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Stuttering as an indication of syntactic and lexical planning
156
ABSTRACTS
groups with specific characteristics,
“Speaking
of Courage”
corresponding
to different types of family relations.
and “Voices to Remember”
V. Bondarenko, Toronto, Ontario, Canada I hour each
Films:
These two films are one-hour, documentary films about people who live with a stutter. Both contribute to a universal understanding of the “invisible” disability of stuttering, portraying how deeply it affects not only the life of the person who stutters, but often on a more profound level, the lives of those who love and support them.
Cognitive
and Language
H-G. Bosshardt,
Factors in Fluent Speech and Stuttering
Chair, Bochum, Germany
Panel Presentation: 90 min. Presenters:
Linguistic
Skill and Stuttering
in Preschool
Children
B. Ryan, Long Beach, California, USA, The results of formal language testing, the TOLD, PPVT, and AAPS, for 20 stuttering and 20 nonstuttering male and female preschool children (2-5 years of age) were correlated with the same children’s language performance in conversation with their mothers. The measures of Lee’s Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) and the LARSP were used to analyze the conversational samples. Stuttering and normal disfluency were defined and measured after Ryan (1974). The results indicated that there were interesting correlations and differences between the two samples and the stuttering and normal disfluency behavior of the two groups of children. For example, a correlation of .48 (< .05) was found between the TOLD score and the DSS for stuttered sentences in conversation. There is a relationship between language and stuttering, but it is within groups as opposed to between groups. Formal language tests and analysis of conversational language analysis reveal different aspects of the relationship between language performance and stuttering. Children demonstrate much less complex language in conversation than they are capable of using, but complex language does evoke stuttering.
Stuttering
as an Indication
of Syntactic and Lexical Planning
M. Koopmans, Nijmegen, The Netherlands In earlier research with stutterers it appeared that syntactic planning is reflected in the pattern of stuttering: in spontaneous speech there are more stuttered function words in the beginning of a clause than at the end. The aim of the present research is to investigate by means of varying lexical constraints, whether stuttering can also reflect the effort needed for lexical processes in sentence planning. The stutterers were asked to describe I4 series of three pictures, with a few written lexical words in each picture.
157
ABSTRACTS
The task was to use these words in the utterance. It appeared that in this task (experimental condition) the pattern of stuttered lexical words differed from that in speech based on pictures without words, normal spontaneous speech, and speech read out loud (control condition). It was observed that in the experimental condition more stuttered lexical words occurred at the beginning of a clause than at the end. Therefore, we concluded that in active speech production not only the syntactic planning unit but also the “lexical planning unit” can be as large as a clause. It is assumed that freedom of word-choice is related to the pattern of stuttering and that a limitation in this freedom can increase the frequency of stuttering.
The Covert Repair Hypothesis: Processes
Disfluency and Error Monitoring
A. Postma, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Self-repairs of one’s own speech errors have the following features: (1) interruption, (2) retracing, (3) restart, (4) insertion of editing terms (e.g. eh-interjections). The similarity this list shares with disfluency characteristics has motivated the covert repair hypothesis (CRH): disfluencies may be the (observable) side-effects of covert repairing of speech programming errors. This paper will discuss major implications of the CRH. First, can the correction principles identified in self-repair patterns account for the various forms of disfluencies? Second, interruption in self-repairs tends to respect linguistic boundaries. Does this also hold for interruption in disfluencies? Third, both overt and covert repairing are performed by the speech monitor. Which information channels are open to monitoring? Auditory feedback is obvious, and there are convincing arguments for pre-motor monitoring of speech programming. What about articulatory monitoring? Finally, does the CRH apply to stuttering? The current view is that in order to account for stutterers’ fluency problems one has to assume a speech programming deficit combined with intact monitoring functions. The plausibility of this view will be discussed.
Temporal Coordination between Pre-Motor and Motor Processes in Speech Production and Stuttering Bosshardt, &chum, Germany coordination between processes at the pre-motor level of speech planning and monitoring on the one hand and at the articulatory level of overt speech production on the other hand is considered to be an important determinant of stuttering. The empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from experimental investigations of speech-initiation times, of silent reading times, of short-term memory performance, and from on-line measures of word monitoring during silent reading. The functional significance of these results for our understanding of the development and maintenance of stuttering will be discussed. H.-G.
The temporal
ABSTRACTS
groups with specific characteristics,
“Speaking
of Courage”
corresponding
to different types of family relations.
and “Voices to Remember”
V. Bondarenko, Toronto, Ontario, Canada I hour each
Films:
These two films are one-hour, documentary films about people who live with a stutter. Both contribute to a universal understanding of the “invisible” disability of stuttering, portraying how deeply it affects not only the life of the person who stutters, but often on a more profound level, the lives of those who love and support them.
Cognitive
and Language
H-G. Bosshardt,
Factors in Fluent Speech and Stuttering
Chair, Bochum, Germany
Panel Presentation: 90 min. Presenters:
Linguistic
Skill and Stuttering
in Preschool
Children
B. Ryan, Long Beach, California, USA, The results of formal language testing, the TOLD, PPVT, and AAPS, for 20 stuttering and 20 nonstuttering male and female preschool children (2-5 years of age) were correlated with the same children’s language performance in conversation with their mothers. The measures of Lee’s Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) and the LARSP were used to analyze the conversational samples. Stuttering and normal disfluency were defined and measured after Ryan (1974). The results indicated that there were interesting correlations and differences between the two samples and the stuttering and normal disfluency behavior of the two groups of children. For example, a correlation of .48 (< .05) was found between the TOLD score and the DSS for stuttered sentences in conversation. There is a relationship between language and stuttering, but it is within groups as opposed to between groups. Formal language tests and analysis of conversational language analysis reveal different aspects of the relationship between language performance and stuttering. Children demonstrate much less complex language in conversation than they are capable of using, but complex language does evoke stuttering.
Stuttering
as an Indication
of Syntactic and Lexical Planning
M. Koopmans, Nijmegen, The Netherlands In earlier research with stutterers it appeared that syntactic planning is reflected in the pattern of stuttering: in spontaneous speech there are more stuttered function words in the beginning of a clause than at the end. The aim of the present research is to investigate by means of varying lexical constraints, whether stuttering can also reflect the effort needed for lexical processes in sentence planning. The stutterers were asked to describe I4 series of three pictures, with a few written lexical words in each picture.
157
ABSTRACTS
The task was to use these words in the utterance. It appeared that in this task (experimental condition) the pattern of stuttered lexical words differed from that in speech based on pictures without words, normal spontaneous speech, and speech read out loud (control condition). It was observed that in the experimental condition more stuttered lexical words occurred at the beginning of a clause than at the end. Therefore, we concluded that in active speech production not only the syntactic planning unit but also the “lexical planning unit” can be as large as a clause. It is assumed that freedom of word-choice is related to the pattern of stuttering and that a limitation in this freedom can increase the frequency of stuttering.
The Covert Repair Hypothesis: Processes
Disfluency and Error Monitoring
A. Postma, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Self-repairs of one’s own speech errors have the following features: (1) interruption, (2) retracing, (3) restart, (4) insertion of editing terms (e.g. eh-interjections). The similarity this list shares with disfluency characteristics has motivated the covert repair hypothesis (CRH): disfluencies may be the (observable) side-effects of covert repairing of speech programming errors. This paper will discuss major implications of the CRH. First, can the correction principles identified in self-repair patterns account for the various forms of disfluencies? Second, interruption in self-repairs tends to respect linguistic boundaries. Does this also hold for interruption in disfluencies? Third, both overt and covert repairing are performed by the speech monitor. Which information channels are open to monitoring? Auditory feedback is obvious, and there are convincing arguments for pre-motor monitoring of speech programming. What about articulatory monitoring? Finally, does the CRH apply to stuttering? The current view is that in order to account for stutterers’ fluency problems one has to assume a speech programming deficit combined with intact monitoring functions. The plausibility of this view will be discussed.
Temporal Coordination between Pre-Motor and Motor Processes in Speech Production and Stuttering Bosshardt, &chum, Germany coordination between processes at the pre-motor level of speech planning and monitoring on the one hand and at the articulatory level of overt speech production on the other hand is considered to be an important determinant of stuttering. The empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from experimental investigations of speech-initiation times, of silent reading times, of short-term memory performance, and from on-line measures of word monitoring during silent reading. The functional significance of these results for our understanding of the development and maintenance of stuttering will be discussed. H.-G.
The temporal