Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 266 – 270
UG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ&3(6( 6HSWHPEHU.LWDN\XVKX-DSDQ
6WXG\RQ9ROWDJHDQG5HDFWLYH3RZHU&RQWUROLQWKHFDVHRI PDVVLYHO\FRQQHFWLQJ'LVWULEXWHG*HQHUDWRUVWR3RZHU*ULG 6DRO\&KKD\D 0RKDPPDG)DUKDQ%LQ0RKG)DX]L+LGHQRUL$RNL Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname Hiratsuka, Kanagawa prefecture and 259-1292, Japan
$EVWUDFW 7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHODWHVWGLVFRYHU\RISUREOHPVDW7UDQVPLVVLRQDQG'LVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPZKHQPDVV'LVWULEXWHG*HQHUDWRUV '* DUH SHQHWUDWHG ZLWK YDULRXV FDVHV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP *$ LQ 9ROWDJH DQG 5HDFWLYH 3RZHU &RQWURO 94& LVSURSRVHGWRPDLQWDLQWKHYROWDJHVWDELOLW\UHOLDELOLW\RIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPDQGUHGXFHWKHWRWDOSRZHUORVVLQWKHV\VWHP 7KLVUHVHDUFKLVGHPRQVWUDWHGE\LPSOHPHQWLQJ0RGLILHG,(((EXVHV3RZHU0RGHO6\VWHP © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI&3(6( Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016 Keywords²'LVWULEXWHG*HQHUDWRUV'* 9ROWDJHDQG5HDFWLYH3RZHU&RQWURO94& 7RWDOSRZHUORVV7UDQVPLVVLRQV\VWHP'LVWULEXWHG V\VWHPDQG*HQHWLF$OJRULWKP*$
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail addressFKKD\VDRO\#JPDLOFRPFKKD\VDRO\#\DKRRFRP
1876-6102 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016 doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.176
267
Saoly Chhay et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 266 – 270
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g]T = [C1,…Ca, …CK, LT1, …LTb, …LTL, Vg,1,…Vg,c,…Vg,M]T>@
:LWK &D,QSXW6&RIWKHDWK/7E7DSSRVLWLRQRI/57RIWKHEWK9JF*HQHUDWRUWHUPLQDOYROWDJHRIFWK .QXPEHURI6&/QXPEHURI/570 QXPEHURIJHQHUDWRU $QG Cmin ӊ C ӊ Cmax LTminӊ LTӊ LTmax Vg,min ӊ Vg, ӊ Vg,max>@ % /LPLWHG&RQGLWLRQ 7KH FRQVWUDLQW FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH V\VWHP RSHUDWLRQ FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR FDWHJRULHV ZKLFK DUH FRQVWUDLQW EXV WHUPLQDOYROWDJHDQGJHQHUDWRUVUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQVWUDLQW Vn,min Vn Vn,max Qg,min Qg Qg,max>@
Vn,min , Vn,max ORZHUDQGXSSHUFRQGLWLRQRIEXVYROWDJH Qg,min , Qg,maxORZHUDQGXSSHUFRQGLWLRQRIUHDFWLYHSRZHURIWKHJHQHUDWRU 7KHUHDVRQRIWKHVHVHWWLQJLVWRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHV\VWHPYROWDJHSURILOHDWHDFKWHUPLQDOEXVHVUHDFWLYHSRZHU JHQHUDWHE\WKHJHQHUDWRUDQGV\QFKURQRXVFRQGHQVHUDUHQRWH[FHHGLQJWKHSHUPLVVLEOHUDQJH>@ & 2EMHFWLYHVDQG)LWQHVV)XQFWLRQ 7KHDLPRIWKLVIXQFWLRQLVWRPLQLPL]HWKHSRZHUORVVLQWKHV\VWHPDQGWRUHGXFHYROWDJHYDULDWLRQDQGPDLQWDLQ WKHSRZHUV\VWHPVWDELOLW\ N M J W ¦ 'Vn W ¦ 'Qm PLOSS >@ n
f
m
J
J2EMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQ, f)LWQHVVIXQFWLRQN 1XPEHURI%XVM 1XPEHURI*HQHUDWRU W1, W2 :HLJKWLQJ IDFWRU ¨Vn $PRXQW RI YROWDJH GHYLDWHG ¨Qm $PRXQW RI JHQHUDWRU¶V UHDFWLYH SRZHU GHYLDWHGPLOSS7RWDOWUDQVPLVVLRQORVVHV
268
Saoly Chhay et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 266 – 270
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
DE
)LJD 0RGLILHG,(((EXVHV3RZHU6\VWHP0RGHOE 9ROWDJHSURILOHLQ'LVWULEXWLRQEHIRUHDSSO\LQJ*$
6LPXODWLRQ5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ $ 9ROWDJHSURILOHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$ %DVHGRQWKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVZKHQ'*SHQHWUDWLRQLVXSWRDWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQEXVHVWKHYROWDJHDWEXV H[FHHGHGIURPQRUPDORSHUDWLRQa>SX@ DQGDWRI'*WKHYROWDJHDWEXVQXPEHUDOVRYLRODWHG:KLOH RI'*SHQHWUDWHGLQGLVWULEXWLRQWKHVDPHWLPHZHFRQQHFWHG'*LQWUDQVPLVVLRQV\VWHPIRURIWKHWRWDO V\VWHP ORDG DQG GLYLGHG LQWR EXVHV HTXDOO\ EXV WKXV ZH REVHUYHG WKDW EXV DOVR RXW RI WKH RSHUDWLRQDO YROWDJHUDQJHDQGLW¶VVKRZQLQ)LJE
DE
)LJD 9ROWDJHSURILOHLQ7UDQVPLVVLRQEHIRUHDSSO\LQJ*$E 9ROWDJHSURILOHLQ'LVWULEXWLRQDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$
269
Saoly Chhay et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 266 – 270
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
DE
)LJD 9ROWDJHSURILOHLQ7UDQVPLVVLRQDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$E 7RWDOSRZHUORVVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$
% 7KHWRWDOSRZHUORVVHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$ The total losses at each FRQGLWLRQ are obtained as in Fig.3 (b) It is decreasing according to the amount of DG connected as some of the active power at the load buses was supported by the DG. Hence, lesser power flows from the generators to the load buses. The less power flow through the lines the less power loss from the lines. When GA controls the reactive power, less reactive power was flowed through the line for long distance. Thus, the losses after implementation of GA were smaller than before GA & 5HDFWLYH3RZHURI*HQHUDWRUV 7KHUHDFWLYHSRZHURIWKHJHQHUDWRUVDQGV\QFKURQRXVFRQGHQVHUZDVFRQWUROOHGWRPLQLPL]HWKHIORZWKURXJKWKH V\VWHP7KHUHDFWLYHSRZHUJHQHUDWHGRUDEVRUEHGE\WKHHTXLSPHQWZDVVHWLQFRQVWUDLQWFRQGLWLRQ7KHDPRXQWRI UHDFWLYHSRZHUJHQHUDWHGE\WKHJHQHUDWRU6ZLQJEXV DOVRLQFUHDVHZKHQWKHDPRXQWRI'*FRQQHFWHGLQFUHDVH%\ )LJD VKRZVWKDWUHDFWLYHSRZHURI*HQHUDWRULQFUHDVHEXWVWLOOLQUDQJHRIUHDFWLYHOLPLWDWLRQ4*
DE
)LJD 5HDFWLYHSRZHURI*HQEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$E 5HDFWLYHSRZHURI*HQEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDSSO\LQJ*$
270
Saoly Chhay et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 266 – 270
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¶V HIILFLHQF\ E\ UHGXFLQJ WKH WRWDO ORVV LQ WKH V\VWHP +HQFH YROWDJH DQG UHDFWLYH SRZHU FRQWURO LPSO\LQJ JHQHWLFDOJRULWKPVKRZVVXIILFLHQWHIIHFWZLWKWKHYROWDJHVWDELOLW\LQSRZHUV\VWHP 5HIHUHQFHV >@6RNQD6RU$RNL+LGHQRUL³6WXG\RI3UREOHPVDQG(IIHFWVRI9ROWDJHDQG5HDFWLYH3RZHU&RQWUROLQ0DVV,QWURGXFWLRQRI3KRWR9ROWDLF39 *HQHUDWLRQWRZDUGV3RZHU6\VWHP´,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6RFLHW\,(((3(6$33((& >@36UHHMD\D5HMLWKD5³5HDFWLYHSRZHUDQG9ROWDJH&RQWUROLQ.HUDOD*ULGDQG2SWLPL]DWLRQRI&RQWURO9DULDEOHV8VLQJ*HQHWLF$OJRULWKP´ &,((( >@'KDUDPMLW'.7DQWL³/RDG)ORZ$QDO\VLVRQ,(((EXVHVV\VWHP´,QW-RXUQDORIVFLHQWLILFDQGUHVHDUFK3XEOLFDWLRQ9RO1RY >@6&/LX-+=KDQJ=4/LX+4:DQJ³5HDFWLYH3RZHU2SWLPL]DWLRQDQG9ROWDJH&RQWURO8VLQJDQ,PSURYHG*HQHWLF$OJRULWKP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3RZHU6\VWHP7HFKQRORJ\,((( >@ 'RQJ *XDQ =L[LQJ &DL =KL]KRX .RQJ ³5HDFWLYH 3RZHU DQG 9ROWDJH &RQWURO 8VLQJ 0LFUR*HQHWLF $OJRULWKP´ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0HFKDWURQLFVDQG$XWRPDWLRQ$XJXVW&KDQJFKXQ&KLQD >@@ +LGHQRUL $RNL