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Subject index volume 2
290
SUBJECT INDEX
A U T H O R INDEX VOLUME 2 Altshuler, G., 90
Hill, A., 57
Becker, L.E., 227 Besag, F.M.C., 261 Bodensteiuer, J.B., 237
Jay, V., 227 Jensen, V.K., 151
Caplan, R., 238 Cohen, B.H., 144 Deonna, T., 254 Depp, R , 3 Diamond, S., 101 Garcia, J.H., 180 Gladstein, J., 119
Perez, E.R., 269 Powell, S., 211 Powers, J.M., 200
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D.G.A., 246 Latchaw, R.E., 72 Lewis, D.W., 127
Rapin, I., 278 Roland, E.H., 57 Rothner, A.D., 109, 151,159 Rubio, A., 200 Scheller, J.M., 102 Schochet, S.S., Jr., 179, 211 Shuman, R.M., 220 Solomon, G.D., 165
Nelson, J.S., 192 Painter, M.J., 1, 37 Pantoni, L., 180
Truwit, C.E., 72
SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 2 Abdominal migraine, 135-136 Abortive agents, treatment, migraine, 137 Abortive medications, treatment, migraine, 169-172 Abruptio placentae, 95 Absence seizures, treatment, 261-262 Acetaminophen, treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 migraine, 138 Acidemia, fetal fetal, poorly linked with Apgar scores, 31-32 FHR as predictor, 6 see also Metabolic acidemia Acidosis, partial asphyxia with and without in fetus, 49-50 Acquired epileptic aphasia epileptic interference in, 275 etiology, 270 features, 269-270 neuropsycholgical deterioration characteristic of, 271 and prolonged cognitive impairment, 269-277 syndrome definition, 280 treatment rationale, 275 Acquired immune deficiency disease, neuropathology, 218 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and childhood stroke, 187 Addison's disease, associated with adreno-leukodystrophy, 203 Adenosine triphosphate, generation of during asphyxia, 40-41 Adenovirus infection, presents with headache, 120 Adolescents, chronic nonprogressive headaches in, 151 Adreno-leukdystrophy, neuropathology, 202-205 AEA, see Acquired epileptic aphasia Alcohol, associated with headaches, 123-124 ALD, see Adreno-leukdystrophy Alice-in-Wonderlandsyndrome, 131, 134-135 Altitude headache, 162
Amaurosis fugax, atheromatous carotid disease and headache, 134 Amino acids, excitatory, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Aminotic fluid volume, and fetal status, 25 Amitriptyline pediatric dose for migraine prophylaxis, 176 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 migraine, 166 Amniocentesis, genetic, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 22 Amniotic fluid, meconium-stain~d, as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5 Analgesics, treatment of migraine, 138 Anesthesia, during labor, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Aneurysms and childhood stroke, 186 and headache, 146, 147 Angiomas cavernous, and childhood stroke, 184-185 venous, and childhood stroke, 184-185 Animal models, for perinatal asphyxia, 37-56 Anti-inflammatoryagents amelioration of headache by, 119 non-steroidal, prophylactic agents for migraine, -140 Anticonvulsants, prophylactic agents formigraine, 140 Antidepressants prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 tricyclic, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 use for migraine prophylaxis, 174-176 Antiemetics, treatment of migraine, 137
SUBJECT INDEX
Antiepileptic drugs effects on cognitive-behavioral disturbances of suspected epileptic origin, 258-259 and state-dependent cognitive dysfunction, 264-266 Antiphospholipid antibodies, and childhood stroke, 187 Apgar score FHR as predictor, 6 and metabolic acidemia, 4, 5 poorly linked with fetal acidemia, 31-32 as predictor of neurological sequelae, 7 as surrogate for asphyxia in newborn, 7 sensitivity, 7 Arboviruses, as cause of encephalitis, 212-213 Arnold-Chiari malformaton, cerebellum and brainstem, 220 Arterial hypertension, and childhood headaches, 122 Arteriovenous malformations and childhood stroke, 184-185 rupture of in childhood, 184-186 Asphyxia birth, 29-30 determination as cause of cerebral palsy, 24-31 effect on excitatory neurotransmitters in brain, 44-45 exclusion as causal agent of neurological abnormalities, 30-31 fetal, total, pathophysiology, 48-49 intrapartum surrogates for, 5-7 meconium discharge as marker, 96 metabolic acidemia versus hyposemia or ischemia, 29-30 MRI imaging of types of damage in infant brain, 76-86 neonatal cerebral blood flow changes during, 50-5l parasagittal distribution of cerebral injury, 50 neurophysiological observations, 45-47 nonspecific surrogates, 3-8 partial with acidosis in fetus, pathophysiology, 49 without acidsis in fetus, pathophysiology, 49-50 in association with total asphyxia in fetus, 51 prolonged, term infant, MRI, 79 perinatal, 3-36 and associated brain hemorrhage in neonateS, 181-183 animal models, 37-56 bradycardia as indicator, 5-6 poor correlation with cerebral palsy, 7 physiological and chemical changes during, 38-42 predelivery, assigning causal role, 21-31 profound, term infant, MRI, 83 profundity and pattern of perinatal brain damage, 72-73 resistance to in neonate, 37 see also Hypoxic ischemia see also Metabolic acidemia use of nonspecific surrogates for, 4-5 Asphyxiation physiology of in dogs, 41-42 reoxygenation following, 43 Astrocytic tumors, occurrence in tuberous sclerosis, 194 Astrocytomas occurrence in neurofibromatosis, 193 in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Atenolol, pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168
291
Aura, in migraine, 131-132 Auscultation versus EFM, studies, 18-20 Autacoids, levels of during chorioamnionitis, 91 Autism and epilepsy, 281 infantile, and infantile spasms, 239 syndrome definition, 279 regression and epilepsy, 281-282 and role of epilepsy, 278-285 syndrome definition, 279 Autoimmune diseases, vasculitis associated with and headaches, 146 AVM, see Arteriovenous malformations Baroreceptors, responses in deceleration of FHR, 15 Basal ganglia, injury during acute and total hypoxicischemic event, 72 Basilar artery migraine, 132 BCECT, see Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes Beck Depression Index, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Behavior, effect of childhood epilepsies on, 254-260 Behavioral contingency management, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Behavioral disturbances, as epileptic manifestations, 254260 Benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes, similarity of AEA and ECSWS with, 270, 272, 273 Benign paroxysmal vertigo, 135 Beta-blockers migraine prophylaxis, 172-173 pediatric doses of for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agents for migraine, 139 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Beta-galactocerebrosidase, deficiency of and globoid cell leukodystrophy, 205-206 Biofeedback, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Biophyscial profile, antenatal testing method, 23 Blood flow and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73-74 interruption in brain and headaches, 145 Blood gases, umbilical cord, and neurological sequelae, 27-28 Blood pressure, high, and headaches, 122 Blood vessels, cerebral, rupture and headaches, 145 BPP, see Biophysical profile Brachycardia baseline and variability, clinical correlations, 10 definition rate, 8 as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5-6 Brain cerebral blood flow changes during neonatal asphyxia, 50-51 clinical aspects of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, 57~71 compressibility, and pathophysiology of headaches, 145 congenital abnormalities in with hypoxia-ischemia during late first and early second trimester, 77-78
292
Brain (Continued) correlation of electrical activity with cerbral blood flow and cerebral energy metabolism, 45-47 edema of during hypoxic ischemia in fetus, 53 effects of herpes simplex virus, 216 effects of measles virus, 215 hypoxic-ischemic injury in premature neonate, 60-62 parasagittal distribution of injury after asphyxia, 50 pattern of damage and profundity of perinatal asphyxia, 72-73 prenatal calcium flux in during hypoxic ischemia, 45 injury, 58 vulnerability to effects of glutamate, 44 risk factors associated with antepartum injury, 58 statistics for perinatal injury, 4 vascular patterns and blood flow, and extent of damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73-74 Brain abscess, and headaches, 121, 148 Brain compliance, and pathophysiology of headaches, 145 Brain injury acute bypoxic-ischemic, in newborn, 62-67 assessment with imaging techniques, 74-76 magnitude related to severity and duration of insult, 62-63 perinatal hypoxic-iscbemic, imaging, 72-89 perinatal pattern of due to asphyxia, 48-50 premature neonate, clinical features associated with, 61 recognition in neonates with neuroimaging, 62 see also Cerebral palsy Brain .tumor, and headaches, 147-148 Brainstem dysfunction clinical evidence of, 63 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 caudal protrusion in Chiari type II malformation, 220-221 injury during acute and total hypoxic-ischemic event, 72 Butorphanol, abotive treatment, migraine, 171 Caffeine, in combination with ergotamine compounds, treatment of migraine, 137 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, increased levels during migraine, 165-166 Calcium channel blockers pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agents for migraine, 139-140 use of to ameliorate hypoxic ischemia insult, 45 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Calcium deposits, in Sturge-Weber disease, 198 entry blockers, migraine prophylaxis, 173 effects of cellular acidosis on in nervous system, 45 i California encephalitis, ,213 Canavan's disease, see Spongy degeneration of infancy Capillary telangiectases~ and childhood stroke, 184-185 Carbamazepine, prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Carbon monoxide, associated with headaches, 123-124 Cavernous angiomas, and childhood stroke, 184-185 CCPQ, see Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire Central nervous system dysfunction, difficulty in assessing in fetus, 32 fetal, changes in correlated with FHR, 10 infection by measles virus-causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 214-215
SUBJECT INDEX
Central nervous system (Continued) intrapartum injury and cerebral palsy, 25-26 lesions in due to neurofibromatosis, 193 in due to tuberous sclerosis, 194, 195 due to Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 194, 196-197 myelin in, 200-201 types of lesions caused by arboviruses, 213 viral infections in children, 211-219 Cerebellar ataxia, complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 Cerebellar cortex, atrophy of in metachromic leukodystrophy, 207 Cerebellar hemispheres, herniation in Chiari type III malformation, 221 Cerebellar tonsils, caudal displacement of in Chiari type I malformation, 220 Cerebellum and brainstem, malformation in Chiari type ii, 220 myelin deficits in with adreno-leukodystrophy, 202-205 Cerebral blood flow changes in as cause of headaches during infection, 119 during migraine, 127-128 effects of asphyxia on, 40 Cerebral cortex, diffuse injury from prolonged but partial hypoxic-ischemic insult, 72 Cerebral palsy assigning of causal role, 21-31 conditions for PPV of Apgar score for, 7 determination of asphyxia as cause, 24-31 determination of prenatal versus intrapartum asphyxia as cause, 24-25 and effectiveness of preterm labor EFM, 20-21 and false-positive rate of meconium-stained amniotic fluid as marker, 5 focal cleft of polymicrogyria, MRI, 75 imprecision of term, 74 low pH value as nonreassuring outcome indicator, 28-29 metabolic acidemia as not predictive for, 28-29 and perinatal hypoxic-ischemia brain injury, 57-71 poor correlation with perinatal asphyxia, 7 prenatal assessment, 22-25 relative role of prenatal versus intrapartal asphyxia/ metabolic anemia, 21-22 risk factors, 4, 22 see also Brain injury Cerebral perfusion, study of to determine extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Cerebrospinal fluid characteristics of after herpes simplex infection, 215-216 decreased, and headache, 123 dynamics of flow in Chiari malformations, 223-224 examination, to distinguish types of meningitis~120 Cerebrovascular disease, and headachesr145-149 Cerebrovascular injuries, in neonates,, 180-183 Cerebrum, myelin deficits in with adreno-leukodystrophy, 202-205 Chemoreceptors, responses in deceleration of FHR, 15 Chiari malformations, 220-226 and headache, 148 rational care plan, 224-225 Chicken pox, see Varicella-zoster
SUBJECT INDEX
Childhood diseases, relationship to placental pathology, 90-97 Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire, 153 Children's Depression Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Choice reaction time tests, effect of EEG discharges on, 246-253 Chorangiosis, 93-94 Chorioamnionitis histopathology, 90 pathophysiology, 91-92 toxins released, 90-91 Chorionic villus sampling, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 22 Chronic encephalitis, association with epilepsy, 232-234 Chronic parbyxsmal hemicrania, 161 Chronic, nonprogressive headaches, see Headaches, chronic, nonprogressive Cimetidine, associated with headaches, 123 Circadian rhythm, of migraine, 165 Clinical correlations, FHR baseline and variability, 10-12 Cluster headaches, 104, 159 atypical, 161 CMV, see Cytomegalovirus CNPHA, see Headaches, chronic nonprogressive Cocaine abuse, maternal, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 associated with headaches, 123 Cognition effect of childhood epilepsies on, 254-260 effect of CSF shunting on in Chiari malformatons, 224 Cognitive disturbances, as epileptic manifestations, 254-260 Cognitive dysfunction impairment, prolonged, and syndromes of acquired epileptic aphasia and epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during sleep, 269-277 permanent and state-dependent, and childhood epilepsy, 264-266 state-dependent, and antiepileptic drugs, 264-266 Cognitive impairment, transient, during subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges, 246-253 Cognitive symptomatology, childhood epilepsy with, 237285 Cognitive-behavioral treatment, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Cold, headaches induced by, 162 Communication, nonverbal, and infantile spasms, 240-243 Computed tomography, for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62, 75 Confusional, migraine, 135 Congenital malformation, fetal, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Congenital rubella syndrome, 213 Congenital septic hemolysis, 95 Consciousness, level of in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Cord gases, as gold standard for metabolic acidemia, 8 Cortical dysplasias, and infantile spasms, 243 Corticosteroids, treatment, migraine, 168 Cough headache, 162 Coxsackieviruses, as cause of viral meningitis, 212 CP, see Cerebral palsy
293
Cranial ultrasonography for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62 limitations in determining extent of brain injury in infants, 65-66 Craniofacial disease, headaches associated with, 106 CSF, see Cerebrospinal fluid Cyclic vomiting, 135 Cyclic migraine, 161 Cyproheptadine pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139, 168-169, 172 Cytochrome system, effects of asphyxia on, 41 Cytomegalovirus association with Rasmussen's encephalitis, 232 infection, congenital, and childhood stroke, 187 neuropathology, 217 Database, headache, 110 DD, see Disintegrative disorder Deceleration, FHR, 12-18 baroreceptor and chemoreceptor responses in, 15-16 definition and types, 12 early, 12 evaluation, 17 grading of variable, 16 late, 12-15 common clinical correlations, 14 grading and classification, 14 physiology, 12 prolonged, 17-18 secondary changes associated with, 14 variable, 15-17 Demyelinative diseases, 201 Desipramine, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Development, early, effect of epilepsy on, 238-245 DHE abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 treatment, migraine, 166, 168 Diagnosis, migraine, 128-129 Diclofenac, abortive treatment, migraine, 169 Diet, elimination, for migraine treatment, 136 Dihydroergotamine, treatment, migraine, 166 Diltiazem, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Dinoprostone, as cause of headaches during infection, 119 Disintegrative disorder and role of epilepsy, 278-285 syndrome definition, 279-280 Dopamine receptors, brain, effect of hypoxic ischemia, 47-48 treatment of hypoxic ischemia with antagonists of, 48 Doppler flow studies, umbilical, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 23 Dural tear, headache associated with, 123 Dural venous sinus thrombosis, and headache, 147 Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, in epilepsy, 231 resection, 233 Dysmyelinative diseases, 201 Eastern encephalitis, 212 Echoviruses, cause aseptic meningitis in neonates, 212
294
ECSWS, see Epilepsy with continuous spike waves during sleep Edema, cerebral, during hypoxic ischemia in fetus, 53 EEG discharges, see Epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges EEG, Electroencephalography EFM, see Electronic fetal monitoring Ehrlichiosis, presents with headache, 120 Electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep and autistic regression, 278-285 syndrome definition, 280-281 Electrodiagnostic techniques, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Electroencephalogram, value of in evaluation of headache, 115-116 Electroencephalography, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Electronic fetal monitoring continuous, role, 18-21 and determination of fetal acidemia, 3-36 nonreassuring, as predictor of developmental outcome, 26-27 overall efficacy, 20-21 versus auscultation, EFM studies, 18-20 Emboli, and headache, 146 Encephalitis association with epilepsy, 232-234 caused by arboviruses, 212-213 caused by herpes simplex, 215-216 caused by measles virus, 215-216 headache associated with, 120 HIV, 218 sometimes caused by coxsackieviruses, 212 Encephalopathy hypoxic-ischemic, 57-71 correlation of severity with outcome, Sarnat and Sarnat classification, 63-64 duration of, 63-64 evolution, 64-65 physiological factors, 72-74 long-term outcome in infants, 68 progressive, in children infected intrauterinally or perinatally by HIV, 218 Endothelin-l,2, increased levels during chorioamnionitis, 91 Enteroviruses, infection of CNS by, 212 Epidemiology childhood stroke, 183 headaches in children, 102 migraine, 127, 151 Epilepsy and autism, 281 and autistic regression, 281-282 and disintegrative disorder, 278-285 childhood with cognitive symptomatology, 237-285 and decreasing IQ, 266-267 and permanent and state-dependent cognitive dysfunction, 264-266 effect on early development, 238-245 link with neuropsychological deficits, 271-273 surgical pathology of resections, 227-236
SUBJECT INDEX
Epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during sleep epileptic interference, 275 etiology, 270 features, 269-270 neuropsychological deterioration characteristic of, 271 and prolonged cognitive impairment, 269-277 treatment rationale, 275 Epileptic syndromes, cognitive and behavioral disturbances as, 254-260 Epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges frequent, effect of, 263-264 subclinical, transient cognitive impairment during, 246253 Epstein-Barr virus, chronic infection, presents with headache, 120 Ergotamine compounds, treatment, migraine, 137 Ergotamine tartrate abortive treatment, migraine, 170 treatment, migraine, 168 ESES, see Electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep Evaluation, psychological, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152-155 Examination, physical and neurological, for headache, 114 Exertional headaches, 160-161 Eye convergence problems, and headaches, 124 5-HT, see Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine, role in migraine, 128; see also Serotonin Facial pain, 163 Family history, in cases of headache, 113 Fetal acidemia, poorly linked with Apgar scores, 31-32 Fetal distress as imprecise term, 6-7 and markers for metabolic acidemia, 4 nonspecific surrogates for, 4-5 Fetal growth parameters, and fetal status, 25 Fetal heart rate accelerations and fetal reactivity, 18 and establishing causation of neurological abnormalities, 30-31 causes of diminished variability, 11 clinical correlations, 10-12 correlation of patterns with pH, 6 deceleration, 12-18 decreased, baseline rates and variability, 8-9 factors in variability, 11-18 ominous patterns and developmental outcome, 27 periodic changes, 12-18 as predictor of Apgar score, 6 as predictor of fetal acidemia, 6 secondary changes, 9 secondary variability changes, 16-17 sinusoidal baseline pattern, 11-12 variability, as predictor of fetal acidemia, 6 Fetal reactivity, and FHR accelerations, 18 Fetal status, modern prenatal indicators, 25 Fetus assessment in labor and at birth, 24 growth parameters, 95-96 prenatal assessment, 22-25 risk factors associated with anteparturn brain injury, 59-60
SUBJECT INDEX
FHR, see Fetal heart rate Flunarizine migraine prophylaxis, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 see also Calcium channel blockers Fluoxetine, migraine prophylaxis, 175-176 Focal cortical dysplasia, of epilepsy, 230-231 Focal deficits, acute, in childhood, 133 Focal epileptic dysfunction, neuropsychological deficits caused by, 273-275 Free radicals, and asphyxia, 42-43 GABA, see Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gamma-aminobutryic acid, role in migraine, 173 Gangliogliomas, in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Genetic disorders, and childhood stroke, 187 Germinal matrix hemorrhage, in neonates, 180-183 Gestational age, role in antepartum brain injury, 59-60 Glaucoma, and headaches, 124 GLD, see Globoid cell leukodystrophy Gliomas, in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Globoid cell leukodystrophy, neuropathology, 205-206 Glucose effects of asphyxia on, 39 hypometabolism, and infantile spasms, 238-240 Glutamate accumulation in hypoxic ischemic injury, 44 effects in prenatal brain, 44 Glycoproteins, 201 GMH, see Germinal matrix hemorrhage Gray matter, deep nuclei, damaged by hypoxia-ischemia during late second and early third trimester, 78-80 Growth parameters, fetal-placental, 95-96 Hamartomas, occurrence in tuberous sclerosis, 194 Head size, subnormal at birth as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Head trauma, and headache from subdural hematoma, 147 Headache, specific types; see also Headaches altitude, 162 atypical cluster, 161 cough, 162 ice cream, 162 ice-pick, 162 jabs and jolt, 162 laughing, 162 see also Migraine sneezing, 162 tension-type prophylactic medications, 175 treatment with abortive medications, 176 thunderclap, and aneurysmal rupture, 147 Headache syndromes, children and adolescents, 159-164 Headaches, see aNo Headache for specific types acute, diagnostic considerations, 120 as symptom Of neurological disease, 144-150 associated with infection, 119-12l brain abscess, 12l craniofacial disease, 106 intracranial infections, 120-121 sinus disease, 106
295
Headaches (Continued) sinusitis, 121 and arterial hypertension, 122 and atheromatous carotid disease, 134 from benign intracranial hypertension, 147 and brain abscess, 148 and cerebrovascular disease, 145-149 character of in children, 103 and Chiari malformations, 14 chronic, nonprogressive in children and adolescents, 151 evaluation, 152-155 potential variables related to, 153 symptoms, 151-152 treatment, 155-157 cluster, 104, 159 due to medications, 123-124 pseudotumor cerebri, 107 substance abuse, 123-124 duration of in children, 103 evaluation, 145 : emergency, 115 in children and adolescents, 109-118 exertional, 160-161 hist0ry, epidemiology, and classification in childhood, i02-108 and hydrocephalus, 148 and increased intracranial pressure, 113 indomethacin-responsive, 160-162 induced by cold, 162 laboratory tests, 115-116 and neoplasms, 147-148 occurring after trauma, 121-122 and ocular disease, 124 pathophysiology, 144-145 pediatrician's perspective, 119-126 and pseudotumor cerebri, 147 pharmacology of medications used in treatment, 165-177 physical and neurological examination for, 114 risk factors for in children, 103 see also Migraine temporal pattern of, 127 temporal profile, 110 tension, 104 treatment, 103 Heart disease, and childhood stroke, 184 Heart rate, fetal, see Fetal heart rate Hemangioblastomas, occurrence in Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 194, 196-197 Hematologic disorders, and childhood stroke, 186 Hemicrania continua, 161-162 Hemiplegic migraine, 132-133 Hemisyndrome migraine, 132-133 Hemoglobins, effects of asphyxia on, 42 Hemophilia, and childhood stroke, 187 Hemorrhage brain, associated with ponto-subicular necrosis in neonates, 181-182 PVL in neonates, 181-182 cerebral, epidemiol0gy in children, 183-184 and headache, 146
296
Hemorrhage (Continued) result of partial prolonged hypoxia-ischemia during 28 and'34 weeks gestation, 80 subependymal, in neonates, 180-183 Hemorrhagic lesions, in premature neonate, 60-62 Herpes simplex, as cause of encephalitis, 215-216 Herpes simplex type 2, venereal transmission, 216 Herpesvirus, see also Cytomegalovirus; Varicella-zoster Hetal heart rate, baseline rate and variability, 8-9 HIE, see Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Hippocampus, involvement epilepsy pathology, 227-228 History, headaches in children, 102 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, neurotropic, 218 Hydrocephalus congenital, possible role of mumps virus, 214 and headaches, 148 Hydrops fetalis, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Hydroxyzine, treatment of migraine, 138 Hypermyelination, see Status marmoratus Hypertension and headaches, 146 intracranial, and headaches, 122-123 Hypogammaglobulinemia, echovirus infections in cases of, 212 Hypoxemia, fetal, EFM, 11 Hypoxemia-acidemia, other indicators, 8 Hypoxia, and placental pathology, 90-95 Hypoxia-ischemia and brain hemorrhage in neonates, 181-182 brain injury during late third trimester, term, and postterm, 81-87 -clinical criteria for, 74 Hypoxic ischemia effect of neurotransmitters on, 47-48 perinatal, imaging of brain injury, 72-89 imaging-clinical correlations, 76-87 and neonatal spinal cord injury, 67 pathophysiology of in nervous system,43-45 role in hypoxic ischemic brain injury, 47 role of free iron in associated brain injury, 47 treatment with calcium blockers, 45 Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, see Perinatal asphyxia Hypoxic ischemic injury, accumulation of glutamate, 44 Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, premature neonate, 60-62 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, imaging techniques for, 72-89; see also Asphyxia, perinatal Ibuprofen abortive treatment, migraine, 169 treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 of migraine, 138 Ice-cream headache, 162 Ice-pick headache, 162 Imaging perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, 72-89 techniques, for assessing perinatal brain injury, 74-76 Imaging-clinical correlations, hypoxic-ischemia, 76-87 Imipramine, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Immunocompetent patients, susceptibility to CMV, 217
SUBJECT INDEX
Indomethacin, headaches responsive to, 160-162 Infantile spasms and cortical dysplasias, 243 medical treatment, 238-240 and poor prognosis for intellectual outcome, 267 Infarcts, lacunar, in childhood, 184 Infection headaches associated with, 119-121 noncephalic, and headaches, 119-120 intracranial, headaches associated with, 120-121 viral, in central nervous system of children, 211-219 Infectious diseases, and childhood stroke, 187-188 Inflammation cerebrovascular, and headaches, 145 ocular, and headaches, 124 Influenza A, presents with headache, 120 Intelligence quotient, decreasing, and childhood epilepsy, 266-267 Interview, structured, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 153-154 Intracranial pressure, increased and headaches, 122 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Intracranial ventricles, flow of CSF in Chiari malformations, 223-224 Intrauterine infection, as possible maternal risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 58, 59 Introduction, 1-2, 101 childhood epilepsy with cognitive symptomatology, 237285 Iron, free, role in brain injury associated with hypoxic ischemia, 47 Ischemic stroke, childhood, 183-184 Isometheptene mncate abortive treatment, migraine, 170 treatment of migraine, 137 Jabs and jolt headache, 162 Japanese encephalitis, 213 Ketorolac abortive treatment, migraine, 169 treatment of migraine, 138 Kidneys, involvement in neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Krabbe's disease, see Globoid leukodystrophy L-NAME, see Nitro-L-arginine Labor FHR baseline rates during, 9 FHR variability during, 9 preterm, effectiveness of EFM, 20-21 and umbilical cord compression, 15, 16 Laboratory tests, for headaches, 115-116 LaCrosse virus, cause of California encephalitis, 2-13 Lacunar infarcts, in childhood, 184 Landau-Kleffner syndrome early treatment and intellectual outcome, 267 syndrome, see also Acquired epileptic aphasia Laughing headache, 162 Leptomeningitis, and childhood stroke, 187 Lesions, associated with epilepsy, 234 Leukemia, and childhood stroke, 186-187
SUBJECT INDEX
Leukoattractants, in amniotic cavity with chorioamnionitis, 91 Leukodystrophies, 200-210 genetic nature, 202 LKS, see Landau-Kleffner syndrome Lumbar puncture headaches following, 123 use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Lung, involvement in neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Lyme disease, headache associated with, 120 Lysosomal arylsulfatase, deficient activity of causes metachromatic leukodystrophy, 206 Macrocystic degeneration, after hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterm, 83 Macrocystic encephalomalacia, after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, MRI, 80 Magnetic resonance arteriography, use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62 bifrontal ulegyria after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, 80 contrast enhancement in brain after profound asphyxia, 86 cystic PVL, premature birth, 78 determination of extent of perinatal brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 focal cleft of polymicrogyria, cerebral palsy, neonate, 75 macrocystic encephalomalacia after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, 80 partial prolonged asphyxia in term infant, 79 profound asphyxia after placental abruption in term infant, 82 in term infant, 83 PVL, premature brith, 77 sequelae of PVL, 76 status marmoratus after profound asphyxia at term, 85 subicular neuronal necrosis after profound asphyxia at term, 84 use for assessing perinatal brain injury, 75-76 ! Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Malignant hypertension disease, and headache, 146 MAOI, see Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Marijuana, associated with headaches, 123 Measles, neuropathology, 214-215 Meconium amniotic fluid stained with, as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5 aspiration syndrome, fetal, 96 discharge fetal, significance of, 96-97 as marker of asphyxia, 96 vascular necrosis induced by, 97 Medical history, in cases of headache, 113-114 Medications, headaches due to, 123-124 Megalencephaly, distinctive feature of spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 MELAS, 163 and childhood stroke, 187-188
297
Memory tests, short-term, effect of EEG disharges on, 246-253 Meningitis aseptic caused by cocksackievirus, 212 caused by echoviruses in neonates, 212 caused by HIV, 218 complicaton of varicella-zoster infection, 217 headache associated with, 120 headache associated with, 120 viral, 212, 217, 218 Meningoencephalitis complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 sometimes caused by coxsackieviruses, 212 Mental retardation, and infantile spasms, 239 Mesial temporal sclerosis, 229 common abnormality in temporal lobectomy specimens of epilepsy, 227-228 Metabolic acidemia as not predictive for cerebral palsy, 28-29 cord gases as gold standard, 8 perinatal, identification of, 3-36 prenatal oligohydramnios as indicator, 8 recent surveillance techniques, 4 see also Cerebral palsy surrogate markers for, 4 Metabolism, cellular, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, neuropathology, 206-207 Methylation, state of, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Methylsergide, treatment, migraine, 166, 172 Metoclopramide, treatment of nausea and vomiting accompanying migraine, 168 Metoclopramine abortive treatment, migraine, 171 treatment of migraine, 138 Microdysgenesis, of epilepsy, 228, 230 Migraine abdominal, 135-136 with aura, 131-132 without aura, 129-130 basilar artery, 132 childhood, 104-105 in childhood and adolescence, 127-143 circadian rhythm of, 165 classification, 129-135 clinical approach for therapy, 167-168 complicated, 131-132 confusional, 135 cyclic, 161 diagnosis, 128-129 doses for prophylactic medications, 168 epidemiologic study, 151 hemiplegic, 132-133 increased levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide during, 165-166 increased levels of substance P during, 165-166 management of childhood and adolescent, 136-140 ophthalmoplegic, 133-134 pathogenesis, 165-166 pathphysiology, 165-166
298
Migraine (Continued) pediatric doses of medications for treatment, 167, 168 prevalence and incidence, 105 prognosis, 106, 140 prophylactic agents for, 139 prophylactic medications, 172-174 prophylaxis, use of antidepressant medications, 174-176 release of serotonin during by platelets, 165-166 retinal, 134 risk factors, 106 role of serotonin receptors, 166-167 school absence, 105 and stroke in children, 188 treatment with abortive medications, 169-172 for accompanying nausea and vomiting, 168 NSAIDs, 167 variants, 135-135 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Mitochondrial myopathy, ecephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and recurrent strokes, 163 MK462, treatment, migraine, 166 MLD, see Metachromatic leukdystrophy MMPI, see Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Monoamine oxidase, inhibitors, migraine prophylaxis, 174, 175 Monosodium glutamate, associated with headaches, 123124 Morbidity, perinatal, due to asphyxia, 3-36 Mortality, perinatal, due to asphyxia, 3-36 Motor abnormalities, in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Mountain sickness, acute, and headache, 162 Moyamoya syndrome, and childhood stroke, 184 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Multifocal ischemic cerebral necrosis, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Multiple gestation, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Mumps, neuropathology, 214 Mycoplasma pneumonia, presents with headache, 120 Myelin leukodystrophies as diseases of, 200-210 structure and biochemistry, 200-201 Myelin basic protein, 201 Myelin-associated enzymes, 201 Myelination and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 process of, 201 Myelinopathy, spongy, distinctive feature of spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 Myelomeningocele in Chiari malformations, 221-222 thoraco-lumbar involvement, 222-223 N-Acetylaspartic acid, increased levels in urine of children with spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 N-Methyl-D-aspartate, treatment of hypoxic ischemia with antagonists of, 48
SUBJECT INDEX
Naproxen abortive treatment, migraine, 169 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 Naproxen sodium migraine prophylaxis, 174 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 treatment of migraine, 138 Nausea, accompanying migraine, treatment, 168 NCD, see Neurocutaneous diseases NDMA, see N-Methyl-D-aspartate Near infrared spectroscopy, determination of extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Necrosis, multifocal ischemic cerebral, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Neocortical resections, surgical pathology of in cases of childhood epilepsy, 227-236 Neonates Apgar score as surrogate for asphyxia in, 7 cerebrovascular injuries in, 180-183 herpes simplex type 2 infection in, 216 premature, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in, 60-62 Neoplasms, and headache, 147-148 Nervous system, pathophysiology of hypoxic ischemia, 43-45 Neurocutaneous diseases genetic nature, 192-199 neuropathology, 192-199 Neurocutaneous syndromes, and headache, 147 Neurodevelopmental diseases, relationship to placental pathology, 90-97 Neurofibromatosis diagnosis, 192-193, 194 headaches due to intracranial vascular disorders in, 147 neuropathology, 192-193 Neurofibromin, product of NF1 gene, 193 Neurogenic inflammation, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Neuroimaging to determine maximum extent of brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 use of as assessment technique for brain injury in neonates, 62 use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Neurological disease, headaches as symptom, 144-150 Neurological examination, for headache, 114 Neurological sequelae, and umbilical cord blood gases, 27-28 Neuron, injury in premature neonafe with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, 60 Neuronal dysgenesis, of epilepsy, 228, 230 Neuronal heterotopia, in epilepsy resection, 232 Neuronal migration disorders, in epilepsy, 228 Neuronal necrosis selective, as result of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 ~ 9.... . subicular, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 84 Neuropathology, and infantile spasms, 243 Neurophysiology, of asphyxia, 45-47 Neuropsychological deficits caused by focal epileptic dysfunction, 273-275 link with epilepsy, 271-273 Neuropsychological deterioriation, characteristic of AEA and ECSWS, 271
SUBJECT INDEX
Neurotransmitters effect of hypoxic ischemia on, 47-48 excitatory, effect of asphyxia on in brain, 44-45 and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Nevus flammeous, facial, occurrence in Sturge-Weber disease, 198 NF, see Neurofibromatosis Nicardipine, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Nifedipine, associated with headaches, 123 Nimodipine migraine prophylaxis, 173 see also Calcium channel blockers NIRS, see Near infrared spectroscopy Nitric oxide, role in brain injury associated with hypoxic ischemia, 47 Nitrites, associated with headaches, 123-124 Nitro-L-arginine, and injury following hypoxic ischemic brain injury, 47 NMDA, activity in prenatal brain, 44 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs abortive treatment, migraine, 169 migraine prophylaxis, 173-174 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 167 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Nonstress test, FHR, identification of high-risk fetus, 23 NSAIDs, see Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NST, see Nonstress test Occipital neuralgia, 160 Ocular disease, and headaches, 124 Oligoacetic hypoxia, pathophysiology, 49-50 Oligohydramnios and meconium, 96 prenatal, as indicator of hypoxemia-acidemia, 8 Oliguria, fetal, see Oligohydramnios OM, see Ophthalmoplegic migraine Ophthalmoparesis, in childhood, 134 Ophthalmoplegic migraine, 133-134 Opioid analgesics, avoidance in migraine treatment 168 Oral contraceptives, associated with headaches, 123 Organs, systemic, involvement in neontal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Oxidative metabolism, effects of asphyxia on, 40 Pain facial, 163 reaction to by adolescents, 109 reaction to by young children, 109 Paramyxovirus, 214 Paroxetine, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Pathogenesis, migraine, 127-128, 165-166 Pathophysiology headaches, 144-145 migraine, 165-166 Patient history, collection of in cases of headache, 109-113 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease genetic basis, 208 neuropathology, 207-208 Perinatal asphyxia, 3-36 animal models, 37-56
299
Perinatal endpoints, nonreassuring, 24 Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Periventricular leukomalacia as result of ischemic injury to arterial blood supply in neonatal brain, 60 complex, 181-182 cystic, premature birth, MRI, 78 detection with computed tomography in neonates, 62 hypo-attenuation of after hypoxic-ischemic insult during 28 and 34 weeks gestation, 80 MRI of sequelae, 76 premature birth, MRI, 77 and vascular patterns in neonatal brain, 74 Personality Inventory for Children, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 PET, see Positron emission tomography pH arterial, effects of asphyxia on, 40 correlation with patterns of FHR, 6 low as nonreassuring outcome indicator, 28-29 predictive value for cerebral palsy, 28-29 Pharmacology, medications used in headache treatment, 165-177 Phenothiazines, abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 Phenyfoin, prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Pheochromocytoma , headaches associated with, 122 Phosphoizreatinine/inorganic phosphate ratio, during asphyxia, 42 Physical examination, for headache, 114 PIC, see Personality Index for Children Pizotifen, treatment, migraine, 166 Placenta growth parameters, 95-96 hypoxia-related pathology, 92-95 impairment of gas exchnage with fetus, and partial asphyxia with acidosis, 49 relationship of pathology of to neurodevelopmental and other childhood diseases, 90-97 villous capillary hypervascularity, 93-94 Placental abnormalities, as possible maternal risk factors associated with antepartum brain injury, 58, 59 Placental abruption brain injury after, 86-87 profound asphyxia in term infant after, MRI, 82 and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Placental dysmaturity, 93-94 PMD, see Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Poliomyelitis CNS viral infection, 211-212 vaccine-ass0ciated cases, 212 Poliovirus, nature of damage to CNS, 211 Polyarteritis, vasculitis-associated headaches in, 146 Polyhydramnios, as possible maternal risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 58 Ponto-subiculuar necrosis, 181-182 Positive predictive value of Apgar score for perinatal asphyxia, 7 and identification of perinatal metabolic acidemia, 3-36 Positron emission tornography, for determining extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67
300
Post-polio syndrome, 211 PPV, see Positive predictive value Pre-eclampsia headaches associated with, 122 and uteroplacental ischemic change, 92-93 Pregnancy correlation of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury with stages of, 76-87 and danger of rubella infection, 213 Pressure, increased intracranial, and headache, 113 Primates, other, compared physiologically with humans regarding respiration, 38 Prochlorperazine, abortive treatment, migraine, 171 Profile, temporal, for headaches, 110, 111 Prognosis, migraine, 140 Promethazine, treatment of migraine, 138 Prophylactic medications migraine, 172-174 tension-type headache, 175 Prophylaxis migraine, 168-169 Propranolol associated with headaches, 123 migraine prophylaxis, 139, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 166 Prostaglandins, as cause of headaches during infection, 119 Proteinuria, material, and risk of cerebral palsy in newborn, 4 Proteolipid protein, 201 Pseudotumor cerebri, and headache , 107, 122-123, 147 Psychogenic headache, see Headache, chronic, nonprogressive Psychological evaluation, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152-154 Psychological testing, for evaluation of chronic, nonprogressive headache, 154-155 Psychological tests, use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 PVL, see Periventricular leukomalacia Pyrogens, as cause of headaches during infection, 119-120 Ranitidine, associated with headaches, 123 Rasmussen's encephalitis, association with epilepsy, 232234 Receptors membrane, and extent of brain damage from hypoxicischemic insult, 73 serotonin, role in migraine, 166-167 Red blood cells, nucleated, in chorionic capillaries of placenta, 94 Relaxation training, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-~56 Reoxygenation, following asphyxiation, 43 Respiration comparison of humans and other primates, 38 in newborn versus adult, 37 Retinal migraine, 134 Rett syndrome, and intellectual outcome, 267 Rheumatic fever, with chorea, presents with headache, 120 Risk factors associated with antepartnm brain injury, 58-60 cerebral palsy, 4, 22
SUBJECT INDEX
Risk factors (Continued) headaches in children, 103 maternal, associated with antepartum brain injury, 58-59 migraine, 106 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, presents with headache, 120 Rubella, neuropathology, 213 Rubella panencephalitis, in adolescents, 213 Rubeola, see Measles Salmonella, presents with headache, 120 Scalp sample, fetal, for blood gases versus EFM, 18-19 SCD, see Sickle cell disease School absence due to headaches, 103 due to migraine, 105-106 School performance tasks, effect of EEG discharges on, 246-253 Schwannoma, occurrence in neurofibromatosis, 193 SDI, see Spongy degeneration of infancy Seizures absence, treatment, 261-262 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 intractable, surgery for and effect on early development, 238-245 subtle and TCI, 261-268 treatment, 261-268 Self-help programs, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Serial US scans, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, . 23 Serotonin receptors drugs active at this site, 166-167 role in migraine, 166-167 reuptake inhibitors, migraine prophylaxis, 175 release of by platelets during migraine, 165-166 Serotonin-receptor agonists, abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 Sertraline, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Shigella, presents with headache, 120 Shingles, see Varicella-zoster Shunting, CSF in Chiari malformations, cognitive outcome, 224 Sickle cell disease and childhood stroke, 186 maternal, and variable deceleration of FHR, 15 Single photon emission computed tomography, determination of extent of perinatal brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 Sinus brachycardia, see Brachycardia Sinus disease, headaches associated with, 106 Sinusitis, headaches associated with, 121 Sinusoidal baseline pattern, FHR, 11-12 Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis-associated headaches in, 146 Sleep and ECSWS, 269-270 fetal, correlation with FHR, 10-11 Sneezing headache, 162 SPECT, see Single photon emission computed tomography Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154
SUBJECT INDEX
Spinal cord fluid dynamics of in Chiari malformations, 223-224 injury due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 myelomeningocele, 221-222 Spongiform deficiency of infancy, neuropathology, 208-209 Spongiform leukodystrophy, see Spongiform deficiency of infancy SSRI, see Serotonin reuptake inhibitors St. Louis encephalitis, 213 Status marmoratus, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 85 Steroids, associated with headaches, 123 Stress and chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152 childhood causes, 184-188 epidemiology, 183 Stress management training, treatment, chronic nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Stroke in childhood, 180-191 comparison of childhood versus adult, 183-184 ischemic in childhood, 183-184 Sturge-Weber disease neuropathology, 198 in occipital cortex, 197 Sturge-Weber syndrome and epilepsy, 234 headaches due to intracranial vascular disorders in, 147 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neuropathology, 214215 Subdural hematoma after head trauma, 122 and headache, 147 Subicular neuronal necrosis, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 84 Substance abuse headaches due to, 123-124 maternal, as possible risk factor assciated with anteparturn brain injury, 58, 59 Substance P increased levels during migraine, 165-166 release, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Sumatriptan abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 treatment of migraine, 137, 138, 166 Surgery intractable seizures, and effect of epilepsy on early development, 238-245 treatment, infantile spasms, 240-243 Swelling, brain, as result of hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterm, 83 Systemic lupus erythematosus, vaculitis-associated headaches in, 146 311C90, treatment, migraine, 166 Tachycardia, definition rate, 8 TCI, see Transient cognitive impairment Temporal lobectomies, surgical pathology of in cases of childhood epilepsy, 227-236 Temporal mandibular joint dysfunction, 159-160 Tension headache, 104; see Headache, chronic, nonprogressive
301
Tension-type headaches, prophylactic medications, 175 Terenadine, associated with headaches, 123 Testing, psychological, for evaluation of chronic, nonprogressive headache, 154-155 Tetracycline, associated with headaches, 123 Thrombosis dural venous sinus, and headache, 147 and headache, 146 Thunderclap headache, and aneurysmal rupture, 147 Timolol, treatment, migraine, 166 Transient cognitive impairment, and subtle seizures, 261-268 Transverse myelitis, complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 Trauma and childhood stroke, 188 headaches occurring after, 121-122 Trazodone, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Treatment chronic, nonprogressive headache, 155--157 headaches, pharmacology of medications used, 165-177 Tricyclic antidepressants cardiac effects, 175 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Trigeminovascular system, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Trimethobenzamide, treatment of migraine, 138 Trimethoprim-sulfa, associated with headaches, 123 TSC, see Tuberous sclerosis complex Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnosis, 194 of epilepsy, 230-231 in lateral ventricle, 196 neuropathology, 194, 195 Tumors associated with neurofibromatosis, 193 in epilepsy resections, 231-232 Ulegyria bifrontal, after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, MRI, 80 formation after hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterrn, 83 Ultrasound, use for assessing perinatal brain injury, 74-75 Umbilical cord blood gas, and neurological sequelae, 27-28 compression during labor, 16 and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 and variable deceleration of FHR, 15 meconium-induced vascular necrosis, 97 UPI, see Uteroplacental deficiency Uterine tachystole, persistent, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Uteroplacental deficiency, and late deceleration of FHR, 12-13 Vacuolar myelopathy, caused by HIV, 218 Valproate, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Valproic acid pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Van Bohaert-Bertrand disease, see Spongiform deficiency of infancy
302
Variability, diminished in FHR, causes, 11 Varicella-zoster Iatency in spinal and cranial ganglia, 217-218 . neuropathology, 2i7-218 Vascular diseases, and childhood stroke, 184 Vascular malformation and childhood stroke, 184-186 and headache, 146 Vascular theory, migraine, 127 Vasculitits, and headaches, 146 Vein of Galen malformation, and headache, 146 Venezuelan encephalitis, 212-213 Venous angiomas, and childhood stroke, 184-185 Venous thrombosis, and childhood stroke, 186 Verapamil migraine prophylaxis, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 166
SUBJECT INDEX
Very long chain saturated fatty acids, elevated levels as diagnostic b{0ehemical abnormality for adrenoleukodystrophy, 203-204 Villitis, placental, significance regarding fetus, 92 Viral infections, central nervous system, pediatric, 211-219 Visual-perceptual abnormality, in Alice-in-Wonderlandsyndrome, 134:i35 Vomiting, accompanying migraine, treatment, 168 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, neuropathology, 194, 196-197 Wegener's granulomatosis, vascnlitis-associated headaches in, 146 Western encephalitis, 212 White matter periventrieular, damaged by hypoxia-ischemia during late second and early third trimester, 78-80 subcortical, diffuse injury from prolonged by partial hypoxic-ischemic insult, 72
SUBJECT INDEX
A U T H O R INDEX VOLUME 2 Altshuler, G., 90
Hill, A., 57
Becker, L.E., 227 Besag, F.M.C., 261 Bodensteiuer, J.B., 237
Jay, V., 227 Jensen, V.K., 151
Caplan, R., 238 Cohen, B.H., 144 Deonna, T., 254 Depp, R , 3 Diamond, S., 101 Garcia, J.H., 180 Gladstein, J., 119
Perez, E.R., 269 Powell, S., 211 Powers, J.M., 200
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D.G.A., 246 Latchaw, R.E., 72 Lewis, D.W., 127
Rapin, I., 278 Roland, E.H., 57 Rothner, A.D., 109, 151,159 Rubio, A., 200 Scheller, J.M., 102 Schochet, S.S., Jr., 179, 211 Shuman, R.M., 220 Solomon, G.D., 165
Nelson, J.S., 192 Painter, M.J., 1, 37 Pantoni, L., 180
Truwit, C.E., 72
SUBJECT INDEX VOLUME 2 Abdominal migraine, 135-136 Abortive agents, treatment, migraine, 137 Abortive medications, treatment, migraine, 169-172 Abruptio placentae, 95 Absence seizures, treatment, 261-262 Acetaminophen, treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 migraine, 138 Acidemia, fetal fetal, poorly linked with Apgar scores, 31-32 FHR as predictor, 6 see also Metabolic acidemia Acidosis, partial asphyxia with and without in fetus, 49-50 Acquired epileptic aphasia epileptic interference in, 275 etiology, 270 features, 269-270 neuropsycholgical deterioration characteristic of, 271 and prolonged cognitive impairment, 269-277 syndrome definition, 280 treatment rationale, 275 Acquired immune deficiency disease, neuropathology, 218 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and childhood stroke, 187 Addison's disease, associated with adreno-leukodystrophy, 203 Adenosine triphosphate, generation of during asphyxia, 40-41 Adenovirus infection, presents with headache, 120 Adolescents, chronic nonprogressive headaches in, 151 Adreno-leukdystrophy, neuropathology, 202-205 AEA, see Acquired epileptic aphasia Alcohol, associated with headaches, 123-124 ALD, see Adreno-leukdystrophy Alice-in-Wonderlandsyndrome, 131, 134-135 Altitude headache, 162
Amaurosis fugax, atheromatous carotid disease and headache, 134 Amino acids, excitatory, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Aminotic fluid volume, and fetal status, 25 Amitriptyline pediatric dose for migraine prophylaxis, 176 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 migraine, 166 Amniocentesis, genetic, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 22 Amniotic fluid, meconium-stain~d, as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5 Analgesics, treatment of migraine, 138 Anesthesia, during labor, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Aneurysms and childhood stroke, 186 and headache, 146, 147 Angiomas cavernous, and childhood stroke, 184-185 venous, and childhood stroke, 184-185 Animal models, for perinatal asphyxia, 37-56 Anti-inflammatoryagents amelioration of headache by, 119 non-steroidal, prophylactic agents for migraine, -140 Anticonvulsants, prophylactic agents formigraine, 140 Antidepressants prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 tricyclic, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 use for migraine prophylaxis, 174-176 Antiemetics, treatment of migraine, 137
SUBJECT INDEX
Antiepileptic drugs effects on cognitive-behavioral disturbances of suspected epileptic origin, 258-259 and state-dependent cognitive dysfunction, 264-266 Antiphospholipid antibodies, and childhood stroke, 187 Apgar score FHR as predictor, 6 and metabolic acidemia, 4, 5 poorly linked with fetal acidemia, 31-32 as predictor of neurological sequelae, 7 as surrogate for asphyxia in newborn, 7 sensitivity, 7 Arboviruses, as cause of encephalitis, 212-213 Arnold-Chiari malformaton, cerebellum and brainstem, 220 Arterial hypertension, and childhood headaches, 122 Arteriovenous malformations and childhood stroke, 184-185 rupture of in childhood, 184-186 Asphyxia birth, 29-30 determination as cause of cerebral palsy, 24-31 effect on excitatory neurotransmitters in brain, 44-45 exclusion as causal agent of neurological abnormalities, 30-31 fetal, total, pathophysiology, 48-49 intrapartum surrogates for, 5-7 meconium discharge as marker, 96 metabolic acidemia versus hyposemia or ischemia, 29-30 MRI imaging of types of damage in infant brain, 76-86 neonatal cerebral blood flow changes during, 50-5l parasagittal distribution of cerebral injury, 50 neurophysiological observations, 45-47 nonspecific surrogates, 3-8 partial with acidosis in fetus, pathophysiology, 49 without acidsis in fetus, pathophysiology, 49-50 in association with total asphyxia in fetus, 51 prolonged, term infant, MRI, 79 perinatal, 3-36 and associated brain hemorrhage in neonateS, 181-183 animal models, 37-56 bradycardia as indicator, 5-6 poor correlation with cerebral palsy, 7 physiological and chemical changes during, 38-42 predelivery, assigning causal role, 21-31 profound, term infant, MRI, 83 profundity and pattern of perinatal brain damage, 72-73 resistance to in neonate, 37 see also Hypoxic ischemia see also Metabolic acidemia use of nonspecific surrogates for, 4-5 Asphyxiation physiology of in dogs, 41-42 reoxygenation following, 43 Astrocytic tumors, occurrence in tuberous sclerosis, 194 Astrocytomas occurrence in neurofibromatosis, 193 in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Atenolol, pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168
291
Aura, in migraine, 131-132 Auscultation versus EFM, studies, 18-20 Autacoids, levels of during chorioamnionitis, 91 Autism and epilepsy, 281 infantile, and infantile spasms, 239 syndrome definition, 279 regression and epilepsy, 281-282 and role of epilepsy, 278-285 syndrome definition, 279 Autoimmune diseases, vasculitis associated with and headaches, 146 AVM, see Arteriovenous malformations Baroreceptors, responses in deceleration of FHR, 15 Basal ganglia, injury during acute and total hypoxicischemic event, 72 Basilar artery migraine, 132 BCECT, see Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes Beck Depression Index, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Behavior, effect of childhood epilepsies on, 254-260 Behavioral contingency management, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Behavioral disturbances, as epileptic manifestations, 254260 Benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes, similarity of AEA and ECSWS with, 270, 272, 273 Benign paroxysmal vertigo, 135 Beta-blockers migraine prophylaxis, 172-173 pediatric doses of for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agents for migraine, 139 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Beta-galactocerebrosidase, deficiency of and globoid cell leukodystrophy, 205-206 Biofeedback, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Biophyscial profile, antenatal testing method, 23 Blood flow and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73-74 interruption in brain and headaches, 145 Blood gases, umbilical cord, and neurological sequelae, 27-28 Blood pressure, high, and headaches, 122 Blood vessels, cerebral, rupture and headaches, 145 BPP, see Biophysical profile Brachycardia baseline and variability, clinical correlations, 10 definition rate, 8 as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5-6 Brain cerebral blood flow changes during neonatal asphyxia, 50-51 clinical aspects of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury, 57~71 compressibility, and pathophysiology of headaches, 145 congenital abnormalities in with hypoxia-ischemia during late first and early second trimester, 77-78
292
Brain (Continued) correlation of electrical activity with cerbral blood flow and cerebral energy metabolism, 45-47 edema of during hypoxic ischemia in fetus, 53 effects of herpes simplex virus, 216 effects of measles virus, 215 hypoxic-ischemic injury in premature neonate, 60-62 parasagittal distribution of injury after asphyxia, 50 pattern of damage and profundity of perinatal asphyxia, 72-73 prenatal calcium flux in during hypoxic ischemia, 45 injury, 58 vulnerability to effects of glutamate, 44 risk factors associated with antepartum injury, 58 statistics for perinatal injury, 4 vascular patterns and blood flow, and extent of damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73-74 Brain abscess, and headaches, 121, 148 Brain compliance, and pathophysiology of headaches, 145 Brain injury acute bypoxic-ischemic, in newborn, 62-67 assessment with imaging techniques, 74-76 magnitude related to severity and duration of insult, 62-63 perinatal hypoxic-iscbemic, imaging, 72-89 perinatal pattern of due to asphyxia, 48-50 premature neonate, clinical features associated with, 61 recognition in neonates with neuroimaging, 62 see also Cerebral palsy Brain .tumor, and headaches, 147-148 Brainstem dysfunction clinical evidence of, 63 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 caudal protrusion in Chiari type II malformation, 220-221 injury during acute and total hypoxic-ischemic event, 72 Butorphanol, abotive treatment, migraine, 171 Caffeine, in combination with ergotamine compounds, treatment of migraine, 137 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, increased levels during migraine, 165-166 Calcium channel blockers pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agents for migraine, 139-140 use of to ameliorate hypoxic ischemia insult, 45 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Calcium deposits, in Sturge-Weber disease, 198 entry blockers, migraine prophylaxis, 173 effects of cellular acidosis on in nervous system, 45 i California encephalitis, ,213 Canavan's disease, see Spongy degeneration of infancy Capillary telangiectases~ and childhood stroke, 184-185 Carbamazepine, prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Carbon monoxide, associated with headaches, 123-124 Cavernous angiomas, and childhood stroke, 184-185 CCPQ, see Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire Central nervous system dysfunction, difficulty in assessing in fetus, 32 fetal, changes in correlated with FHR, 10 infection by measles virus-causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 214-215
SUBJECT INDEX
Central nervous system (Continued) intrapartum injury and cerebral palsy, 25-26 lesions in due to neurofibromatosis, 193 in due to tuberous sclerosis, 194, 195 due to Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 194, 196-197 myelin in, 200-201 types of lesions caused by arboviruses, 213 viral infections in children, 211-219 Cerebellar ataxia, complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 Cerebellar cortex, atrophy of in metachromic leukodystrophy, 207 Cerebellar hemispheres, herniation in Chiari type III malformation, 221 Cerebellar tonsils, caudal displacement of in Chiari type I malformation, 220 Cerebellum and brainstem, malformation in Chiari type ii, 220 myelin deficits in with adreno-leukodystrophy, 202-205 Cerebral blood flow changes in as cause of headaches during infection, 119 during migraine, 127-128 effects of asphyxia on, 40 Cerebral cortex, diffuse injury from prolonged but partial hypoxic-ischemic insult, 72 Cerebral palsy assigning of causal role, 21-31 conditions for PPV of Apgar score for, 7 determination of asphyxia as cause, 24-31 determination of prenatal versus intrapartum asphyxia as cause, 24-25 and effectiveness of preterm labor EFM, 20-21 and false-positive rate of meconium-stained amniotic fluid as marker, 5 focal cleft of polymicrogyria, MRI, 75 imprecision of term, 74 low pH value as nonreassuring outcome indicator, 28-29 metabolic acidemia as not predictive for, 28-29 and perinatal hypoxic-ischemia brain injury, 57-71 poor correlation with perinatal asphyxia, 7 prenatal assessment, 22-25 relative role of prenatal versus intrapartal asphyxia/ metabolic anemia, 21-22 risk factors, 4, 22 see also Brain injury Cerebral perfusion, study of to determine extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Cerebrospinal fluid characteristics of after herpes simplex infection, 215-216 decreased, and headache, 123 dynamics of flow in Chiari malformations, 223-224 examination, to distinguish types of meningitis~120 Cerebrovascular disease, and headachesr145-149 Cerebrovascular injuries, in neonates,, 180-183 Cerebrum, myelin deficits in with adreno-leukodystrophy, 202-205 Chemoreceptors, responses in deceleration of FHR, 15 Chiari malformations, 220-226 and headache, 148 rational care plan, 224-225 Chicken pox, see Varicella-zoster
SUBJECT INDEX
Childhood diseases, relationship to placental pathology, 90-97 Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire, 153 Children's Depression Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Choice reaction time tests, effect of EEG discharges on, 246-253 Chorangiosis, 93-94 Chorioamnionitis histopathology, 90 pathophysiology, 91-92 toxins released, 90-91 Chorionic villus sampling, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 22 Chronic encephalitis, association with epilepsy, 232-234 Chronic parbyxsmal hemicrania, 161 Chronic, nonprogressive headaches, see Headaches, chronic, nonprogressive Cimetidine, associated with headaches, 123 Circadian rhythm, of migraine, 165 Clinical correlations, FHR baseline and variability, 10-12 Cluster headaches, 104, 159 atypical, 161 CMV, see Cytomegalovirus CNPHA, see Headaches, chronic nonprogressive Cocaine abuse, maternal, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 associated with headaches, 123 Cognition effect of childhood epilepsies on, 254-260 effect of CSF shunting on in Chiari malformatons, 224 Cognitive disturbances, as epileptic manifestations, 254-260 Cognitive dysfunction impairment, prolonged, and syndromes of acquired epileptic aphasia and epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during sleep, 269-277 permanent and state-dependent, and childhood epilepsy, 264-266 state-dependent, and antiepileptic drugs, 264-266 Cognitive impairment, transient, during subclinical epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges, 246-253 Cognitive symptomatology, childhood epilepsy with, 237285 Cognitive-behavioral treatment, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Cold, headaches induced by, 162 Communication, nonverbal, and infantile spasms, 240-243 Computed tomography, for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62, 75 Confusional, migraine, 135 Congenital malformation, fetal, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Congenital rubella syndrome, 213 Congenital septic hemolysis, 95 Consciousness, level of in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Cord gases, as gold standard for metabolic acidemia, 8 Cortical dysplasias, and infantile spasms, 243 Corticosteroids, treatment, migraine, 168 Cough headache, 162 Coxsackieviruses, as cause of viral meningitis, 212 CP, see Cerebral palsy
293
Cranial ultrasonography for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62 limitations in determining extent of brain injury in infants, 65-66 Craniofacial disease, headaches associated with, 106 CSF, see Cerebrospinal fluid Cyclic vomiting, 135 Cyclic migraine, 161 Cyproheptadine pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139, 168-169, 172 Cytochrome system, effects of asphyxia on, 41 Cytomegalovirus association with Rasmussen's encephalitis, 232 infection, congenital, and childhood stroke, 187 neuropathology, 217 Database, headache, 110 DD, see Disintegrative disorder Deceleration, FHR, 12-18 baroreceptor and chemoreceptor responses in, 15-16 definition and types, 12 early, 12 evaluation, 17 grading of variable, 16 late, 12-15 common clinical correlations, 14 grading and classification, 14 physiology, 12 prolonged, 17-18 secondary changes associated with, 14 variable, 15-17 Demyelinative diseases, 201 Desipramine, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Development, early, effect of epilepsy on, 238-245 DHE abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 treatment, migraine, 166, 168 Diagnosis, migraine, 128-129 Diclofenac, abortive treatment, migraine, 169 Diet, elimination, for migraine treatment, 136 Dihydroergotamine, treatment, migraine, 166 Diltiazem, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Dinoprostone, as cause of headaches during infection, 119 Disintegrative disorder and role of epilepsy, 278-285 syndrome definition, 279-280 Dopamine receptors, brain, effect of hypoxic ischemia, 47-48 treatment of hypoxic ischemia with antagonists of, 48 Doppler flow studies, umbilical, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, 23 Dural tear, headache associated with, 123 Dural venous sinus thrombosis, and headache, 147 Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, in epilepsy, 231 resection, 233 Dysmyelinative diseases, 201 Eastern encephalitis, 212 Echoviruses, cause aseptic meningitis in neonates, 212
294
ECSWS, see Epilepsy with continuous spike waves during sleep Edema, cerebral, during hypoxic ischemia in fetus, 53 EEG discharges, see Epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges EEG, Electroencephalography EFM, see Electronic fetal monitoring Ehrlichiosis, presents with headache, 120 Electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep and autistic regression, 278-285 syndrome definition, 280-281 Electrodiagnostic techniques, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Electroencephalogram, value of in evaluation of headache, 115-116 Electroencephalography, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Electronic fetal monitoring continuous, role, 18-21 and determination of fetal acidemia, 3-36 nonreassuring, as predictor of developmental outcome, 26-27 overall efficacy, 20-21 versus auscultation, EFM studies, 18-20 Emboli, and headache, 146 Encephalitis association with epilepsy, 232-234 caused by arboviruses, 212-213 caused by herpes simplex, 215-216 caused by measles virus, 215-216 headache associated with, 120 HIV, 218 sometimes caused by coxsackieviruses, 212 Encephalopathy hypoxic-ischemic, 57-71 correlation of severity with outcome, Sarnat and Sarnat classification, 63-64 duration of, 63-64 evolution, 64-65 physiological factors, 72-74 long-term outcome in infants, 68 progressive, in children infected intrauterinally or perinatally by HIV, 218 Endothelin-l,2, increased levels during chorioamnionitis, 91 Enteroviruses, infection of CNS by, 212 Epidemiology childhood stroke, 183 headaches in children, 102 migraine, 127, 151 Epilepsy and autism, 281 and autistic regression, 281-282 and disintegrative disorder, 278-285 childhood with cognitive symptomatology, 237-285 and decreasing IQ, 266-267 and permanent and state-dependent cognitive dysfunction, 264-266 effect on early development, 238-245 link with neuropsychological deficits, 271-273 surgical pathology of resections, 227-236
SUBJECT INDEX
Epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during sleep epileptic interference, 275 etiology, 270 features, 269-270 neuropsychological deterioration characteristic of, 271 and prolonged cognitive impairment, 269-277 treatment rationale, 275 Epileptic syndromes, cognitive and behavioral disturbances as, 254-260 Epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges frequent, effect of, 263-264 subclinical, transient cognitive impairment during, 246253 Epstein-Barr virus, chronic infection, presents with headache, 120 Ergotamine compounds, treatment, migraine, 137 Ergotamine tartrate abortive treatment, migraine, 170 treatment, migraine, 168 ESES, see Electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep Evaluation, psychological, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152-155 Examination, physical and neurological, for headache, 114 Exertional headaches, 160-161 Eye convergence problems, and headaches, 124 5-HT, see Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine, role in migraine, 128; see also Serotonin Facial pain, 163 Family history, in cases of headache, 113 Fetal acidemia, poorly linked with Apgar scores, 31-32 Fetal distress as imprecise term, 6-7 and markers for metabolic acidemia, 4 nonspecific surrogates for, 4-5 Fetal growth parameters, and fetal status, 25 Fetal heart rate accelerations and fetal reactivity, 18 and establishing causation of neurological abnormalities, 30-31 causes of diminished variability, 11 clinical correlations, 10-12 correlation of patterns with pH, 6 deceleration, 12-18 decreased, baseline rates and variability, 8-9 factors in variability, 11-18 ominous patterns and developmental outcome, 27 periodic changes, 12-18 as predictor of Apgar score, 6 as predictor of fetal acidemia, 6 secondary changes, 9 secondary variability changes, 16-17 sinusoidal baseline pattern, 11-12 variability, as predictor of fetal acidemia, 6 Fetal reactivity, and FHR accelerations, 18 Fetal status, modern prenatal indicators, 25 Fetus assessment in labor and at birth, 24 growth parameters, 95-96 prenatal assessment, 22-25 risk factors associated with anteparturn brain injury, 59-60
SUBJECT INDEX
FHR, see Fetal heart rate Flunarizine migraine prophylaxis, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 see also Calcium channel blockers Fluoxetine, migraine prophylaxis, 175-176 Focal cortical dysplasia, of epilepsy, 230-231 Focal deficits, acute, in childhood, 133 Focal epileptic dysfunction, neuropsychological deficits caused by, 273-275 Free radicals, and asphyxia, 42-43 GABA, see Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gamma-aminobutryic acid, role in migraine, 173 Gangliogliomas, in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Genetic disorders, and childhood stroke, 187 Germinal matrix hemorrhage, in neonates, 180-183 Gestational age, role in antepartum brain injury, 59-60 Glaucoma, and headaches, 124 GLD, see Globoid cell leukodystrophy Gliomas, in temporal lobectomies for epilepsy, 231 Globoid cell leukodystrophy, neuropathology, 205-206 Glucose effects of asphyxia on, 39 hypometabolism, and infantile spasms, 238-240 Glutamate accumulation in hypoxic ischemic injury, 44 effects in prenatal brain, 44 Glycoproteins, 201 GMH, see Germinal matrix hemorrhage Gray matter, deep nuclei, damaged by hypoxia-ischemia during late second and early third trimester, 78-80 Growth parameters, fetal-placental, 95-96 Hamartomas, occurrence in tuberous sclerosis, 194 Head size, subnormal at birth as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Head trauma, and headache from subdural hematoma, 147 Headache, specific types; see also Headaches altitude, 162 atypical cluster, 161 cough, 162 ice cream, 162 ice-pick, 162 jabs and jolt, 162 laughing, 162 see also Migraine sneezing, 162 tension-type prophylactic medications, 175 treatment with abortive medications, 176 thunderclap, and aneurysmal rupture, 147 Headache syndromes, children and adolescents, 159-164 Headaches, see aNo Headache for specific types acute, diagnostic considerations, 120 as symptom Of neurological disease, 144-150 associated with infection, 119-12l brain abscess, 12l craniofacial disease, 106 intracranial infections, 120-121 sinus disease, 106
295
Headaches (Continued) sinusitis, 121 and arterial hypertension, 122 and atheromatous carotid disease, 134 from benign intracranial hypertension, 147 and brain abscess, 148 and cerebrovascular disease, 145-149 character of in children, 103 and Chiari malformations, 14 chronic, nonprogressive in children and adolescents, 151 evaluation, 152-155 potential variables related to, 153 symptoms, 151-152 treatment, 155-157 cluster, 104, 159 due to medications, 123-124 pseudotumor cerebri, 107 substance abuse, 123-124 duration of in children, 103 evaluation, 145 : emergency, 115 in children and adolescents, 109-118 exertional, 160-161 hist0ry, epidemiology, and classification in childhood, i02-108 and hydrocephalus, 148 and increased intracranial pressure, 113 indomethacin-responsive, 160-162 induced by cold, 162 laboratory tests, 115-116 and neoplasms, 147-148 occurring after trauma, 121-122 and ocular disease, 124 pathophysiology, 144-145 pediatrician's perspective, 119-126 and pseudotumor cerebri, 147 pharmacology of medications used in treatment, 165-177 physical and neurological examination for, 114 risk factors for in children, 103 see also Migraine temporal pattern of, 127 temporal profile, 110 tension, 104 treatment, 103 Heart disease, and childhood stroke, 184 Heart rate, fetal, see Fetal heart rate Hemangioblastomas, occurrence in Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 194, 196-197 Hematologic disorders, and childhood stroke, 186 Hemicrania continua, 161-162 Hemiplegic migraine, 132-133 Hemisyndrome migraine, 132-133 Hemoglobins, effects of asphyxia on, 42 Hemophilia, and childhood stroke, 187 Hemorrhage brain, associated with ponto-subicular necrosis in neonates, 181-182 PVL in neonates, 181-182 cerebral, epidemiol0gy in children, 183-184 and headache, 146
296
Hemorrhage (Continued) result of partial prolonged hypoxia-ischemia during 28 and'34 weeks gestation, 80 subependymal, in neonates, 180-183 Hemorrhagic lesions, in premature neonate, 60-62 Herpes simplex, as cause of encephalitis, 215-216 Herpes simplex type 2, venereal transmission, 216 Herpesvirus, see also Cytomegalovirus; Varicella-zoster Hetal heart rate, baseline rate and variability, 8-9 HIE, see Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy Hippocampus, involvement epilepsy pathology, 227-228 History, headaches in children, 102 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, neurotropic, 218 Hydrocephalus congenital, possible role of mumps virus, 214 and headaches, 148 Hydrops fetalis, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Hydroxyzine, treatment of migraine, 138 Hypermyelination, see Status marmoratus Hypertension and headaches, 146 intracranial, and headaches, 122-123 Hypogammaglobulinemia, echovirus infections in cases of, 212 Hypoxemia, fetal, EFM, 11 Hypoxemia-acidemia, other indicators, 8 Hypoxia, and placental pathology, 90-95 Hypoxia-ischemia and brain hemorrhage in neonates, 181-182 brain injury during late third trimester, term, and postterm, 81-87 -clinical criteria for, 74 Hypoxic ischemia effect of neurotransmitters on, 47-48 perinatal, imaging of brain injury, 72-89 imaging-clinical correlations, 76-87 and neonatal spinal cord injury, 67 pathophysiology of in nervous system,43-45 role in hypoxic ischemic brain injury, 47 role of free iron in associated brain injury, 47 treatment with calcium blockers, 45 Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, see Perinatal asphyxia Hypoxic ischemic injury, accumulation of glutamate, 44 Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, premature neonate, 60-62 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, imaging techniques for, 72-89; see also Asphyxia, perinatal Ibuprofen abortive treatment, migraine, 169 treatment chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 of migraine, 138 Ice-cream headache, 162 Ice-pick headache, 162 Imaging perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, 72-89 techniques, for assessing perinatal brain injury, 74-76 Imaging-clinical correlations, hypoxic-ischemia, 76-87 Imipramine, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Immunocompetent patients, susceptibility to CMV, 217
SUBJECT INDEX
Indomethacin, headaches responsive to, 160-162 Infantile spasms and cortical dysplasias, 243 medical treatment, 238-240 and poor prognosis for intellectual outcome, 267 Infarcts, lacunar, in childhood, 184 Infection headaches associated with, 119-121 noncephalic, and headaches, 119-120 intracranial, headaches associated with, 120-121 viral, in central nervous system of children, 211-219 Infectious diseases, and childhood stroke, 187-188 Inflammation cerebrovascular, and headaches, 145 ocular, and headaches, 124 Influenza A, presents with headache, 120 Intelligence quotient, decreasing, and childhood epilepsy, 266-267 Interview, structured, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 153-154 Intracranial pressure, increased and headaches, 122 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Intracranial ventricles, flow of CSF in Chiari malformations, 223-224 Intrauterine infection, as possible maternal risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 58, 59 Introduction, 1-2, 101 childhood epilepsy with cognitive symptomatology, 237285 Iron, free, role in brain injury associated with hypoxic ischemia, 47 Ischemic stroke, childhood, 183-184 Isometheptene mncate abortive treatment, migraine, 170 treatment of migraine, 137 Jabs and jolt headache, 162 Japanese encephalitis, 213 Ketorolac abortive treatment, migraine, 169 treatment of migraine, 138 Kidneys, involvement in neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Krabbe's disease, see Globoid leukodystrophy L-NAME, see Nitro-L-arginine Labor FHR baseline rates during, 9 FHR variability during, 9 preterm, effectiveness of EFM, 20-21 and umbilical cord compression, 15, 16 Laboratory tests, for headaches, 115-116 LaCrosse virus, cause of California encephalitis, 2-13 Lacunar infarcts, in childhood, 184 Landau-Kleffner syndrome early treatment and intellectual outcome, 267 syndrome, see also Acquired epileptic aphasia Laughing headache, 162 Leptomeningitis, and childhood stroke, 187 Lesions, associated with epilepsy, 234 Leukemia, and childhood stroke, 186-187
SUBJECT INDEX
Leukoattractants, in amniotic cavity with chorioamnionitis, 91 Leukodystrophies, 200-210 genetic nature, 202 LKS, see Landau-Kleffner syndrome Lumbar puncture headaches following, 123 use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Lung, involvement in neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Lyme disease, headache associated with, 120 Lysosomal arylsulfatase, deficient activity of causes metachromatic leukodystrophy, 206 Macrocystic degeneration, after hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterm, 83 Macrocystic encephalomalacia, after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, MRI, 80 Magnetic resonance arteriography, use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of brain injury in neonates, 62 bifrontal ulegyria after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, 80 contrast enhancement in brain after profound asphyxia, 86 cystic PVL, premature birth, 78 determination of extent of perinatal brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 focal cleft of polymicrogyria, cerebral palsy, neonate, 75 macrocystic encephalomalacia after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, 80 partial prolonged asphyxia in term infant, 79 profound asphyxia after placental abruption in term infant, 82 in term infant, 83 PVL, premature brith, 77 sequelae of PVL, 76 status marmoratus after profound asphyxia at term, 85 subicular neuronal necrosis after profound asphyxia at term, 84 use for assessing perinatal brain injury, 75-76 ! Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, for determining extent of brain injury in perinatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Malignant hypertension disease, and headache, 146 MAOI, see Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Marijuana, associated with headaches, 123 Measles, neuropathology, 214-215 Meconium amniotic fluid stained with, as intrapartum surrogate for asphyxia, 5 aspiration syndrome, fetal, 96 discharge fetal, significance of, 96-97 as marker of asphyxia, 96 vascular necrosis induced by, 97 Medical history, in cases of headache, 113-114 Medications, headaches due to, 123-124 Megalencephaly, distinctive feature of spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 MELAS, 163 and childhood stroke, 187-188
297
Memory tests, short-term, effect of EEG disharges on, 246-253 Meningitis aseptic caused by cocksackievirus, 212 caused by echoviruses in neonates, 212 caused by HIV, 218 complicaton of varicella-zoster infection, 217 headache associated with, 120 headache associated with, 120 viral, 212, 217, 218 Meningoencephalitis complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 sometimes caused by coxsackieviruses, 212 Mental retardation, and infantile spasms, 239 Mesial temporal sclerosis, 229 common abnormality in temporal lobectomy specimens of epilepsy, 227-228 Metabolic acidemia as not predictive for cerebral palsy, 28-29 cord gases as gold standard, 8 perinatal, identification of, 3-36 prenatal oligohydramnios as indicator, 8 recent surveillance techniques, 4 see also Cerebral palsy surrogate markers for, 4 Metabolism, cellular, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, neuropathology, 206-207 Methylation, state of, and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Methylsergide, treatment, migraine, 166, 172 Metoclopramide, treatment of nausea and vomiting accompanying migraine, 168 Metoclopramine abortive treatment, migraine, 171 treatment of migraine, 138 Microdysgenesis, of epilepsy, 228, 230 Migraine abdominal, 135-136 with aura, 131-132 without aura, 129-130 basilar artery, 132 childhood, 104-105 in childhood and adolescence, 127-143 circadian rhythm of, 165 classification, 129-135 clinical approach for therapy, 167-168 complicated, 131-132 confusional, 135 cyclic, 161 diagnosis, 128-129 doses for prophylactic medications, 168 epidemiologic study, 151 hemiplegic, 132-133 increased levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide during, 165-166 increased levels of substance P during, 165-166 management of childhood and adolescent, 136-140 ophthalmoplegic, 133-134 pathogenesis, 165-166 pathphysiology, 165-166
298
Migraine (Continued) pediatric doses of medications for treatment, 167, 168 prevalence and incidence, 105 prognosis, 106, 140 prophylactic agents for, 139 prophylactic medications, 172-174 prophylaxis, use of antidepressant medications, 174-176 release of serotonin during by platelets, 165-166 retinal, 134 risk factors, 106 role of serotonin receptors, 166-167 school absence, 105 and stroke in children, 188 treatment with abortive medications, 169-172 for accompanying nausea and vomiting, 168 NSAIDs, 167 variants, 135-135 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 Mitochondrial myopathy, ecephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and recurrent strokes, 163 MK462, treatment, migraine, 166 MLD, see Metachromatic leukdystrophy MMPI, see Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Monoamine oxidase, inhibitors, migraine prophylaxis, 174, 175 Monosodium glutamate, associated with headaches, 123124 Morbidity, perinatal, due to asphyxia, 3-36 Mortality, perinatal, due to asphyxia, 3-36 Motor abnormalities, in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 Mountain sickness, acute, and headache, 162 Moyamoya syndrome, and childhood stroke, 184 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Multifocal ischemic cerebral necrosis, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Multiple gestation, as possible risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 59 Mumps, neuropathology, 214 Mycoplasma pneumonia, presents with headache, 120 Myelin leukodystrophies as diseases of, 200-210 structure and biochemistry, 200-201 Myelin basic protein, 201 Myelin-associated enzymes, 201 Myelination and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 process of, 201 Myelinopathy, spongy, distinctive feature of spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 Myelomeningocele in Chiari malformations, 221-222 thoraco-lumbar involvement, 222-223 N-Acetylaspartic acid, increased levels in urine of children with spongiform deficiency of infancy, 208 N-Methyl-D-aspartate, treatment of hypoxic ischemia with antagonists of, 48
SUBJECT INDEX
Naproxen abortive treatment, migraine, 169 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 Naproxen sodium migraine prophylaxis, 174 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 treatment of migraine, 138 Nausea, accompanying migraine, treatment, 168 NCD, see Neurocutaneous diseases NDMA, see N-Methyl-D-aspartate Near infrared spectroscopy, determination of extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Necrosis, multifocal ischemic cerebral, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Neocortical resections, surgical pathology of in cases of childhood epilepsy, 227-236 Neonates Apgar score as surrogate for asphyxia in, 7 cerebrovascular injuries in, 180-183 herpes simplex type 2 infection in, 216 premature, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in, 60-62 Neoplasms, and headache, 147-148 Nervous system, pathophysiology of hypoxic ischemia, 43-45 Neurocutaneous diseases genetic nature, 192-199 neuropathology, 192-199 Neurocutaneous syndromes, and headache, 147 Neurodevelopmental diseases, relationship to placental pathology, 90-97 Neurofibromatosis diagnosis, 192-193, 194 headaches due to intracranial vascular disorders in, 147 neuropathology, 192-193 Neurofibromin, product of NF1 gene, 193 Neurogenic inflammation, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Neuroimaging to determine maximum extent of brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 use of as assessment technique for brain injury in neonates, 62 use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 Neurological disease, headaches as symptom, 144-150 Neurological examination, for headache, 114 Neurological sequelae, and umbilical cord blood gases, 27-28 Neuron, injury in premature neonafe with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, 60 Neuronal dysgenesis, of epilepsy, 228, 230 Neuronal heterotopia, in epilepsy resection, 232 Neuronal migration disorders, in epilepsy, 228 Neuronal necrosis selective, as result of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 ~ 9.... . subicular, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 84 Neuropathology, and infantile spasms, 243 Neurophysiology, of asphyxia, 45-47 Neuropsychological deficits caused by focal epileptic dysfunction, 273-275 link with epilepsy, 271-273 Neuropsychological deterioriation, characteristic of AEA and ECSWS, 271
SUBJECT INDEX
Neurotransmitters effect of hypoxic ischemia on, 47-48 excitatory, effect of asphyxia on in brain, 44-45 and extent of brain damage from hypoxic-ischemic insult, 73 Nevus flammeous, facial, occurrence in Sturge-Weber disease, 198 NF, see Neurofibromatosis Nicardipine, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Nifedipine, associated with headaches, 123 Nimodipine migraine prophylaxis, 173 see also Calcium channel blockers NIRS, see Near infrared spectroscopy Nitric oxide, role in brain injury associated with hypoxic ischemia, 47 Nitrites, associated with headaches, 123-124 Nitro-L-arginine, and injury following hypoxic ischemic brain injury, 47 NMDA, activity in prenatal brain, 44 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs abortive treatment, migraine, 169 migraine prophylaxis, 173-174 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 167 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Nonstress test, FHR, identification of high-risk fetus, 23 NSAIDs, see Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NST, see Nonstress test Occipital neuralgia, 160 Ocular disease, and headaches, 124 Oligoacetic hypoxia, pathophysiology, 49-50 Oligohydramnios and meconium, 96 prenatal, as indicator of hypoxemia-acidemia, 8 Oliguria, fetal, see Oligohydramnios OM, see Ophthalmoplegic migraine Ophthalmoparesis, in childhood, 134 Ophthalmoplegic migraine, 133-134 Opioid analgesics, avoidance in migraine treatment 168 Oral contraceptives, associated with headaches, 123 Organs, systemic, involvement in neontal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 Oxidative metabolism, effects of asphyxia on, 40 Pain facial, 163 reaction to by adolescents, 109 reaction to by young children, 109 Paramyxovirus, 214 Paroxetine, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Pathogenesis, migraine, 127-128, 165-166 Pathophysiology headaches, 144-145 migraine, 165-166 Patient history, collection of in cases of headache, 109-113 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease genetic basis, 208 neuropathology, 207-208 Perinatal asphyxia, 3-36 animal models, 37-56
299
Perinatal endpoints, nonreassuring, 24 Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction, as result of hypoxicischemic brain injury in premature neonate, 61 Periventricular leukomalacia as result of ischemic injury to arterial blood supply in neonatal brain, 60 complex, 181-182 cystic, premature birth, MRI, 78 detection with computed tomography in neonates, 62 hypo-attenuation of after hypoxic-ischemic insult during 28 and 34 weeks gestation, 80 MRI of sequelae, 76 premature birth, MRI, 77 and vascular patterns in neonatal brain, 74 Personality Inventory for Children, use in evaluation of headaches, 154 PET, see Positron emission tomography pH arterial, effects of asphyxia on, 40 correlation with patterns of FHR, 6 low as nonreassuring outcome indicator, 28-29 predictive value for cerebral palsy, 28-29 Pharmacology, medications used in headache treatment, 165-177 Phenothiazines, abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 Phenyfoin, prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Pheochromocytoma , headaches associated with, 122 Phosphoizreatinine/inorganic phosphate ratio, during asphyxia, 42 Physical examination, for headache, 114 PIC, see Personality Index for Children Pizotifen, treatment, migraine, 166 Placenta growth parameters, 95-96 hypoxia-related pathology, 92-95 impairment of gas exchnage with fetus, and partial asphyxia with acidosis, 49 relationship of pathology of to neurodevelopmental and other childhood diseases, 90-97 villous capillary hypervascularity, 93-94 Placental abnormalities, as possible maternal risk factors associated with antepartum brain injury, 58, 59 Placental abruption brain injury after, 86-87 profound asphyxia in term infant after, MRI, 82 and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Placental dysmaturity, 93-94 PMD, see Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Poliomyelitis CNS viral infection, 211-212 vaccine-ass0ciated cases, 212 Poliovirus, nature of damage to CNS, 211 Polyarteritis, vasculitis-associated headaches in, 146 Polyhydramnios, as possible maternal risk factor associated with antepartum brain injury, 58 Ponto-subiculuar necrosis, 181-182 Positive predictive value of Apgar score for perinatal asphyxia, 7 and identification of perinatal metabolic acidemia, 3-36 Positron emission tornography, for determining extent of perinatal brain injury in hypoxic-ischemia, 67
300
Post-polio syndrome, 211 PPV, see Positive predictive value Pre-eclampsia headaches associated with, 122 and uteroplacental ischemic change, 92-93 Pregnancy correlation of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury with stages of, 76-87 and danger of rubella infection, 213 Pressure, increased intracranial, and headache, 113 Primates, other, compared physiologically with humans regarding respiration, 38 Prochlorperazine, abortive treatment, migraine, 171 Profile, temporal, for headaches, 110, 111 Prognosis, migraine, 140 Promethazine, treatment of migraine, 138 Prophylactic medications migraine, 172-174 tension-type headache, 175 Prophylaxis migraine, 168-169 Propranolol associated with headaches, 123 migraine prophylaxis, 139, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 166 Prostaglandins, as cause of headaches during infection, 119 Proteinuria, material, and risk of cerebral palsy in newborn, 4 Proteolipid protein, 201 Pseudotumor cerebri, and headache , 107, 122-123, 147 Psychogenic headache, see Headache, chronic, nonprogressive Psychological evaluation, for chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152-154 Psychological testing, for evaluation of chronic, nonprogressive headache, 154-155 Psychological tests, use of in evaluation of headaches, 116 PVL, see Periventricular leukomalacia Pyrogens, as cause of headaches during infection, 119-120 Ranitidine, associated with headaches, 123 Rasmussen's encephalitis, association with epilepsy, 232234 Receptors membrane, and extent of brain damage from hypoxicischemic insult, 73 serotonin, role in migraine, 166-167 Red blood cells, nucleated, in chorionic capillaries of placenta, 94 Relaxation training, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 155-~56 Reoxygenation, following asphyxiation, 43 Respiration comparison of humans and other primates, 38 in newborn versus adult, 37 Retinal migraine, 134 Rett syndrome, and intellectual outcome, 267 Rheumatic fever, with chorea, presents with headache, 120 Risk factors associated with antepartnm brain injury, 58-60 cerebral palsy, 4, 22
SUBJECT INDEX
Risk factors (Continued) headaches in children, 103 maternal, associated with antepartum brain injury, 58-59 migraine, 106 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, presents with headache, 120 Rubella, neuropathology, 213 Rubella panencephalitis, in adolescents, 213 Rubeola, see Measles Salmonella, presents with headache, 120 Scalp sample, fetal, for blood gases versus EFM, 18-19 SCD, see Sickle cell disease School absence due to headaches, 103 due to migraine, 105-106 School performance tasks, effect of EEG discharges on, 246-253 Schwannoma, occurrence in neurofibromatosis, 193 SDI, see Spongy degeneration of infancy Seizures absence, treatment, 261-262 in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 64-65 intractable, surgery for and effect on early development, 238-245 subtle and TCI, 261-268 treatment, 261-268 Self-help programs, treatment, chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 156 Serial US scans, and prenatal assessment for cerebral palsy, . 23 Serotonin receptors drugs active at this site, 166-167 role in migraine, 166-167 reuptake inhibitors, migraine prophylaxis, 175 release of by platelets during migraine, 165-166 Serotonin-receptor agonists, abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 Sertraline, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Shigella, presents with headache, 120 Shingles, see Varicella-zoster Shunting, CSF in Chiari malformations, cognitive outcome, 224 Sickle cell disease and childhood stroke, 186 maternal, and variable deceleration of FHR, 15 Single photon emission computed tomography, determination of extent of perinatal brain injury as result of hypoxic-ischemia, 65 Sinus brachycardia, see Brachycardia Sinus disease, headaches associated with, 106 Sinusitis, headaches associated with, 121 Sinusoidal baseline pattern, FHR, 11-12 Sjogren's syndrome, vasculitis-associated headaches in, 146 Sleep and ECSWS, 269-270 fetal, correlation with FHR, 10-11 Sneezing headache, 162 SPECT, see Single photon emission computed tomography Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, use in evaluation of headaches, 154
SUBJECT INDEX
Spinal cord fluid dynamics of in Chiari malformations, 223-224 injury due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemia, 67 myelomeningocele, 221-222 Spongiform deficiency of infancy, neuropathology, 208-209 Spongiform leukodystrophy, see Spongiform deficiency of infancy SSRI, see Serotonin reuptake inhibitors St. Louis encephalitis, 213 Status marmoratus, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 85 Steroids, associated with headaches, 123 Stress and chronic, nonprogressive headaches, 152 childhood causes, 184-188 epidemiology, 183 Stress management training, treatment, chronic nonprogressive headaches, 155-156 Stroke in childhood, 180-191 comparison of childhood versus adult, 183-184 ischemic in childhood, 183-184 Sturge-Weber disease neuropathology, 198 in occipital cortex, 197 Sturge-Weber syndrome and epilepsy, 234 headaches due to intracranial vascular disorders in, 147 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, neuropathology, 214215 Subdural hematoma after head trauma, 122 and headache, 147 Subicular neuronal necrosis, after profound asphyxia at term, MRI, 84 Substance abuse headaches due to, 123-124 maternal, as possible risk factor assciated with anteparturn brain injury, 58, 59 Substance P increased levels during migraine, 165-166 release, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Sumatriptan abortive treatment, migraine, 170-171 treatment of migraine, 137, 138, 166 Surgery intractable seizures, and effect of epilepsy on early development, 238-245 treatment, infantile spasms, 240-243 Swelling, brain, as result of hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterm, 83 Systemic lupus erythematosus, vaculitis-associated headaches in, 146 311C90, treatment, migraine, 166 Tachycardia, definition rate, 8 TCI, see Transient cognitive impairment Temporal lobectomies, surgical pathology of in cases of childhood epilepsy, 227-236 Temporal mandibular joint dysfunction, 159-160 Tension headache, 104; see Headache, chronic, nonprogressive
301
Tension-type headaches, prophylactic medications, 175 Terenadine, associated with headaches, 123 Testing, psychological, for evaluation of chronic, nonprogressive headache, 154-155 Tetracycline, associated with headaches, 123 Thrombosis dural venous sinus, and headache, 147 and headache, 146 Thunderclap headache, and aneurysmal rupture, 147 Timolol, treatment, migraine, 166 Transient cognitive impairment, and subtle seizures, 261-268 Transverse myelitis, complication of varicella-zoster infection, 217 Trauma and childhood stroke, 188 headaches occurring after, 121-122 Trazodone, migraine prophylaxis, 176 Treatment chronic, nonprogressive headache, 155--157 headaches, pharmacology of medications used, 165-177 Tricyclic antidepressants cardiac effects, 175 use for migraine prophylaxis, 168-169 Trigeminovascular system, use of drugs that block to treat migraine, 167 Trimethobenzamide, treatment of migraine, 138 Trimethoprim-sulfa, associated with headaches, 123 TSC, see Tuberous sclerosis complex Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnosis, 194 of epilepsy, 230-231 in lateral ventricle, 196 neuropathology, 194, 195 Tumors associated with neurofibromatosis, 193 in epilepsy resections, 231-232 Ulegyria bifrontal, after hypoxia-ischemia in term infant, MRI, 80 formation after hypoxic-ischemic insult during late trimester, term, and postterrn, 83 Ultrasound, use for assessing perinatal brain injury, 74-75 Umbilical cord blood gas, and neurological sequelae, 27-28 compression during labor, 16 and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 and variable deceleration of FHR, 15 meconium-induced vascular necrosis, 97 UPI, see Uteroplacental deficiency Uterine tachystole, persistent, and prolonged FHR deceleration, 17 Uteroplacental deficiency, and late deceleration of FHR, 12-13 Vacuolar myelopathy, caused by HIV, 218 Valproate, migraine prophylaxis, 173 Valproic acid pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 prophylactic agent for migraine, 139 Van Bohaert-Bertrand disease, see Spongiform deficiency of infancy
302
Variability, diminished in FHR, causes, 11 Varicella-zoster Iatency in spinal and cranial ganglia, 217-218 . neuropathology, 2i7-218 Vascular diseases, and childhood stroke, 184 Vascular malformation and childhood stroke, 184-186 and headache, 146 Vascular theory, migraine, 127 Vasculitits, and headaches, 146 Vein of Galen malformation, and headache, 146 Venezuelan encephalitis, 212-213 Venous angiomas, and childhood stroke, 184-185 Venous thrombosis, and childhood stroke, 186 Verapamil migraine prophylaxis, 173 pediatric doses for migraine treatment, 167, 168 treatment, migraine, 166
SUBJECT INDEX
Very long chain saturated fatty acids, elevated levels as diagnostic b{0ehemical abnormality for adrenoleukodystrophy, 203-204 Villitis, placental, significance regarding fetus, 92 Viral infections, central nervous system, pediatric, 211-219 Visual-perceptual abnormality, in Alice-in-Wonderlandsyndrome, 134:i35 Vomiting, accompanying migraine, treatment, 168 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, neuropathology, 194, 196-197 Wegener's granulomatosis, vascnlitis-associated headaches in, 146 Western encephalitis, 212 White matter periventrieular, damaged by hypoxia-ischemia during late second and early third trimester, 78-80 subcortical, diffuse injury from prolonged by partial hypoxic-ischemic insult, 72