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Submarine tailings disposal (STD) for mines: an introduction
EXCAVATIONS:GROUNDWATER al resources must aim at an absolute reduction in 6ty of material, a far-reaching use of recycling oppores and above that at an environmentally careful extracof the remaining resources needed. (from English rarY) 50
tion- the legacy
of the Welsh metal mines lsley, Mine & Quarry, 24(7), 1995, pp 9-10. egacy of the decline in metal mining in Wales is seen in unsightly spoil mounds, dangerous open shafts and rumbling remains of buildings. Many of the former ngs are sources of both airborne and waterborne tion affecting their immediate surroundings and more te localities. As such, the metal mining legacy is often d negatively. However, local authorities and funding s such as the Welsh Develoument Aeencv (WDA) have taking a fresh look into the signi&an&‘of the sites, uily from a safety and pollution prevention viewpoint, also from an industrial, archeological, geological and @al point of view. (from Author) 51 r movement in fissures in soil body disturbed by ~g(in Cbinese) 5 Yonghong, Wang Yuping, Yin Zengde L Sun ning, Journal - China Coal Society, 20(6), 1995, pp 71. osmotic spatial structure of fissures of soil body bed by mining is a special deformation medium. The and property of the fissure wall are important aspects. I flow in the fissures, including directional and peneg flow, as well as interaction between soil and water are rsed. The flow rate of water is controlled by the critical velocity of water level and the effective duration. The hydraulic parameter which affects the flow is the width : fissures. (English summary) 52 ods for the control
and treatment
of acid mine
?eRobinson & G. A. Robb, Coal International, 243(4), pp 152-156. .rainage of waters from abandoned coal and metal mines ten acidic with an elevated heavy metal content. t&ion between this acid mine drainage and the environcan cause gross pollution. Whilst temporary engineered fiation can lessen the impact, complete amelioration is possible using active and/or passive treatment systems. e technologies are costly as they often include the olled addition of chemicals which can produce a minated efluent that requires additional treatment. cience. of wetland treatment processes is still not fully ,stood and as a consequence the full potential of the ology has yet to be realised. There is evidence, however, the use of passive treatment is a realistic and cost ive method for the remediation of acid mine drainage. Authors) 53 tation of phosphate pebble as a precipitant for acid drainage treatment Chan Choi & T. R. West, Environmental & Engineering :ience, l(2), 1995, __ pp 163-171. ratory testing was performed to evaluate the effective)f uhosnhate nebbles from Florida in the treatment of n&e d&inage*under aerobic conditions. Using different rates, results show that phosphate pebbles effectively red ferric iron up to 1200 mg/l, aluminum up to 800 mg/l ulfate up to 8600 mg/l in three weeks. This method can plied to reduce acid mine drainage from old coal refuse even those containing high concentration of ferric iron Juminum ions. (from Authors)
966354 Evaluation of a composite soil cover to control acid waste rock pile drainage A. V. Bell, M. D. Riley BE E. K. Yanful, CZM Bulletin, 88(995), 1995, pp 41-46. At the Heath Steele Mines 10 000 mt of waste rock was placed on a prepared sand base with an underlying impermeable membrane. The waste rock pile was heavily instrumented for measuring oxygen concentrations and temperatures. A wmposite soil cover was placed over the pile, creating a totally enclosed system two years later. Moisture content and oxygen probes were installed within the composite soil cover to monitor changes within the soils over time, while two largesize lysimeters were installed below the cover to monitor the hydraulic conductivity of the cover. The monitoring shows very clearly that the piacement of the composite soil cover has had a major impact on the generation of AMD. Major reductions in temperature and oxygen concentrations within the waste rock pile indicate that the wver has significantly inhibited the oxidation reaction that generates the AMD. Performance data have shown that the wver has maintained its integrity under the climatic conditions of the area. (from Authors) 966355 Submarine tailings disposal (STD) for mines: an introduction D. V. Ellis, G. W. Poling & R. L. Baer, Marine Georeswrces & Geotechnology, 13(1-2). 1995, pp 3-18. The basic submarine tailings disposal (STD) design consists of a tailings line to a deaeration/mixing chamber, with a seawater intake line, and discharge to location and depth allowing gravity flow of a coherent density current to final sedimentation area. Such STD systems can place mine tailings at locations and depths constraining environmental impact to: 1) restricted areas of seabed, and 2) deep water turbidity. The US Bureau of Mines in the past 4 years has reviewed a number of aspects of STD. The reports include an estimate of the extent that STD could be used in the US provided satisfactory environmental screening criteria can be developed. The reports also include a bibliography, a review of potential biological consequences of STD, two volumes of case studies, and a review of regulatory aspects for a particular case. (from Authors) 966356 Quartz Hill, Alaska: a case history of engineering aad environmental requirements for STD in tbe USA C. A. Hesse & D. V. Ellis, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 13(1-2), 1995, pp 135-182. The Quartz Hill molybdenum prospect, with an estimated tailings disposal rate of up to 80 000 tons per day, was developed through preliminary engineering design, environmental impact assessments, and permit applications during the 1970s and 1980s. The intent was to meet the stringent environmental requirements of several federal and state regulatory agencies. The case history of mine development, extending over two decades, provides a unique set of details usable by future large-male coastal and island mine prospects in the US and elsewhere. Two fjords provided options for submarine tailings disposal (STD) with conventional deaeration and seawater mix chamber. An outfall was designed, and would be located, to produce a density current descending to fjord bottom. Innovative modeling of near-field and far-field tailings dispersal, and resuspension potential, was developed and applied. (from Authors) 966357 Tailings disposal at a marine placer mining operation by WestCold, Alaska R. H. T. Garnett & D. V. Ellis, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 13(1-2), 1995, pp 41-57. From 1985 to 1990 WestGold managed a marine placer mining operation with substantial documentation concerning its submarine tailings disposal (STD) system. For 5 years the
tion- the legacy
of the Welsh metal mines lsley, Mine & Quarry, 24(7), 1995, pp 9-10. egacy of the decline in metal mining in Wales is seen in unsightly spoil mounds, dangerous open shafts and rumbling remains of buildings. Many of the former ngs are sources of both airborne and waterborne tion affecting their immediate surroundings and more te localities. As such, the metal mining legacy is often d negatively. However, local authorities and funding s such as the Welsh Develoument Aeencv (WDA) have taking a fresh look into the signi&an&‘of the sites, uily from a safety and pollution prevention viewpoint, also from an industrial, archeological, geological and @al point of view. (from Author) 51 r movement in fissures in soil body disturbed by ~g(in Cbinese) 5 Yonghong, Wang Yuping, Yin Zengde L Sun ning, Journal - China Coal Society, 20(6), 1995, pp 71. osmotic spatial structure of fissures of soil body bed by mining is a special deformation medium. The and property of the fissure wall are important aspects. I flow in the fissures, including directional and peneg flow, as well as interaction between soil and water are rsed. The flow rate of water is controlled by the critical velocity of water level and the effective duration. The hydraulic parameter which affects the flow is the width : fissures. (English summary) 52 ods for the control
and treatment
of acid mine
?eRobinson & G. A. Robb, Coal International, 243(4), pp 152-156. .rainage of waters from abandoned coal and metal mines ten acidic with an elevated heavy metal content. t&ion between this acid mine drainage and the environcan cause gross pollution. Whilst temporary engineered fiation can lessen the impact, complete amelioration is possible using active and/or passive treatment systems. e technologies are costly as they often include the olled addition of chemicals which can produce a minated efluent that requires additional treatment. cience. of wetland treatment processes is still not fully ,stood and as a consequence the full potential of the ology has yet to be realised. There is evidence, however, the use of passive treatment is a realistic and cost ive method for the remediation of acid mine drainage. Authors) 53 tation of phosphate pebble as a precipitant for acid drainage treatment Chan Choi & T. R. West, Environmental & Engineering :ience, l(2), 1995, __ pp 163-171. ratory testing was performed to evaluate the effective)f uhosnhate nebbles from Florida in the treatment of n&e d&inage*under aerobic conditions. Using different rates, results show that phosphate pebbles effectively red ferric iron up to 1200 mg/l, aluminum up to 800 mg/l ulfate up to 8600 mg/l in three weeks. This method can plied to reduce acid mine drainage from old coal refuse even those containing high concentration of ferric iron Juminum ions. (from Authors)
966354 Evaluation of a composite soil cover to control acid waste rock pile drainage A. V. Bell, M. D. Riley BE E. K. Yanful, CZM Bulletin, 88(995), 1995, pp 41-46. At the Heath Steele Mines 10 000 mt of waste rock was placed on a prepared sand base with an underlying impermeable membrane. The waste rock pile was heavily instrumented for measuring oxygen concentrations and temperatures. A wmposite soil cover was placed over the pile, creating a totally enclosed system two years later. Moisture content and oxygen probes were installed within the composite soil cover to monitor changes within the soils over time, while two largesize lysimeters were installed below the cover to monitor the hydraulic conductivity of the cover. The monitoring shows very clearly that the piacement of the composite soil cover has had a major impact on the generation of AMD. Major reductions in temperature and oxygen concentrations within the waste rock pile indicate that the wver has significantly inhibited the oxidation reaction that generates the AMD. Performance data have shown that the wver has maintained its integrity under the climatic conditions of the area. (from Authors) 966355 Submarine tailings disposal (STD) for mines: an introduction D. V. Ellis, G. W. Poling & R. L. Baer, Marine Georeswrces & Geotechnology, 13(1-2). 1995, pp 3-18. The basic submarine tailings disposal (STD) design consists of a tailings line to a deaeration/mixing chamber, with a seawater intake line, and discharge to location and depth allowing gravity flow of a coherent density current to final sedimentation area. Such STD systems can place mine tailings at locations and depths constraining environmental impact to: 1) restricted areas of seabed, and 2) deep water turbidity. The US Bureau of Mines in the past 4 years has reviewed a number of aspects of STD. The reports include an estimate of the extent that STD could be used in the US provided satisfactory environmental screening criteria can be developed. The reports also include a bibliography, a review of potential biological consequences of STD, two volumes of case studies, and a review of regulatory aspects for a particular case. (from Authors) 966356 Quartz Hill, Alaska: a case history of engineering aad environmental requirements for STD in tbe USA C. A. Hesse & D. V. Ellis, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 13(1-2), 1995, pp 135-182. The Quartz Hill molybdenum prospect, with an estimated tailings disposal rate of up to 80 000 tons per day, was developed through preliminary engineering design, environmental impact assessments, and permit applications during the 1970s and 1980s. The intent was to meet the stringent environmental requirements of several federal and state regulatory agencies. The case history of mine development, extending over two decades, provides a unique set of details usable by future large-male coastal and island mine prospects in the US and elsewhere. Two fjords provided options for submarine tailings disposal (STD) with conventional deaeration and seawater mix chamber. An outfall was designed, and would be located, to produce a density current descending to fjord bottom. Innovative modeling of near-field and far-field tailings dispersal, and resuspension potential, was developed and applied. (from Authors) 966357 Tailings disposal at a marine placer mining operation by WestCold, Alaska R. H. T. Garnett & D. V. Ellis, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 13(1-2), 1995, pp 41-57. From 1985 to 1990 WestGold managed a marine placer mining operation with substantial documentation concerning its submarine tailings disposal (STD) system. For 5 years the