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Suppression of Harmonic of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Defected Ground and Defected Microstrip Structure
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The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering
Suppression of Harmonic of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Suppression Harmonic Microstrip Patch Antenna Using DefectedofGround and of Defected Microstrip Structure Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June Defected Ground and Defected Microstrip Structure a, a b 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain a
Hanae Elftouh *, Naima Touhami Amar , Aicha Mchbal , Alia Zakriti , Moustapha a a Elbakkali Hanae Elftouha,*, Naima Touhami Amar , Aicha Mchbala, Alia Zakritib, Moustapha Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off a Elbakkali Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco a
Ensaté,used Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000,efficiency Morocco between capacity and operational Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco b
a
b
Abstract
Ensaté, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
b Abstract Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC,have Brazil Defected ground Structure (DGS) and Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) been developed to improve characteristics of microwave devices and circuits, due to its band-stop property. It’s noticed that a spurious harmonic at 7.6 GHz appears in the Defected ground Structure (DGS) and Defected Structure (DMS)ishave been developed improve shaped characteristics of antenna. In this paper, an effective technique ofMicrostrip suppression of harmonics proposed by using a to dumb-bell DGS and microwave devices and circuits, due towhich its band-stop property. It’s noticed that a spurious harmonic at 7.6 GHz appears in the spiral shaped DMS in our antenna, eliminates the 7.6 GHz undesirable mode. The dimensions of our antenna are Abstract antenna. paper, effective technique of suppression of harmonics is proposed by using a dumb-bell shaped DGS and optimizedInbythis using CSTanMicrowave Studio tool. spiral shaped DMS in our antenna, which eliminates the 7.6 GHz undesirable mode. The dimensions of our antenna are Under thebyconcept ofMicrowave "IndustryStudio 4.0", tool. production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, optimized using CST
information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization © Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019 The The Authors. goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of This is an open access articleof under the CCoptimization BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) maximization. The study capacity and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Selection and peer-review responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Keywords: Defected Microstrip Structure; Defected Ground Structure of harmonics; patchpaper antenna. contributions from both under the practical and theoretical perspectives. This presents and discusses a mathematical model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been Keywords: Defected Microstrip Structure; Defected Ground Structure of harmonics; patch antenna. developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s 1. Introduction value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity optimization might hide operational inefficiency. 1. Introduction The The microstrip of its small size, lightweight low profile and low manufacturing cost is finding © 2017 Authors.antenna Publishedbecause by Elsevier B.V. increasing applications in the commercial sector of of thetheindustry [1]. The most uses of this antenna Conference are Mobile Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee Manufacturing Engineering International The microstrip antenna because of its small size, lightweight low profile and lowSociety manufacturing cost is finding Communication, Global Positioning System, and Wireless Communication. Wave propagation in periodic structures 2017. increasing applications in the commercial sector of the industry [1]. The most uses of this antenna are Mobile has been studied in applied physics for a long time [2]. However, planar transmission lines with periodic structures Communication, Global System, and Wireless Communication. Wave propagation in periodic structures Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; Positioning TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency has been studied in applied physics for a long time [2]. However, planar transmission lines with periodic structures 1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: 0667172977.
E-mail address: [email protected] * The Corresponding author. Tel.: 0667172977. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] in modern systems. In general, it isLtd. defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 ©production 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Thisseveral is an open accesstons articleofunder the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) in ways: production, available hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity 2351-9789and © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Selection peer-review under the 253 12th * Paulo Afonso. Tel.: +351 253responsibility 510 761; fax: of +351 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.267
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Hanae Elftouh et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 653–660 H. Elftouha et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
like photonic band-gap have wide interest [2,3,4] thanks to their pass band and stop band characteristics. But the frequencies were mostly in the optical domain. Therefore, Microwave engineers adopted this idea and developed band gap structures called electronic band-gap structures (EBG) [5] by simply scaling PBG structures, producing bulky 2D and 3D structures but the design of antenna with EBG required larger circuit size [6]. However, defected structure etched in the metallic ground plane, popularly called the defected ground structure (DGS) or in the microstrip line called defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) of a microstrip antenna, was the attractive solutions to the above problem. Therefore, applications of DGS and DMS in radio frequency and microwave circuits find advantages like circuit size reduction and spurious response suppression [7]. The DGS and DMS in microstrip technology can be implemented by making an intentional defect on the ground plane and on microstrip line respectively that provides band rejection characteristic at some resonance frequencies corresponding to the size of defect [8]. In the following sections we will study the Microstrip patch antenna with the DGS and the DMS shape. 2. Microstrip Patch Antenna resonating at 5.5 GHz with undesirable mode at 7.6 GHz The proposed microstrip patch antenna is shown in Fig.1. In this design the substrate FR4 is used due to its low cost and easy fabrication. The substrate height is 1.6 mm, the dielectric constant is 4.4 and the loss tangent is 0.021. The dimensions of our antenna are optimized by using CST Microwave Studio tool. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) is a specialist tool for the 3D EM simulation of high frequency components. It enables the fast and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) devices such as antennas, filters, couplers, planar and multi-layer structures. CST is part of SIMULIA, a Dassault Systems brand.
Fig. 1. Top view of the patch antenna resonating at 5.5GHz, (A = 13.5 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 6.6 mm, D = 3 mm, E = 0.5 mm, F = 2 mm, G =2 mm, H = 3 mm, I = 3 mm and J = 10.7 mm).
The simulated return loss obtained for this antenna is shown in Fig.2. We can see that the resonance frequency is around 5.5 GHz and the harmonic is around 7.6 GHz.
Fig.2. Simulated return loss of our patch antenna
In the following section we will introduce the DGS and DMS structure in our patch antenna in order to eliminate the undesirable mode that appears at 7.6 GHz. It should be noted that the 7.6 GHz is a frequency that is used in mobile satellite application, but our antenna is designed to act at 5.5 GHz that is maritime radio navigation frequency. For that, to obtain the best result and for not having interferences between the two frequencies, we should eliminate the 7.6 GHz frequency.
Hanae Elftouh et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 653–660 H. Elftouha et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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2.1. Theory of Defected Ground Structure and Defected Microstrip Structure Defected Ground structure The Defected Microstrip Structure and Defected Ground Structure increase the electrical length of the microstrip line and disturb the current distribution across the patch antenna and then, the effective capacitance and inductance of the microstrip line increases, accordingly, a microstrip patch antenna with DMS and DGS has slow wave characteristics which leads to suppression of undesirable modes [9], [10]. Similarly to DGS, each DMS can be modeled by LC resonator [11] as shown in Fig.3.The theory was studied in detail in [9].
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of DGS and DMS
The equivalent admittance of the parallel resonance is given by Equation (1) [9]: (1) Since Z = 1/Y, then the equivalent impedance is given by (2) In order to compute the equivalent circuit parameters (R, L, and C), we use the following expressions [9]: (3)
(4)
Supposing that R>>Z0, we obtain: (5)
At −3 dB corresponding to the cutoff frequency fc we have: (6)
Where ωc is the cutoff angular frequency and ω0 is the resonance angular frequency. Using Equations (5) and (6), we conclude the capacitance and the inductance of the equivalent circuit:
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(7) (8) Resistance R in the equivalent circuit is best fitted around the resonance frequency. In this case, the equivalent impedance Ze = R and then we have: (9)
Then, (10) Where ω� is the cutoff angular frequency, ω� is the resonance angular frequency of the spiral DMS or dumb-bell DGS and Z� is the characteristic impedance of the line. As shown in Fig.4, the dumb-bell structure is introduced in the ground plane of the transmission line. Therefore, we simulated the transmission line with our structure of that resonates at the harmonic frequency as in Fig.5.
Fig.4. Transmission line with spiral structure (W = 3mm)
Fig.5. S-parameter magnitude of the dumb-bell structure resonating at 7.6 GHz
The S-parameters plotted on the Fig.5 shows a 3dB cut-off frequency at about 5.4 GHz and a frequency of the stop band at 7.6 GHz with the maximum attenuation of 25 dB. Defected Microstrip structure In this paper a square headed dumb-bell shaped DGS is used because by varying any one of the three parameters (slot height, slot thickness, length of a square head) one can achieve a specific harmonic suppression [12]. The two defected area correspond to the equivalently added inductance L and the horizontal slot of DGS accumulates charge and increases the effective capacitor of the microstrip line. Similarly to DGS, DMS is a defect process which adds defects to planar strips and it has no unwanted radiation from its ground in comparison to DGS. As shown in Fig.6, the spiral structure is introduced in the ground plane of the transmission line.
Fig. 6. Transmission line with spiral structure (W = 3mm)
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We simulated the transmission line with our structure of spiral DMS that resonates at the harmonic frequency as shown in the Fig.7.
Fig. . 7 S-parameter magnitude of the spiral structure resonating at 7.6 GHz
The S-parameters are plotted on the figure 7 that shows a 3dB cutoff frequency at about 6.7 GHz and a center frequency of the stop band at 7.6 GHz with the attenuation of 20 dB. DGS and DMS disturb current distribution on ground plane and microstrip line. This turbulence creates some resonators which will be added to main structure [13]. DGS can be used for size reduction which is studied in [9], harmonic suppression and etc. But the radiation from the ground plane is the major constraint to design a DGS based circuit. However, DMS provides the same slow wave characteristics, keeping ground plane intact [14]. 2.2. Antenna with DGS design As shown in Fig.8, we introduce the dumb-bell DGS in order to suppress the undesirable mode of the microstrip antenna previously presented in Figure 2 and we study it effect on the antenna properties. The simulations have been carried out by CST Microwave Studio.
Fig. 8 Microstrip Patch antenna with dumb-bell DGS
With our DGS introduced, the simulation result obtained for the return loss is shown in Fig.9.
Fig. 9. Simulated return loss of the patch antenna with dumb-bell DGS.
In absence of DGS, we have seen in section-2 that the undesirable mode of our microstrip patch antenna is at 7.6 GHz. It is observed that the harmonic at 7.6 GHz is suppressed and our resonant frequency is at about 5.5 GHz. So it can be said that the inclusion of the DGS prevents the direct transfer of power from the source port to the antenna in the vicinity of 7.6 GHz.
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2.3. Antenna with DMS design The slow wave factor of a DMS microstrip line is raised as discontinuities are introduced in the path of EM waves, providing a longer trajectory to the electromagnetic wave, which increase the impedance of line [11]. Therefore, these defects disturb the shield current distribution and add line inductance and capacitance to the line. This phenomenon can be used to suppress undesirable modes of the antenna. Now, as shown in Fig.10, the spiral structure is introduced in the microstrip line of the antenna. Therefore, we simulated the antenna with spiral DMS
Fig. .10. Microstrip Patch antenna with Defected Microstrip Structure.
With our DMS introduced, the simulation result obtained for the return loss is shown in Fig.11.
Fig.11 Simulated return loss of the patch antenna with DMS
It is observed that the undesirable mode at 7.6 GHz is suppressed keeping the resonance frequency intact at 5.5 GHz. So, the filtering performance is dramatically improved by the introduction of spiral DMS shape in the transmission line of our patch antenna. In this way, we can say that we have obtained very acceptable result with simulation.
2.4. Comparison bet ween DGS and DMS antenna The DGS and DMS structures etched respectively in the ground plane and in transmission line behave like a stop band filter at 7.6 GHz and then allow the fundamental frequency to pass rejecting harmonics. In this section we will compare the radiation pattern and current distribution of the DGS and DMS patch antenna to more understand the effect of both of DGS and DMS structures. Radiation Pattern Figure 12 shows the radiation pattern in the proposed DGS for 5.5 GHz. According to this figure, good improvement of the radiated power can be observed at this resonant frequency. Figure 13 shows the radiation pattern in the proposed DMS antenna for the same resonant frequency 5.5 GHz. As we can see in this figure, very important power can be observed at this resonant frequency. Therefore, the gain of DGS patch antenna is about 6.46 dBi as seen in fig.12. However, the DMS patch antenna has about 6.77 dBi for the gain as seen in Fig.13.
Hanae Elftouh et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 653–660 H. Elftouha et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig.12. Radiation pattern for DGS antenna
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Fig.13. Radiation pattern for DMS antenna
According to these two figures, a little degradation about 0.31 dB at 5, 5 GHz in the radiation pattern of the patch antenna can be observed. However, When DGS is used to design microwave circuits, the problems of electromagnetic compatibility should be considered because of the leakage through the ground plane. In the DMS case, the defected cell is etched in the strip lines, and there is no leakage through the ground plane. Current distribution Figures 14 (a, b) and 15 show the current distribution of patch antenna with DGS and DMS shapes, respectively, at 5.5 GHz. It can be seen that a large surface current was observed over the coins of the patch in both of DGS and DMS antenna (Fig.15 and 16).
(b)
(a)
Fig.14. Current Distribution of DGS Antenna at 5.5 GHz (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view
Fig.15.Current Distribution of DMS Antenna at 5.5 GHz
However, the current was more concentrated along the spiral DMS structure (Fig.16) of the DMS patch antenna and along the DGS dumb-bell structure (Fig.14) of the DGS patch antenna comparing with current distribution of DGS and DMS antenna at 7.6 GHz as shown in Fig.16 (a, b) and 17 that was very little over all the patch antenna.
(a)
(b)
Fig.16. Current Distribution of DGS Antenna at 7.6 GHz (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view
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Fig 17.Current distribution of DMS antenna at 7.6 GHz
We can say that the spiral DMS and dumb-bell DGS disturb the current distribution of the patch antenna, resulting in a controlled excitation and propagation of the electromagnetic waves over the patch. Therefore, the introduction of DGS and DMS structure over the patch antenna prevents the direct transfer of power from the source port in the vicinity of 7.6 GHz and then no current appears over our antenna at this frequency. 3. Conclusion The band rejection is a very important property of DGS and DMS and it can be utilized in selective suppression of undesirable modes. From this study and if we compare the results for both of DGS and DMS antennas, we can conclude that the suppression of the harmonic at 7.6 GHz with DGS was better than the suppression of the same harmonic with DMS. Therefore, this property depends on the shape and size of the DGS and DMS geometry. So, a DMS and DGS structure can be designed in any frequency by simply adjusting their length. Moreover, DGS and DMS might be utilized in all kinds of filter design to suppress undesired harmonics. References [1] [2] [3] [4]
C. Balinies,Antenna Theory, Wiley, 14 (1997) ISBN 0-471-59268-4. E.Yablonovitch, Photonic crystals, J. Modern Opt., 41 (1994) 173-194. S. John, Strong localization of photons in certain disordered Dielectric superlattices, Physical Review Letters, 58 (1987) 2486-2489. V. Radisic, Y. Qian, R. Coccioli, T. Itoh, Novel 2-D photonics bandgap structure for microstrip lines, IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., 8 (1998) 69-71. [5] S. K. Parui, S. Das, A simple electromagnetic bandgap structure for microstrip line, Proceedings of the IEEE India Annual Conference. (2004) 547-548. [6] D. Ahn, J. S. Park, C. S. Kim, J. Kim, Y. X. Qian, T. Itoh, A design of the lowpass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 49 (2001) 86-93. [7] C. S. Kim, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, J. B. Lim, A novel 1-D periodic defected Ground structure for planar circuits, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Letter, 10 (2000) 131–133. [8] K. A. Ashwini, M.V. Kartikeyan, A.Patnaik, Defected Ground Structure in the perspective of Microstrip Antennas: A Review, Frequenz-64 (2010) 79-84. [9] H. Elftouh, N. A. Touhami, M. Aghoutane, S. El Amrani, A. Tazon, M. Boussouis, Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 55 (2014) 25-33. [10] H. B. El-Shaarawy, F. Coccetti, R. Plana, M. El Said, E. A. Hashish, Compact bandpass ring resonator filter with enhanced wide-band rejection characteristics using defected ground structures, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 18 (2008) 500-502. [11] J. S. Park, J. H. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. H. Kim, S. H. Myung, A novel equivalent circuit and modeling method for defected ground structure and its application to optimization of a DGSlowpass filter, IEEE MTT-S Int. Dig. (2002) 417–420. [12] S. K. Parui, S. R. Choudhury, A. Roy, L. Murmu, S. Das, Bandstop Filtering Characteristics of a New Spiral Defected Microstrip Structure, International Symposium on Devices MEMS, Intelligent Systems & Communication, 2011. [13] Y. J. Sung, C. S. Ahn, Y.-S. Kim, Size reduction and harmonic suppression of rat-race hybrid coupler using defected ground structure, IEEE Microwave and Wireless components Letters, 14 (2004). [14] M. G. Kulkarni, N. Sarwade, Suppression of harmonics in Wilkinson Power Divider using Defected Ground structure, IJECT, 2 (2011).
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 653–660 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering
Suppression of Harmonic of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Suppression Harmonic Microstrip Patch Antenna Using DefectedofGround and of Defected Microstrip Structure Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June Defected Ground and Defected Microstrip Structure a, a b 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain a
Hanae Elftouh *, Naima Touhami Amar , Aicha Mchbal , Alia Zakriti , Moustapha a a Elbakkali Hanae Elftouha,*, Naima Touhami Amar , Aicha Mchbala, Alia Zakritib, Moustapha Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off a Elbakkali Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco a
Ensaté,used Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000,efficiency Morocco between capacity and operational Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco b
a
b
Abstract
Ensaté, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93000, Morocco
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
b Abstract Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC,have Brazil Defected ground Structure (DGS) and Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) been developed to improve characteristics of microwave devices and circuits, due to its band-stop property. It’s noticed that a spurious harmonic at 7.6 GHz appears in the Defected ground Structure (DGS) and Defected Structure (DMS)ishave been developed improve shaped characteristics of antenna. In this paper, an effective technique ofMicrostrip suppression of harmonics proposed by using a to dumb-bell DGS and microwave devices and circuits, due towhich its band-stop property. It’s noticed that a spurious harmonic at 7.6 GHz appears in the spiral shaped DMS in our antenna, eliminates the 7.6 GHz undesirable mode. The dimensions of our antenna are Abstract antenna. paper, effective technique of suppression of harmonics is proposed by using a dumb-bell shaped DGS and optimizedInbythis using CSTanMicrowave Studio tool. spiral shaped DMS in our antenna, which eliminates the 7.6 GHz undesirable mode. The dimensions of our antenna are Under thebyconcept ofMicrowave "IndustryStudio 4.0", tool. production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, optimized using CST
information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization © Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019 The The Authors. goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of This is an open access articleof under the CCoptimization BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) maximization. The study capacity and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Selection and peer-review responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Keywords: Defected Microstrip Structure; Defected Ground Structure of harmonics; patchpaper antenna. contributions from both under the practical and theoretical perspectives. This presents and discusses a mathematical model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been Keywords: Defected Microstrip Structure; Defected Ground Structure of harmonics; patch antenna. developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s 1. Introduction value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity optimization might hide operational inefficiency. 1. Introduction The The microstrip of its small size, lightweight low profile and low manufacturing cost is finding © 2017 Authors.antenna Publishedbecause by Elsevier B.V. increasing applications in the commercial sector of of thetheindustry [1]. The most uses of this antenna Conference are Mobile Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee Manufacturing Engineering International The microstrip antenna because of its small size, lightweight low profile and lowSociety manufacturing cost is finding Communication, Global Positioning System, and Wireless Communication. Wave propagation in periodic structures 2017. increasing applications in the commercial sector of the industry [1]. The most uses of this antenna are Mobile has been studied in applied physics for a long time [2]. However, planar transmission lines with periodic structures Communication, Global System, and Wireless Communication. Wave propagation in periodic structures Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; Positioning TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency has been studied in applied physics for a long time [2]. However, planar transmission lines with periodic structures 1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: 0667172977.
E-mail address: [email protected] * The Corresponding author. Tel.: 0667172977. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] in modern systems. In general, it isLtd. defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 ©production 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Thisseveral is an open accesstons articleofunder the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) in ways: production, available hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity 2351-9789and © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Selection peer-review under the 253 12th * Paulo Afonso. Tel.: +351 253responsibility 510 761; fax: of +351 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.267
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Hanae Elftouh et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 653–660 H. Elftouha et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
like photonic band-gap have wide interest [2,3,4] thanks to their pass band and stop band characteristics. But the frequencies were mostly in the optical domain. Therefore, Microwave engineers adopted this idea and developed band gap structures called electronic band-gap structures (EBG) [5] by simply scaling PBG structures, producing bulky 2D and 3D structures but the design of antenna with EBG required larger circuit size [6]. However, defected structure etched in the metallic ground plane, popularly called the defected ground structure (DGS) or in the microstrip line called defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) of a microstrip antenna, was the attractive solutions to the above problem. Therefore, applications of DGS and DMS in radio frequency and microwave circuits find advantages like circuit size reduction and spurious response suppression [7]. The DGS and DMS in microstrip technology can be implemented by making an intentional defect on the ground plane and on microstrip line respectively that provides band rejection characteristic at some resonance frequencies corresponding to the size of defect [8]. In the following sections we will study the Microstrip patch antenna with the DGS and the DMS shape. 2. Microstrip Patch Antenna resonating at 5.5 GHz with undesirable mode at 7.6 GHz The proposed microstrip patch antenna is shown in Fig.1. In this design the substrate FR4 is used due to its low cost and easy fabrication. The substrate height is 1.6 mm, the dielectric constant is 4.4 and the loss tangent is 0.021. The dimensions of our antenna are optimized by using CST Microwave Studio tool. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) is a specialist tool for the 3D EM simulation of high frequency components. It enables the fast and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) devices such as antennas, filters, couplers, planar and multi-layer structures. CST is part of SIMULIA, a Dassault Systems brand.
Fig. 1. Top view of the patch antenna resonating at 5.5GHz, (A = 13.5 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 6.6 mm, D = 3 mm, E = 0.5 mm, F = 2 mm, G =2 mm, H = 3 mm, I = 3 mm and J = 10.7 mm).
The simulated return loss obtained for this antenna is shown in Fig.2. We can see that the resonance frequency is around 5.5 GHz and the harmonic is around 7.6 GHz.
Fig.2. Simulated return loss of our patch antenna
In the following section we will introduce the DGS and DMS structure in our patch antenna in order to eliminate the undesirable mode that appears at 7.6 GHz. It should be noted that the 7.6 GHz is a frequency that is used in mobile satellite application, but our antenna is designed to act at 5.5 GHz that is maritime radio navigation frequency. For that, to obtain the best result and for not having interferences between the two frequencies, we should eliminate the 7.6 GHz frequency.
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2.1. Theory of Defected Ground Structure and Defected Microstrip Structure Defected Ground structure The Defected Microstrip Structure and Defected Ground Structure increase the electrical length of the microstrip line and disturb the current distribution across the patch antenna and then, the effective capacitance and inductance of the microstrip line increases, accordingly, a microstrip patch antenna with DMS and DGS has slow wave characteristics which leads to suppression of undesirable modes [9], [10]. Similarly to DGS, each DMS can be modeled by LC resonator [11] as shown in Fig.3.The theory was studied in detail in [9].
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of DGS and DMS
The equivalent admittance of the parallel resonance is given by Equation (1) [9]: (1) Since Z = 1/Y, then the equivalent impedance is given by (2) In order to compute the equivalent circuit parameters (R, L, and C), we use the following expressions [9]: (3)
(4)
Supposing that R>>Z0, we obtain: (5)
At −3 dB corresponding to the cutoff frequency fc we have: (6)
Where ωc is the cutoff angular frequency and ω0 is the resonance angular frequency. Using Equations (5) and (6), we conclude the capacitance and the inductance of the equivalent circuit:
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(7) (8) Resistance R in the equivalent circuit is best fitted around the resonance frequency. In this case, the equivalent impedance Ze = R and then we have: (9)
Then, (10) Where ω� is the cutoff angular frequency, ω� is the resonance angular frequency of the spiral DMS or dumb-bell DGS and Z� is the characteristic impedance of the line. As shown in Fig.4, the dumb-bell structure is introduced in the ground plane of the transmission line. Therefore, we simulated the transmission line with our structure of that resonates at the harmonic frequency as in Fig.5.
Fig.4. Transmission line with spiral structure (W = 3mm)
Fig.5. S-parameter magnitude of the dumb-bell structure resonating at 7.6 GHz
The S-parameters plotted on the Fig.5 shows a 3dB cut-off frequency at about 5.4 GHz and a frequency of the stop band at 7.6 GHz with the maximum attenuation of 25 dB. Defected Microstrip structure In this paper a square headed dumb-bell shaped DGS is used because by varying any one of the three parameters (slot height, slot thickness, length of a square head) one can achieve a specific harmonic suppression [12]. The two defected area correspond to the equivalently added inductance L and the horizontal slot of DGS accumulates charge and increases the effective capacitor of the microstrip line. Similarly to DGS, DMS is a defect process which adds defects to planar strips and it has no unwanted radiation from its ground in comparison to DGS. As shown in Fig.6, the spiral structure is introduced in the ground plane of the transmission line.
Fig. 6. Transmission line with spiral structure (W = 3mm)
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We simulated the transmission line with our structure of spiral DMS that resonates at the harmonic frequency as shown in the Fig.7.
Fig. . 7 S-parameter magnitude of the spiral structure resonating at 7.6 GHz
The S-parameters are plotted on the figure 7 that shows a 3dB cutoff frequency at about 6.7 GHz and a center frequency of the stop band at 7.6 GHz with the attenuation of 20 dB. DGS and DMS disturb current distribution on ground plane and microstrip line. This turbulence creates some resonators which will be added to main structure [13]. DGS can be used for size reduction which is studied in [9], harmonic suppression and etc. But the radiation from the ground plane is the major constraint to design a DGS based circuit. However, DMS provides the same slow wave characteristics, keeping ground plane intact [14]. 2.2. Antenna with DGS design As shown in Fig.8, we introduce the dumb-bell DGS in order to suppress the undesirable mode of the microstrip antenna previously presented in Figure 2 and we study it effect on the antenna properties. The simulations have been carried out by CST Microwave Studio.
Fig. 8 Microstrip Patch antenna with dumb-bell DGS
With our DGS introduced, the simulation result obtained for the return loss is shown in Fig.9.
Fig. 9. Simulated return loss of the patch antenna with dumb-bell DGS.
In absence of DGS, we have seen in section-2 that the undesirable mode of our microstrip patch antenna is at 7.6 GHz. It is observed that the harmonic at 7.6 GHz is suppressed and our resonant frequency is at about 5.5 GHz. So it can be said that the inclusion of the DGS prevents the direct transfer of power from the source port to the antenna in the vicinity of 7.6 GHz.
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2.3. Antenna with DMS design The slow wave factor of a DMS microstrip line is raised as discontinuities are introduced in the path of EM waves, providing a longer trajectory to the electromagnetic wave, which increase the impedance of line [11]. Therefore, these defects disturb the shield current distribution and add line inductance and capacitance to the line. This phenomenon can be used to suppress undesirable modes of the antenna. Now, as shown in Fig.10, the spiral structure is introduced in the microstrip line of the antenna. Therefore, we simulated the antenna with spiral DMS
Fig. .10. Microstrip Patch antenna with Defected Microstrip Structure.
With our DMS introduced, the simulation result obtained for the return loss is shown in Fig.11.
Fig.11 Simulated return loss of the patch antenna with DMS
It is observed that the undesirable mode at 7.6 GHz is suppressed keeping the resonance frequency intact at 5.5 GHz. So, the filtering performance is dramatically improved by the introduction of spiral DMS shape in the transmission line of our patch antenna. In this way, we can say that we have obtained very acceptable result with simulation.
2.4. Comparison bet ween DGS and DMS antenna The DGS and DMS structures etched respectively in the ground plane and in transmission line behave like a stop band filter at 7.6 GHz and then allow the fundamental frequency to pass rejecting harmonics. In this section we will compare the radiation pattern and current distribution of the DGS and DMS patch antenna to more understand the effect of both of DGS and DMS structures. Radiation Pattern Figure 12 shows the radiation pattern in the proposed DGS for 5.5 GHz. According to this figure, good improvement of the radiated power can be observed at this resonant frequency. Figure 13 shows the radiation pattern in the proposed DMS antenna for the same resonant frequency 5.5 GHz. As we can see in this figure, very important power can be observed at this resonant frequency. Therefore, the gain of DGS patch antenna is about 6.46 dBi as seen in fig.12. However, the DMS patch antenna has about 6.77 dBi for the gain as seen in Fig.13.
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Fig.12. Radiation pattern for DGS antenna
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Fig.13. Radiation pattern for DMS antenna
According to these two figures, a little degradation about 0.31 dB at 5, 5 GHz in the radiation pattern of the patch antenna can be observed. However, When DGS is used to design microwave circuits, the problems of electromagnetic compatibility should be considered because of the leakage through the ground plane. In the DMS case, the defected cell is etched in the strip lines, and there is no leakage through the ground plane. Current distribution Figures 14 (a, b) and 15 show the current distribution of patch antenna with DGS and DMS shapes, respectively, at 5.5 GHz. It can be seen that a large surface current was observed over the coins of the patch in both of DGS and DMS antenna (Fig.15 and 16).
(b)
(a)
Fig.14. Current Distribution of DGS Antenna at 5.5 GHz (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view
Fig.15.Current Distribution of DMS Antenna at 5.5 GHz
However, the current was more concentrated along the spiral DMS structure (Fig.16) of the DMS patch antenna and along the DGS dumb-bell structure (Fig.14) of the DGS patch antenna comparing with current distribution of DGS and DMS antenna at 7.6 GHz as shown in Fig.16 (a, b) and 17 that was very little over all the patch antenna.
(a)
(b)
Fig.16. Current Distribution of DGS Antenna at 7.6 GHz (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view
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Fig 17.Current distribution of DMS antenna at 7.6 GHz
We can say that the spiral DMS and dumb-bell DGS disturb the current distribution of the patch antenna, resulting in a controlled excitation and propagation of the electromagnetic waves over the patch. Therefore, the introduction of DGS and DMS structure over the patch antenna prevents the direct transfer of power from the source port in the vicinity of 7.6 GHz and then no current appears over our antenna at this frequency. 3. Conclusion The band rejection is a very important property of DGS and DMS and it can be utilized in selective suppression of undesirable modes. From this study and if we compare the results for both of DGS and DMS antennas, we can conclude that the suppression of the harmonic at 7.6 GHz with DGS was better than the suppression of the same harmonic with DMS. Therefore, this property depends on the shape and size of the DGS and DMS geometry. So, a DMS and DGS structure can be designed in any frequency by simply adjusting their length. Moreover, DGS and DMS might be utilized in all kinds of filter design to suppress undesired harmonics. References [1] [2] [3] [4]
C. Balinies,Antenna Theory, Wiley, 14 (1997) ISBN 0-471-59268-4. E.Yablonovitch, Photonic crystals, J. Modern Opt., 41 (1994) 173-194. S. John, Strong localization of photons in certain disordered Dielectric superlattices, Physical Review Letters, 58 (1987) 2486-2489. V. Radisic, Y. Qian, R. Coccioli, T. Itoh, Novel 2-D photonics bandgap structure for microstrip lines, IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., 8 (1998) 69-71. [5] S. K. Parui, S. Das, A simple electromagnetic bandgap structure for microstrip line, Proceedings of the IEEE India Annual Conference. (2004) 547-548. [6] D. Ahn, J. S. Park, C. S. Kim, J. Kim, Y. X. Qian, T. Itoh, A design of the lowpass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 49 (2001) 86-93. [7] C. S. Kim, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, J. B. Lim, A novel 1-D periodic defected Ground structure for planar circuits, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Letter, 10 (2000) 131–133. [8] K. A. Ashwini, M.V. Kartikeyan, A.Patnaik, Defected Ground Structure in the perspective of Microstrip Antennas: A Review, Frequenz-64 (2010) 79-84. [9] H. Elftouh, N. A. Touhami, M. Aghoutane, S. El Amrani, A. Tazon, M. Boussouis, Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 55 (2014) 25-33. [10] H. B. El-Shaarawy, F. Coccetti, R. Plana, M. El Said, E. A. Hashish, Compact bandpass ring resonator filter with enhanced wide-band rejection characteristics using defected ground structures, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 18 (2008) 500-502. [11] J. S. Park, J. H. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. H. Kim, S. H. Myung, A novel equivalent circuit and modeling method for defected ground structure and its application to optimization of a DGSlowpass filter, IEEE MTT-S Int. Dig. (2002) 417–420. [12] S. K. Parui, S. R. Choudhury, A. Roy, L. Murmu, S. Das, Bandstop Filtering Characteristics of a New Spiral Defected Microstrip Structure, International Symposium on Devices MEMS, Intelligent Systems & Communication, 2011. [13] Y. J. Sung, C. S. Ahn, Y.-S. Kim, Size reduction and harmonic suppression of rat-race hybrid coupler using defected ground structure, IEEE Microwave and Wireless components Letters, 14 (2004). [14] M. G. Kulkarni, N. Sarwade, Suppression of harmonics in Wilkinson Power Divider using Defected Ground structure, IJECT, 2 (2011).