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Subject index for Volume 50
Subject index for Volume 50 – partition function 316 Casimir force 104 Casimir–Polder effect 103 Cauchy–Riemann conditions 47 chirality 17 coherence, complex degree of 261 – , degree of 260, 262, 264, 266 – theory, classical 99, 104, 264, 269 – – in space-frequency domain 262 – – , quantum 104 coherency matrix 263 coherent state 102, 109 Compton effect 66, 68, 69 – wavelength 72, 79 conical diffraction 17, 34, 42–44 – – , paraxial theory of 31 – refraction 15, 17, 18, 25, 47 – – , external 23 – – , internal 23 cooling coefficient 312 correlation function 106 – , intensity 107 Coulomb gauge 85 cross-spectral density matrix 265, 268 crystal optics 43
Abbe’s limit 144 Airy function 142, 199, 204 – pattern 231 – theory 223 angular spectrum representation 139 antenna theory 170 atom laser 299 attosecond regime 8–10 – streak camera 9 Bell inequality 122–124 Bell’s theorem 122 Belsky–Khapalyuk theory 33 biaxial crystal 15 – dielectric, nonchiral 18 birefringence 3 blackbody radiation 54, 57, 59, 64, 277, 278, 281 Bogoliubov coupling 318 – gas, interacting 322, 324 Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory 54, 67, 68 Bohr–Sommerfeld stability condition 76 Bohr–Sommerfeld–Wilson quantization rule 285 Boltzmann’s constant 59 – principle 57, 63 – statistics 280 Bose gas 300, 317 – – , ideal 310, 314 – – , weakly interacting 319 Bose–Einstein condensation 277, 278, 299– 305, 310 – statistics 55, 78, 299 Bragg reflection 5 Brownian motion 298
de Broglie wave 71, 86 de Broglie’s phase wave 71 de Broglie’s world vector relation 73 Debye expansion 219, 220 diabolical point 30, 44, 45 – singularity 20 diffraction as tunneling 213 – by a half plane 205 – , Fock’s theory of 203 – , geometrical theory of 202 – limit 139, 142–144, 148 – – , resolution limit beyond 144 – theory, classical 195–200, 222 Dirac electron 80
canonical ensemble 300, 304, 318 – – , grand 301 – momentum 75 343
344
Subject index for Volume 50
– equation 85, 86 Dirac–Waller–Oppenheimer light quantum theory 80 Dirichlet boundary condition 211 Doppler effect 69 double refraction 254 Duling–Petit law 291
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 142 Helmholtz equation 139, 204, 262, 267 Heron of Alexandria 194 hole burning 113 Huygens principle 244 Huygens–Fresnel principle 198 – theory 199
eikonal equation 73 – function 201 Einstein’s A coefficient 113, 114, 297–299 – B coefficient 113, 297–299 – fluctuation formula 64, 65, 100, 108, 115 – light-quanta 54, 56–65 electron interferometry 10 – microscopy 6 energy-momentum four vector 75 entangled state 126 entropy of radiation 61 Euler’s formula 194 evanescent wave 139, 140, 163
index of refraction, intensity dependent 3
femtochemistry 6 femtosecond pulse 4, 5 Fermat’s principle 71, 73, 75, 202 Fermi–Dirac statistics 78 Fermi’s golden rule 112 field-effect transistor 171 Fischer pattern 157 Fock state 109, 110, 111 Fresnel–Arago laws 257 Fresnel–Kirchhoff representation 200 – theory of diffraction 198 Gaussian beam 30, 37, 40, 45 geometrical-optics 39, 56, 73 Goos–Hanschen angular displacement 217 – shift 189, 217, 219 group velocity dispersion 5 Hamilton equation 19 Hamilton–Jacobi equation 56, 73, 77, 91, 92 – – , quantum mechanical 78 Hamilton’s principle 27, 29 – ray cone 20 Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment 107 harmonic generation 4 heating coefficient 312 ,313 Heisenberg equation 104, 119, 120, 262 Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics 79
Jaynes–Cummings model 116 Kerr effect 3 Kirchhoff’s approximation 198, 199 Lamb dip 113 – shift 103 Landau–Peierls operator 89 – theory 56, 80, 82, 86 laser cooling 115 – linewidth 126–129 – , neodymium glass 4 – phase transition analogy 310 – , quantum theory of 299, 304–309, 311 – , semiconductor 128 – , Ti-sapphire 5, 7,9 light tunneling 202 – – in clouds 227–230 local hidden-variable theory 122, 123, 132 Mandel’s Q-parameter 102, 118 matter waves 70 Maupertuis action 76, 202 Maxwell’s equation 18, 20, 21, 80, 81, 85, 90, 91, 280 Michelson interferometer 105, 107 microscopy, dark field 145 – , near-field 153, 155, 243 – , total internal reflection fluorescence 151 Mie efficiency factors 241 – resonance 224, 228, 229, 237, 240 – scattering 205 – – , CAM theory of 209 – theory 223, 232 mode-locking 113 – , Kerr-lens 7 multiple multipole technique 162 mutual coherence function 261 – intensity 260
Subject index for Volume 50 nanoplasmonics 149, 153 nanosecond pulse 4 natural linewidth 127 near-field optics 140, 142, 161–165, 170 Nerst’s heat theorem 282 non-classical light 117 numerical aperture 142 Oppenheimer’s equation for light quantum 87 optical activity 17 – equivalence theorem 110 – imaging 243 – maser 305 – microscopy 150 – – , aperture-based near-field 147 – – , high-resolution 139 – – , near field 158, 159, 162, 166 Pade approximation 321 paraxial approximation 28 – differential equation 47 – propagation 267 Pauli spin matrices 32 Petermann factor 128, 130, 131 phase matching 124 photoelectric effect 57, 68, 100–112, 113 – emission, two-photon induced 7 photoelectron counting 110 photon 70 – antibunching 108, 118 – bunching 101, 102 – distribution function 305, 308, 309 – , eikonal equation for 91–93 – statistics 308 – wave function 80, 82, 84 – – mechanics 79–91 photonic crystal 242 Planck formula 100 – spectrum 114 – radiation law 54, 55, 57–60, 62, 64, 299 Planck’s black-body radiation law 279–299 Planck’s constant 56 Poggendorff’s dark ring 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42 Poincaré–Watson method 210 Poisson distribution 109 – sum formula 209 polarization, degree of 259, 267 – matrix 263 – , theory of 264, 269
345
ponderomotiv energy 7 Popov approximation 319 population inversion 3 Poynting vector 21 principle of least action 74 Q-switching 3, 113 quantum computation 126 – cryptography 111, 126, 132 – electrodynamics 67, 99, 113 – – , cavity 103, 241 – information 132 – noise 99, 126, 131, 133 – of action 287, 289 – optics 99, 103, 110 – recurrence theorem 117 – theory of radiation 99 – tunneling 202 Rabi frequency 117 Raman’s bright spot 26, 38–40 – scattering, coherent anti-Stokes 169 – – , stimulated 4 Rayleigh spectrum 114 Rayleigh–Jeans formula 100, 291 – law 60, 281, 282, 286, 293, 298 Regge pole 225 – trajectory 225 Regge–Debye pole 220, 234 resonance fluorescence 117, 118 saturable absorption 3 scanning nanometer optical spectral microscope 157 – tunneling microscopy 148 Schawlow–Townes laser linewidth (see laser linewidth) Schrodinger equation 9, 79 second harmonic generation 6 – law of thermodynamics 284 self-focusing 3, 5 self-Kerr-lens 5 self-phase modulation 3–5, 10 semiclassical radiation theory 111–117 Slater’s virtual radiation field 66 spontaneous emission 113, 114 – – noise 127 – – , stochastic amplified 5 squeezed state 132, 318 squeezing 317 stationary-phase approximation 34
346
Subject index for Volume 50
– , principle of 75 Stefan–Boltzmann law 284 Stirling’s formula 58 stimulated emission 3, 113 Sudarshan’s equation 82 surface enhanced Raman scattering 152 – plasmon 152 – – polariton 152 thermionic emission 187 time-resolved spectroscopy 6 total internal reflection, frustrated 147 tunneling ionization 7 ultraviolet catastrophe 61, 283 van Cittert–Zernike theorem 262 Van De Hulst’s theory 233 Van der Waals attraction 140
Watson’s transformation 207, 208 wave mechanics 71 wave-particle duality 54, 64, 65, 78, 253, 296 – – , covariant 73 Weisskopf–Wigner approximation 116 whispering gallery modes 225 Wien’s radiation law 58, 60, 61, 63, 100, 101, 280, 286, 291 – spectral law 282, 285, 286 WKB approximation 208, 210, 213, 220, 228 Yagi–Uda antenna 172 Young interference 196, 253, 265, 270 – interferometer 105 Young’s two-slit experiment 102 zero-point energy 55, 104 – fluctuations 67
Abbe’s limit 144 Airy function 142, 199, 204 – pattern 231 – theory 223 angular spectrum representation 139 antenna theory 170 atom laser 299 attosecond regime 8–10 – streak camera 9 Bell inequality 122–124 Bell’s theorem 122 Belsky–Khapalyuk theory 33 biaxial crystal 15 – dielectric, nonchiral 18 birefringence 3 blackbody radiation 54, 57, 59, 64, 277, 278, 281 Bogoliubov coupling 318 – gas, interacting 322, 324 Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory 54, 67, 68 Bohr–Sommerfeld stability condition 76 Bohr–Sommerfeld–Wilson quantization rule 285 Boltzmann’s constant 59 – principle 57, 63 – statistics 280 Bose gas 300, 317 – – , ideal 310, 314 – – , weakly interacting 319 Bose–Einstein condensation 277, 278, 299– 305, 310 – statistics 55, 78, 299 Bragg reflection 5 Brownian motion 298
de Broglie wave 71, 86 de Broglie’s phase wave 71 de Broglie’s world vector relation 73 Debye expansion 219, 220 diabolical point 30, 44, 45 – singularity 20 diffraction as tunneling 213 – by a half plane 205 – , Fock’s theory of 203 – , geometrical theory of 202 – limit 139, 142–144, 148 – – , resolution limit beyond 144 – theory, classical 195–200, 222 Dirac electron 80
canonical ensemble 300, 304, 318 – – , grand 301 – momentum 75 343
344
Subject index for Volume 50
– equation 85, 86 Dirac–Waller–Oppenheimer light quantum theory 80 Dirichlet boundary condition 211 Doppler effect 69 double refraction 254 Duling–Petit law 291
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 142 Helmholtz equation 139, 204, 262, 267 Heron of Alexandria 194 hole burning 113 Huygens principle 244 Huygens–Fresnel principle 198 – theory 199
eikonal equation 73 – function 201 Einstein’s A coefficient 113, 114, 297–299 – B coefficient 113, 297–299 – fluctuation formula 64, 65, 100, 108, 115 – light-quanta 54, 56–65 electron interferometry 10 – microscopy 6 energy-momentum four vector 75 entangled state 126 entropy of radiation 61 Euler’s formula 194 evanescent wave 139, 140, 163
index of refraction, intensity dependent 3
femtochemistry 6 femtosecond pulse 4, 5 Fermat’s principle 71, 73, 75, 202 Fermi–Dirac statistics 78 Fermi’s golden rule 112 field-effect transistor 171 Fischer pattern 157 Fock state 109, 110, 111 Fresnel–Arago laws 257 Fresnel–Kirchhoff representation 200 – theory of diffraction 198 Gaussian beam 30, 37, 40, 45 geometrical-optics 39, 56, 73 Goos–Hanschen angular displacement 217 – shift 189, 217, 219 group velocity dispersion 5 Hamilton equation 19 Hamilton–Jacobi equation 56, 73, 77, 91, 92 – – , quantum mechanical 78 Hamilton’s principle 27, 29 – ray cone 20 Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment 107 harmonic generation 4 heating coefficient 312 ,313 Heisenberg equation 104, 119, 120, 262 Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics 79
Jaynes–Cummings model 116 Kerr effect 3 Kirchhoff’s approximation 198, 199 Lamb dip 113 – shift 103 Landau–Peierls operator 89 – theory 56, 80, 82, 86 laser cooling 115 – linewidth 126–129 – , neodymium glass 4 – phase transition analogy 310 – , quantum theory of 299, 304–309, 311 – , semiconductor 128 – , Ti-sapphire 5, 7,9 light tunneling 202 – – in clouds 227–230 local hidden-variable theory 122, 123, 132 Mandel’s Q-parameter 102, 118 matter waves 70 Maupertuis action 76, 202 Maxwell’s equation 18, 20, 21, 80, 81, 85, 90, 91, 280 Michelson interferometer 105, 107 microscopy, dark field 145 – , near-field 153, 155, 243 – , total internal reflection fluorescence 151 Mie efficiency factors 241 – resonance 224, 228, 229, 237, 240 – scattering 205 – – , CAM theory of 209 – theory 223, 232 mode-locking 113 – , Kerr-lens 7 multiple multipole technique 162 mutual coherence function 261 – intensity 260
Subject index for Volume 50 nanoplasmonics 149, 153 nanosecond pulse 4 natural linewidth 127 near-field optics 140, 142, 161–165, 170 Nerst’s heat theorem 282 non-classical light 117 numerical aperture 142 Oppenheimer’s equation for light quantum 87 optical activity 17 – equivalence theorem 110 – imaging 243 – maser 305 – microscopy 150 – – , aperture-based near-field 147 – – , high-resolution 139 – – , near field 158, 159, 162, 166 Pade approximation 321 paraxial approximation 28 – differential equation 47 – propagation 267 Pauli spin matrices 32 Petermann factor 128, 130, 131 phase matching 124 photoelectric effect 57, 68, 100–112, 113 – emission, two-photon induced 7 photoelectron counting 110 photon 70 – antibunching 108, 118 – bunching 101, 102 – distribution function 305, 308, 309 – , eikonal equation for 91–93 – statistics 308 – wave function 80, 82, 84 – – mechanics 79–91 photonic crystal 242 Planck formula 100 – spectrum 114 – radiation law 54, 55, 57–60, 62, 64, 299 Planck’s black-body radiation law 279–299 Planck’s constant 56 Poggendorff’s dark ring 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42 Poincaré–Watson method 210 Poisson distribution 109 – sum formula 209 polarization, degree of 259, 267 – matrix 263 – , theory of 264, 269
345
ponderomotiv energy 7 Popov approximation 319 population inversion 3 Poynting vector 21 principle of least action 74 Q-switching 3, 113 quantum computation 126 – cryptography 111, 126, 132 – electrodynamics 67, 99, 113 – – , cavity 103, 241 – information 132 – noise 99, 126, 131, 133 – of action 287, 289 – optics 99, 103, 110 – recurrence theorem 117 – theory of radiation 99 – tunneling 202 Rabi frequency 117 Raman’s bright spot 26, 38–40 – scattering, coherent anti-Stokes 169 – – , stimulated 4 Rayleigh spectrum 114 Rayleigh–Jeans formula 100, 291 – law 60, 281, 282, 286, 293, 298 Regge pole 225 – trajectory 225 Regge–Debye pole 220, 234 resonance fluorescence 117, 118 saturable absorption 3 scanning nanometer optical spectral microscope 157 – tunneling microscopy 148 Schawlow–Townes laser linewidth (see laser linewidth) Schrodinger equation 9, 79 second harmonic generation 6 – law of thermodynamics 284 self-focusing 3, 5 self-Kerr-lens 5 self-phase modulation 3–5, 10 semiclassical radiation theory 111–117 Slater’s virtual radiation field 66 spontaneous emission 113, 114 – – noise 127 – – , stochastic amplified 5 squeezed state 132, 318 squeezing 317 stationary-phase approximation 34
346
Subject index for Volume 50
– , principle of 75 Stefan–Boltzmann law 284 Stirling’s formula 58 stimulated emission 3, 113 Sudarshan’s equation 82 surface enhanced Raman scattering 152 – plasmon 152 – – polariton 152 thermionic emission 187 time-resolved spectroscopy 6 total internal reflection, frustrated 147 tunneling ionization 7 ultraviolet catastrophe 61, 283 van Cittert–Zernike theorem 262 Van De Hulst’s theory 233 Van der Waals attraction 140
Watson’s transformation 207, 208 wave mechanics 71 wave-particle duality 54, 64, 65, 78, 253, 296 – – , covariant 73 Weisskopf–Wigner approximation 116 whispering gallery modes 225 Wien’s radiation law 58, 60, 61, 63, 100, 101, 280, 286, 291 – spectral law 282, 285, 286 WKB approximation 208, 210, 213, 220, 228 Yagi–Uda antenna 172 Young interference 196, 253, 265, 270 – interferometer 105 Young’s two-slit experiment 102 zero-point energy 55, 104 – fluctuations 67