- Email: [email protected]
Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction
228
Letters to the Editor
[27] Iacobone G, Agostinelli M, Cerioni M, et al. [Glycoprotein changes in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Ital Cardiol 1977;7(12):1156–61. [28] Gilutz H, Siegel Y, Paran E, et al. Alpha 1-antitrypsin in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J Jan 1983;49(1):26–9. [29] Crook M, Haq M, Haq S, Tutt P. Plasma sialic acid and acute-phase proteins in patients with myocardial infarction. Angiology Aug 1994;45(8):709–15. [30] Haq M, Haq S, Tutt P, Crook M. Serum total sialic acid and lipid-associated sialic acid in normal individuals and patients with myocardial infarction, and their relationship to acute phase proteins. Biochem 1993 Jul;30(Pt 4):383–6.
[31] Hachulla E, Laine A, Hayem A. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin microheterogeneity in crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with free concanavalin A: a useful diagnostic tool in inflammatory syndrome. Clin Chem May 1988;34(5):911–5. [32] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.044
Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction Alberto Domínguez-Rodríguez a,⁎, Pedro Abreu-González b a b
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Canarias, Ofra s/n La Cuesta E-38320, Tenerife, Spain Department of Physiology, University of La Laguna, School of Medicine, Tenerife, Spain
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 30 June 2009 Accepted 25 July 2009 Available online 22 August 2009
Letter to the Editor,
Recently, Cheng [1], reported a very interesting and comprehensive editorial on seasonal variation in acute myocardial infarction. We concur with their views but also believe in the great importance of the endogenous circadian clock. Cardiovascular or hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, endothelial function, and fibrinolytic activity exhibit variations consistent with circadian rhythm. Additionally, several types of acute pathological cardiac events exhibit diurnal patterns. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death in heart failure all vary according to the time of day [2,3]. Circadian rhythms are regulated by two components: 1) the central circadian clock, and 2) an input mechanism which allows the clock to be reset by environmental stimuli, together with an output mechanism which regulates physiological and behavioral processes [4]. The internal oscillator, or control station regulating the body's circadian clock, is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a tiny structure situated in the hypothalamus. Located above the optic chiasm, the suprachiasmatic nucleus processes external signals, such as ambient light and inputs from the brain, to regulate a variety of cyclical functions, including body temperature, sleep/wake cycles, and secretion of hormones such as melatonin [5]. At this respect, we have demonstrated that light/dark variations in endogenous inflammatory markers production in patients with coronary artery disease might be related, at least in part, to day/night fluctuations in
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 922 679040; fax: +34 922 362716. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Domínguez-Rodríguez).
melatonin [6–9]. Likewise, in animals models it has been shown that the rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate are controlled by an endogenous circadian circulating system in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays an important role [10]. However, it is unknown how the circadian information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus is modulated/processed to regulate the 24-h rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate [11]. For many years, it has been thought that the suprachiasmatic nucleus uniquely controlled circadian rhythmicity of peripheral tissues via neural and humoral signals. However, it is now accepted that peripheral cells, including those of the cardiovascular system (cardiomyocytes), contain a circadian clock similar to that in the suprachiasmatic nucleus [11,12]. In our opinion, altered-synchronization of the central circadian clock, intramyocellular circadian clock and/or neurohumoral diurnal variations that occur during diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension, will likely accelerate cardiovascular disease development [13]. The author of this manuscript has certified that he complies with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology [14]. References [1] Cheng TO. Seasonal variation in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2009;135:277–9. [2] Muller JE, Tofler GH. Circadian variation and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1038–9. [3] Willich SN, Goldberg RJ, Maclure M, Perriello L, Muller JE. Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:65–8. [4] Morse D, Sassone-Corsi P. Time after time: inputs to and outputs from the mammalian circadian oscillators. Trends Neurosci 2002;25:632–7. [5] Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002;418:935–41. [6] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia M, et al. Light/dark patterns of interleukin-6 in relation to the pineal hormone melatonin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cytokine 2004;26:89–93. [7] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Garcia-Gonzalez M, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Ferrer J, Kaski JC. Relation of nocturnal melatonin levels to C-reactive protein concentration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:10–2. [8] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia-Gonzalez MJ, Reiter RJ. Relation of nocturnal melatonin levels to serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations in patients with myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2007;120:361–6. [9] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia-Gonzalez MJ, Samimi-Fard S, Kaski JC, Reiter RJ. Light/dark patterns of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in relation to melatonin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Pineal Res 2008;44:65–9.
Letters to the Editor [10] Pons M, Schnecko A, Witte K, Lemmer B, Waterhouse JM, Cambar J. Circadian rhythms in renal function in hypertensive TGR (mRen-2)27 rats and their normotensive controls. Am J Physiol 1996;271:R1002–8. [11] Reilly DF, Westgate EJ, FitzGerald GA. Peripheral circadian clocks in the vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1697–705. [12] Young ME. The circadian clock within the heart: potential influence on myocardial gene expression, metabolism, and function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290: H1–16.
229
[13] Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-González P. Seasonal variations in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction are independent or interactive of the brain or the heart? Int J Cardiol 2010;145:85–6. [14] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.021
Reply to Dominguez-Rodriguez and Abreu-Gonzalez: ‘‘Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction’’ Tsung O. Cheng George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 2 August 2009 Accepted 20 August 2009 Available online 4 September 2009
part of the mortality caused by cardiovascular disease [2]. As the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is far more effective than a pound of treatment. The author of this manuscript has certified that he complies with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology [3]. References
I agree with Dominguez-Rodriguez and Abreu-González [1] on the importance of the endogenous circadian clock in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular events. Their work on the role of melatonin as evidenced by their references 6–9 is well known. The more we understand the mechanism of the circadian variation in cardiovascular disease, the better we will be prepared to confront the largest
E-mail address: [email protected]. 0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.08.013
[1] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-González P. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2010;145:228–9. [2] Muller JE, Tofler GH. Circadian variation and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;323:1038–9. [3] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
Letters to the Editor
[27] Iacobone G, Agostinelli M, Cerioni M, et al. [Glycoprotein changes in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Ital Cardiol 1977;7(12):1156–61. [28] Gilutz H, Siegel Y, Paran E, et al. Alpha 1-antitrypsin in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J Jan 1983;49(1):26–9. [29] Crook M, Haq M, Haq S, Tutt P. Plasma sialic acid and acute-phase proteins in patients with myocardial infarction. Angiology Aug 1994;45(8):709–15. [30] Haq M, Haq S, Tutt P, Crook M. Serum total sialic acid and lipid-associated sialic acid in normal individuals and patients with myocardial infarction, and their relationship to acute phase proteins. Biochem 1993 Jul;30(Pt 4):383–6.
[31] Hachulla E, Laine A, Hayem A. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin microheterogeneity in crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with free concanavalin A: a useful diagnostic tool in inflammatory syndrome. Clin Chem May 1988;34(5):911–5. [32] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.044
Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction Alberto Domínguez-Rodríguez a,⁎, Pedro Abreu-González b a b
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Canarias, Ofra s/n La Cuesta E-38320, Tenerife, Spain Department of Physiology, University of La Laguna, School of Medicine, Tenerife, Spain
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 30 June 2009 Accepted 25 July 2009 Available online 22 August 2009
Letter to the Editor,
Recently, Cheng [1], reported a very interesting and comprehensive editorial on seasonal variation in acute myocardial infarction. We concur with their views but also believe in the great importance of the endogenous circadian clock. Cardiovascular or hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, endothelial function, and fibrinolytic activity exhibit variations consistent with circadian rhythm. Additionally, several types of acute pathological cardiac events exhibit diurnal patterns. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death in heart failure all vary according to the time of day [2,3]. Circadian rhythms are regulated by two components: 1) the central circadian clock, and 2) an input mechanism which allows the clock to be reset by environmental stimuli, together with an output mechanism which regulates physiological and behavioral processes [4]. The internal oscillator, or control station regulating the body's circadian clock, is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a tiny structure situated in the hypothalamus. Located above the optic chiasm, the suprachiasmatic nucleus processes external signals, such as ambient light and inputs from the brain, to regulate a variety of cyclical functions, including body temperature, sleep/wake cycles, and secretion of hormones such as melatonin [5]. At this respect, we have demonstrated that light/dark variations in endogenous inflammatory markers production in patients with coronary artery disease might be related, at least in part, to day/night fluctuations in
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 922 679040; fax: +34 922 362716. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Domínguez-Rodríguez).
melatonin [6–9]. Likewise, in animals models it has been shown that the rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate are controlled by an endogenous circadian circulating system in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays an important role [10]. However, it is unknown how the circadian information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus is modulated/processed to regulate the 24-h rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate [11]. For many years, it has been thought that the suprachiasmatic nucleus uniquely controlled circadian rhythmicity of peripheral tissues via neural and humoral signals. However, it is now accepted that peripheral cells, including those of the cardiovascular system (cardiomyocytes), contain a circadian clock similar to that in the suprachiasmatic nucleus [11,12]. In our opinion, altered-synchronization of the central circadian clock, intramyocellular circadian clock and/or neurohumoral diurnal variations that occur during diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension, will likely accelerate cardiovascular disease development [13]. The author of this manuscript has certified that he complies with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology [14]. References [1] Cheng TO. Seasonal variation in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2009;135:277–9. [2] Muller JE, Tofler GH. Circadian variation and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1038–9. [3] Willich SN, Goldberg RJ, Maclure M, Perriello L, Muller JE. Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:65–8. [4] Morse D, Sassone-Corsi P. Time after time: inputs to and outputs from the mammalian circadian oscillators. Trends Neurosci 2002;25:632–7. [5] Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002;418:935–41. [6] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia M, et al. Light/dark patterns of interleukin-6 in relation to the pineal hormone melatonin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cytokine 2004;26:89–93. [7] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Garcia-Gonzalez M, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Ferrer J, Kaski JC. Relation of nocturnal melatonin levels to C-reactive protein concentration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:10–2. [8] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia-Gonzalez MJ, Reiter RJ. Relation of nocturnal melatonin levels to serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations in patients with myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2007;120:361–6. [9] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia-Gonzalez MJ, Samimi-Fard S, Kaski JC, Reiter RJ. Light/dark patterns of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in relation to melatonin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Pineal Res 2008;44:65–9.
Letters to the Editor [10] Pons M, Schnecko A, Witte K, Lemmer B, Waterhouse JM, Cambar J. Circadian rhythms in renal function in hypertensive TGR (mRen-2)27 rats and their normotensive controls. Am J Physiol 1996;271:R1002–8. [11] Reilly DF, Westgate EJ, FitzGerald GA. Peripheral circadian clocks in the vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1697–705. [12] Young ME. The circadian clock within the heart: potential influence on myocardial gene expression, metabolism, and function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290: H1–16.
229
[13] Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-González P. Seasonal variations in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction are independent or interactive of the brain or the heart? Int J Cardiol 2010;145:85–6. [14] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.
0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.021
Reply to Dominguez-Rodriguez and Abreu-Gonzalez: ‘‘Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction’’ Tsung O. Cheng George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 2 August 2009 Accepted 20 August 2009 Available online 4 September 2009
part of the mortality caused by cardiovascular disease [2]. As the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is far more effective than a pound of treatment. The author of this manuscript has certified that he complies with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology [3]. References
I agree with Dominguez-Rodriguez and Abreu-González [1] on the importance of the endogenous circadian clock in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular events. Their work on the role of melatonin as evidenced by their references 6–9 is well known. The more we understand the mechanism of the circadian variation in cardiovascular disease, the better we will be prepared to confront the largest
E-mail address: [email protected]. 0167-5273/$ – see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.08.013
[1] Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-González P. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: still a forgotten circadian pacemaker in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2010;145:228–9. [2] Muller JE, Tofler GH. Circadian variation and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;323:1038–9. [3] Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol 2009;131:149–50.