength of the composite is also influenced by the strength of the fiber [26].The cotton/bamboo exhibited higher flexural strength at 107.02 MPa. The SEM image of cotton/bamboo structure shows good bonding between fiber and matrix as fiber structure is important in the properties of composite laminates [30]. In plain weaving pattern, the effect of cotton yarn (warp direction) and bamboo yarn (weft direction) constitutes an interlocking structure. The result indicates that yarns in warp and weft direction are noted with higher bending load capacity (Fig. 7). The flexural properties of cotton/bamboo composite are mainly because of arranging high strength fiber in proper direction [31,32]. The SEM image of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composite fracture bending surface is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. It is noted from Fig. 6 that fiber pullout, voids and fiber dislocation are indentified due to improper ratio between fiber and matrix. Thus, it led to less flexural properties between cotton/cotton composite [33]. The cotton/bamboo composite has good bonding between fiber and matrix as shown in Fig. 7 and this is due to proper ratio between fiber and matrix which results in high flexural strength [34].

3.3. Impact strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabric The capability of material to resist fracture under the sudden applied load at same velocity (or) speed is called impact strength. The impact properties of laminated composites are

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

5

Fig. 5 – Flexural strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites.

Fig. 3 – SEM micrograph of tensile fractured cotton/cotton composites.

Fig. 6 – SEM images of cotton/cotton composites after flexural tests.

Fig. 4 – SEM micrograph of tensile fractured cotton/bamboo composites.

based on the factors like fracture toughness, fiber pull out on friction force, inter laminar and interfacial strength between fiber and matrix [35,43]. Fig. 8 shows that impact strength of the cotton/cotton woven fabric laminates which is gradually increasing the fiber loading upto 45 wt.% and further the value

decreases. In the same way, cotton/bamboo composite laminate strength increases upto 45 wt.% as 32.3 KJ/m2 . In the same woven pattern, the impact strength of laminates with different types of fiber influences parameter interface between fiber, matrix and dimension of composite laminates [36]. The strength and structure of individual fiber plays a key role in the strength of laminates and bamboo yarn has high strength compared to cotton yarn. Hence, it is observed that impact strength is owing to properties of the individual fiber used during hybridization in the polymer matrix system rather than using other parameter. The surface voids, crack fiber pullout and poor bonding that exist between fiber and matrix are

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

6

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Fig. 7 – SEM images of cotton/bamboo composites after flexural tests.

Fig. 9 – SEM image of impact fractured cotton/cotton composites.

Fig. 8 – Impact strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites.

the main causes of low impact strength of composite material. The SEM fracture surface of impact specimen is shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Fig. 9 indicates that cotton/cotton composite has fiber pullout, broken fiber, dislocation and peel off as the failure mechanism in the case of impact loading [37,44]. The weak bonding between fiber and matrix occurred due to fiber pullout and voids in the composite laminates. In Fig. 10, bending of fiber denotes impact load and cotton/bamboo composite had no fiber pullout, thus resulting in good bonding between fiber and matrix and increased impact strength of the composite. The presents of enriched resin around the fiber restricts the sliding motion of fiber by shearing action at the interface [15].

Fig. 10 – SEM image of impact fractured cotton/bamboo composites.

3.4. Short beam shear strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabric ILSS is the essential property of the material which is used in large number of engineering applications. The short beam

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Fig. 11 – Inter laminar shear strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites.

shear test was used to determine the ILSS of cotton/cotton and cotton/ bamboo composite with various fiber loading conduction. Fig. 11 shows that cotton/cotton composite strength enhance with increase in the fiber loading up to 45 wt.% and maximum value occurs as 15.85 MPa. Addition of more fiber decreases the strength values. Because of maximum shear stress applied in the natural plane, the yarns have more stress as there exist tightly woven fabric. As a result of tight weaving, strength reduction may occur because of the formation of micro buckling, matrix crack and void located at the inter laminar legion of composite [38]. Inter laminar shear strength has enhanced with increase in fiber content up to 45 wt.% as 17.91 MPa. The result shows reduction in strength of woven fabric composite. The cotton/bamboo composite could exhibit better properties compared to cotton/cotton composite. ILSS mainly depends on essential properties of matrix and interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix [39]. Tensile loading of un-notched laminate can generate free edge delamination before fracture and reduction. ILSS also increased the strength of the laminate in tensile direction [40].

3.5. Compression strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo fabric Fig. 12 shows the compressive strength values for cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites. Cotton/cotton composite has slight increase in strength upto 45 wt.% as 72.93 MPa and further the strength of composite laminates decreases as a result of buckling failure. The same trend follows in the cotton/bamboo composites too. In this observation, the maximum compressive strength occurs when cotton/bamboo composite has 90.85 MPa at 45 wt.% and this is due to homogeneity of fibers and good bonding between fiber and matrix [41,42]. In this state, the stress is equally distributed among the fibers and at this conditions, the maximum compressive strength is achieved [45]. At reduced fiber loading condition, less fiber content causes decrease in load transfer capacity among the fibers.

7

Fig. 12 – Compression strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites.

4.

Conclusions

In this present study, cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composite laminates were fabricated successfully with increase in fabric loading content (wt.%). The effect of mechanical properties on different fiber loading was investigated. The following conclusions are arrived: Cotton/cotton fabric has 24 % difference in tensile strength along warp and weft direction but cotton/bamboo fabric has much lower difference of about 15 % only. Effect of weaving pattern and selection of yarn in proper direct ion enhances the mechanical properties of composite material. Cotton/bamboo composite exhibits enhanced mechanical properties at 45 wt.% fiber loading when compared with cotton/cotton composite. Tensile strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites generally increases upto 45 wt.%, it starts decreasing with increase in higher fiber loading beyond 45 wt.%. Compared to cotton/cotton composite laminates, 14.58 % increase in tensile strength was observed for cotton/bamboo composites. Flexural strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composite laminates dramatically increasing upto 45 wt.% and then decreases with increases in fiber loading. Flexural strength of cotton/bamboo increased by 23.3 % compared with cotton/cotton composite. Inter laminar shear stress of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composites enhances with increases in fiber loading upto the critical point of 45 wt.% and then decreases gradually. The impact strength, inter laminar shear stress of cotton/bamboo composites are 17 % and 11.5 % higher when compared to cotton/cotton composite. Compression strength of cotton/cotton and cotton/bamboo composite laminate has slightly increasing value upto 45 wt.%, further the strength of composite decreases. The cotton/bamboo composite has 19.72 % improved in compression strength compared to cotton/cotton composite. SEM micrographs show that there are fiber pullouts, broken fiber, fiber dislocation, peel off, matrix crack void etc. in the prepared composite. Based on the analysis, cotton/bamboo composite at 45 wt.% fiber loading exhibits better fiber matrix addition when compared to cotton/cotton composites.

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

8

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

Conflict of interest The author (s) declares no conflict of interest for publishing this manuscript.

Acknowledgment The authors are very much grateful to acknowledge the support provided by DST-FIST, Government of India (SR/FST/College -235/2014) for carrying out this research work.

references

[1] Bajpai PK, Singh I, Madaan J. Joining of natural fiber reinforced composites using microwave energy: experimental and finite element study. Mater Des 2012;35:596–602, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.10.007. [2] Debnath K, Singh I, Dvivedi A. Rotary mode ultrasonic drilling of glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminates. J Compos Mater 2014:1–15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998314527857. [3] Debnath K, Singh I, Dvivedi A. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for wind turbine blades: challenges and opportunities. In: Attaf B, editor. Recent advances in composite materials for wind turbine blades. Hong Kong: WAP-AMSA. 2013. p. 25–40. [4] Faruk Omar, Bledzki Andrzej K, Fink Hans-Peter, Sain Mohini. Progress report on natural Fiber reinforced composites. Macromol Mater Eng 2013;299:9–26, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300008. [5] Mohanty AK, Wibowo A, Misra M, Drzal LT. Effect of process engineering on the performance of natural fiber reinforced cellulose acetate biocomposites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2004;35:363–70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.015. [6] Chandramohan D, Marimuthu K. A review on mechanical properties of natural Fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 2011;8:194–206, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2015.35044. [7] Sabeel Ahmed K, Vijayarangan S. Experimental characterization of woven jute-fabric-reinforced isothalic polyester composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007;104:2650–62, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25652. [8] Bhuvaneshwaran M, Sampath PS. Suresh Sagadevan Influence of fiber length, fiber content and alkali treatment on mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. J Polimery 2019;64:93–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2019.2.2. [9] Kumar Rajiv, Anand Ankush. Fabrication and mechanical characterization of Indian ramie reinforced polymer composites. Mater Res Express 2019;6:1–16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaff12. [10] Mieck KP, Lützkendorf R, Reussmann T. Needle-Punched hybrid nonwovens of flax and pp fibers-textile semi products for manufacturing of fiber composites. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 1996;17:873–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10680. [11] Baley Christophe, Perrot Yves, Busnel Frederic, Guezenoc Herve, Davies Peter. Transverse tensile behaviour of unidirectional plies reinforced with flax fibres. Mater Lett 2006;60:2984–7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.02.028.

[12] Van de Velde Kathleen, Kiekens Paul. Effect of material and process parameters on the mechanical properties of unidirectional and multidirectional flax/polypropylene composites. Compos Struct 2003;62:443–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.09.018. [13] Liu Q, Hughes M. The fracture behaviour and toughness of woven flax Fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2008;39:1644–52, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.008. [14] Huang G, Liu L. Research on properties of thermoplastic composites reinforced by flax fabrics. Mater Des 2008;29:1075–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.03.027. [15] Alavudeen A, Rajini N, Karthikeyan S, Thiruchitrambalam M, Venkateshwaren N. Mechanical properties of Banana/Kenaf fiber-reinforced hybrid polyester composites: effect of woven fabric and random orientation. Mater Des 2015;66:246–57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.067. [16] ASTM D3039/D3039M-17 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. ASTM. Book of Standards, vol.,15.03. [17] ASTM Standards: D790-03 Test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM. Book of Standards, vol. 08.01. [18] ASTM Standards: D 256-05 Test methods for determining the Izod pendulum impact resistance of plastics. ASTM. Book of Standards, vol.,08.01. [19] ASTM Standards: D 234416 Test methods for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates. ASTM. Book of Standards, vol., 15.03. [20] ASTM Standards: D695-02a Test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics. ASTM. Book of Standards, vol. 08.01. [21] Hearle JWS, Morton WE. Physical properties of textile fibres. 4th edition Woodhead Publishing; 1993. ISBN:9781845692209. [22] Li Long, Hongqin Yan. Tensile properties of regenerated bamboo yarn. Fibres Text East Eur 2012;90:20–2. [23] Realff ML, Boyce MC, Backer S. A micromechanical model of the tensile behavior of woven fabric. Text Res J 1997;67:445–59, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700609. ˇ ˇ [24] Gorjanc DunjaSajn, Zupin Ziva. Responses of fabric from lyocell/natural bamboo yarn to loading. J Text Inst 2017;108:1707–14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1281708. [25] Zupin Ziva, Dimitrovski Krste. Mechanical properties of fabrics made from cotton and biodegradable yarns bamboo, SPF, PLA in weft. Polona Dobnik Dubrovski 2010:1–46. ISBN: 978-953-307-194-7. [26] Shibata Shinichi, Cao Yong, Fukumoto Isao. Press forming of short natural fiber-reinforced biodegradable resin: effects of fiber volume and length on flexural properties. Polym Test 2005;24:1005–11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.07.012. [27] Munikenche Gowda T, Naidu ACB, Chhaya R. Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 1999;30:277–84, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00157-2. [28] Shao-yun Fu, Lauke Bernd, Mai YW. Science and engineering of short fibre reinforced polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing; 2009. ISBN: 9781845692698. [29] Elbadry Elsayed A, Aly-Hassan MohamedS, Hamada Hiroyuki. Mechanical Properties of Natural Jute Fabric/Jute Mat Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites. Adv Mech Eng 2015;26:1–12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/354547.

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013

JMRTEC-1079; No. of Pages 9

ARTICLE IN PRESS j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 1 9;x x x(x x):xxx–xxx

[30] ISO 180:2000 (E). Plastics-Determination of Izod impact strength. 3rd edition Switzerland: European Standards, International Organization for Standardization; 2005. [31] Abdul Khalil HPS, Handa S, Kang CW, Nik Faud NA. Agro-hybrid composite: the effects on mechanical and physical properties of oil palm Fiber (EFB)/Glass hybrid reinforced polyester composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 2007;26:127–37, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684407070027. [32] Karina M, HoliaOnggo AH, Abdullah D, Syampurwadi A. Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch Fiber on the physical and mechanical properties of Fiber glass reinforced polyester resin. J Biol Sci 2008;8:101–6, http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.101.106. [33] Harish S, Peter Michael D, Benselyb A, Mohan Lal D, Rajadurai A. Mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber coir composite. Mater Charact 2009;60:44–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.07.001. [34] Sathishkumar TP, Navaneethakrishnan P, Shankar S. Tensile and flexural properties of snake grass natural fiber reinforced isophthallic polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 2012;72:1183–90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.04.001. [35] Wambu P, Ivens J, Verpoest I. Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fiber reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 2003;63:1259–64, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00096-4. [36] Joseph PV, Mathew G, Joseph K, Groeninckx G, Thomas S. Dynamic mechanical properties of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2003;34:275–90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00020-9. [37] Hariharan Abu Bakar A, Abdul Khalil HPS. Lignocellulose-based hybrid bilayer laminate composite: part I – studies on tensile and impact behavior of oil palm fiber–glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. J Compos Mater 2005;39(2005):663–84, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998305047267. [38] Mallick PK. Fibre reinforced composites-materials, manufacturing and design. second edition New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1993. p. 243–4.

9

[39] Sabeel Ahmed K, Vijayarangan S. Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites. J Mater Process Technol 2008;207:330–5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.038. [40] Jeyakumar R, Sampath PS, Ramamoorthi R, Ramakrishnan Thirumalaisamy. Structural, morphological and mechanical behaviour of glass fibre reinforced epoxy nanoclay composites. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2017;93:527–35, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0565-x. [41] Doan Thi-Thu-Loan, Brodowsky Hanna, Mäder Edith. Jute fibre/polypropylene composites II. Thermal, hydrothermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour. Compos Sci Technol 2007;67:2707–14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.02.011. [42] Joseph PV, Joseph K, Thomas Sabu, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Groeninckx Gabriël, et al. The thermal and crystallisation studies of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2003;34:253–66, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00185-9. [43] Jafrey Daniel James D, Manoharan S, Saikrishnan G, Arjun S. Influence of Bagasse/Sisal fibre stacking sequence on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid-epoxy composites. J Nat Fibers 2019:1–11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1581119. [44] Bhuvaneshwaran M, Sampath PS, Sathish Kumar P, Samir Kumar Pal, Balu S. Natural cellulosic fiber from Coccinia Indica stem for polymer composites: extraction and characterization. J Nat Fibers 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1642826. [45] Bhuvaneshwaran M, Sathish Kumar P, Sampath PS, Samir Kumar Pal, Karthik A. Impact of nanoclay on mechanical and structural properties of treated Coccinia Indica fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J Mater Res Technol 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.076.

Please cite this article in press as: Aruchamy K, et al. Study on mechanical characteristics of woven cotton/bamboo hybrid reinforced composite laminates. J Mater Res Technol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.013