- Email: [email protected]
Surface conditioning abrasives
SURFACE CONDITIONING ABRASIVES
by Jan Reyers 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn. Surface conditioning, or three-dimensional abrasive media, provides a means of producing uniform finishes and is used in the intermediate operations between heavy grinding or dimensioning and final buffing. plating, or application of coatings. The media are made from three basic materials: fiber, resin. and abrasive mineral (Fig. I). These components are oriented in a manner that allows the mineral to follow along a surface in a springlike action. One of the major advantages of this type of construction is controlled cut. the ability of an abrasive media to follow over contours, removing only surface contaminants and small amounts of the substrate material. Low-density abrasives can deburr, clean. and finish surfaces without changing the geometry of the part. Production requirements, such as rate of cut and surface roughness, can be regulated by varying the rotational speeds and pressures.
Fig. 1. Standard abrasive web.
FORMS AND GRADES The four fonns of low-density abrasive products presently available are the following: Cleaning brushes. Abrasive web cut into disk shape, compressed together. and held in place mechanically (Fig. 2) to 18-in. diameter x 8- to 120-in. width.
COMPRESSED
3Dimensional Abram Discs END PLATE Fig. 2. Cleaning brush construction.
66
Quality powders for lapping and finishing. Expect more from
bolon-EStl
Exolon-ESKoffers a full line of abrasive powders for superior performance and outstanding efficiency in your lapping and grinding applications.
Mere ChIices • SilICOn Carbide (black and green). Aluminum Oxide (brown and white). Boron Carbide. and Cerium Oxide. available in grades from 280 to 1200 including non-standard sizes. for every application from rough fmishing to precision lapping.
c...., -
Mere QuIity IIId ISO9002Certified faCIIItlCS and the most sophisticated processes ensurethe ultimate inqualityand consistency. Certified to meet or exceed FEPA. ANSI.JIS andoptical standards. Mlnllelilllility - Extensiveinventories and woridv-.1de distribution gives you the assurance thai you have what you need. when you need it. Dedicated Micro Gnt Powders divisionwith ceramic engineers provides superior customer service.
Ask for our free b hure nMicro Brit Pow rs - call 800-9&2-1100
[fJEJlIIUJIII-ESK 1000 E. N&agara 51.. P.O. Box 590 Tonawanda. NY 1415 1-0590 716-693 ·4 550 . Fax: 716 -693 ·0151
wwwexolon com • E·rnatl onfo@exolon_com
Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings by R.F Bunsbab
861 pages
$98.00
This book deals with various technologies for the deposmon of films and coaungs, and the resulting microstructure. properties. and appllcations. It covers the subjects of evaporation, iron plating. sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, deposition from aqueous solutions. and plasma and detonation gun deposiuon techruques Send Orders to: METAL FINISHING, 660 'X'hlte Plains Rd. Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153 For faster service, call (914) 333-25711 or FAX your order to (914) 333-2570 All book orders must be prepaid, Please include $5.00 shippmg and handling for delivery of each hook via UPS in the US, $10.00 for each hook shipped express 10 Canada; and 52000 for each book shipped express to all other countnes.
NONDIRECTIONAL Fig. 3. Flap brush construction.
Flap brushes. Single sheets of abrasive web cut to length and adhered at a 90' angle to a steel or fiber core (Fig. 3): 6- to IS-in. diameter X 112- to 64-in. width. Unitized wheels. Disks of abrasive web compressed together and abrasively bonded to form a solid wheel (Fig. 4): 1- to IS-in. diameter X 1,4- to I-in. width. Convolute wheels. Abrasive web convolutely wrapped around a fiber core and adhesively bonded between layers to form a hard cutting wheel (Fig. 5): 4 to 24-in. diameter X '/2 to IS-in. width. Each of these forms is available in various grades and hardnesses that affect the amount of cut and subsequent surface roughness (rms) on a substrate (Fig. 6). Because of their three-dimensional construction, these products are not graded by grit or mesh numbers as are conventional single-layer abrasive media such as oil wheels, setup wheels, greaseless compounds, and coated abrasives. Low-density media are available in six grades: coarse, medium, fine, very fine, superfine, and ultrafine, This method of grading in sequence for a given brush or wheel form takes the guesswork out of determining what grade should be used to prepare a surface for buffing or plating. For example, a very fine grade would be used to reduce the scratches left by a fine grade, which was used to reduce scratches remaining from a medium grade, and so forth. The surface roughness left after use of each grade can be predetermined, as illustrated in Fig. 6. As indicated in the area of nonferrous materials, the coarser the product, the wider the microinch range, which is dependent on the type of material being worked on and its hardness. Abrasive minerals used in low-density abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, flint, and garnet. Varying in shape and hardness, these minerals are utilized in different products designed for specific applications. The type of material to be worked on will
RADIALLY BONDED----~-~
3-Dimensional Abrasive SheeIs
1l1to---I--ADHESIVE Fig. 4. Unitized wheel construction.
68
CUSTOM lADE FLAPWHms Schaffner manutacturers FLAPWHEELS to your specihcauon quickly. Special contour treatments and sizes are no problem. Schaffner alsooffers a wide vanety of interlealing, spacing and slashing . All Schaffnercoaled abrasive FLAPWH EE LSare produced in a SPC environment10 assure quality.
Phone or Fax for ourfreecatatog,
Phone (412) 761·9902 or Fax: (412) 761·8998
E1ectrodeposltlon: The Materials Science of Coatings and Substrates by j. W Dini 367 pages $78.00 The first comprehensive book on materials science and its relation sh ip to electrodeposition and other coating tech nologies. Top ics co vered include hydrogen embrittlement, adhesion, d iffusion , porosity, stress add itives, co rrosion, and wear. Send Orders to. METAL FINISHING 660 White Plains Rd.,
Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153 For faster service, call (914) 333~2578 or FAX your order to (914) 333-2570 All book O rd("110 must IX' prepaid PI.,.• se include $5 00 sluppmg and handling for dehvery of each boo k VIa ups m the US, $1000 for each hoo k shlPI"'d express to Canada. and $20 00 for each book shipped express to all othe r rountne>
LAPPING?
For faster cutting try Electro Abrasives' Boron carbide Powder. Electro Abrasives' Boron Corbide Powder cuts foster and cleaner than conventional Silicon Corbide finishing powders. Other Boron Corbidebenefits include: • Longer Life - Cuts down time, and increases efficiency. • Foster CUlling - Maximizes your per-hour product output. • Higher Pressures - Handles any application with ease. Electro Abrasives has Boron Corbide Powders from # 220 to # 1200 that has application in looseabrasive machining of: • Tungsten Corbide • Ceramics, Composites • Tool Steel Our Boron Corbideis available to ISO, FEPA, and ANSI specifications. Produced 01our new powders facilities in Buffalo, New York, we will meet your exact need. Call today. Leam how our full line of premium abrasive grains & powders satisfy your needs.
EI.ECTR.
™
ABRASIVES WILLET . 701 . . RD. BUFFALO, NY 14218 TELEPHONE: 800-284-4748 FAX: 716-822-2858 email: eaccorp @fcs-net.com www.ceramics·90m/electro
CONVOLUTELY WOUND 3-Dimensional Abrasive
ADHESIVE
Fig. 5. Wheel construction.
dictate which mineral should be used. Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, for example, are most commonly used on metal, glass, plastic, and rubber, whereas garnet is used primarily on wood. The amount of abrasive web used to make up a given size and converted form determines the product's hardness. Hardness is related directly to product life, rate of cut, and finish. Densities are rated by a numbering scale, from I to 10. The higher the number, the harder the product. Generally, the softer products, 5 density and lower. are used for decorative finishes. These softer products conform more readily to surface contours and generate a uniform scratch finish. Typical applications are finishing nameplates, automotive and appliance trim, satin finishing of stainless steel, and a wide variety of jewelry items. They are particularly well suited for the finishing of aluminum. The lower density. nonwoven, open-type construction creates less heat at the working surface than conventional media, thereby reducing galling problems associated with finishing aluminum. The harder converted forms, 6 density and higher, are recommended for heavier stock removal. cleaning of surface contaminants, and deburring operations.
UhraFine Superfine
VeryFine Fine Medium
Coarse
20
Fig. 6. Average surface roughness.
70
Table I. Wheel Speeds for Selected Applications, sfpm Cleaning
2,000--5,000
Deburring
3,()()()..{i,500 500-2,500
Decorative finish Polishing (steel)
6,000--9,000
WHEEL SPEED AND PRESSURE Rotational speed directly affects the rate of cut and the type of finish. The higher the surface feet per minute (sfpm), the higher the rate of cut. Of course, the maximum safe operating speed of the wheel or brush should not be exceeded. Higher speeds are used only when high rates of cut are required for polishing operations. Slower speeds will lengthen the scratch and create a more uniform, decorative fmish. Some typical speeds for different applications are listed in Table I. Work pressures for a given application depend on the selected product form and the application. Unitized and convolute wheels require higher work pressure, whereas brush forms require lower pressure and horsepower. Recommended work pressures and horsepower (hp) requirements are listed by application in Table Il. It is important that the correct pressure be used, both to generate the desired cut and finish and to obtain the most economical life from the low-density abrasive. The work pressures suggested here indicate relative amounts of work required over and above no-load or free idle of the motor. Pressure for offhand operations will be lower, usually in the 3- to 5-lb range. In practice, the optimum is obtained when the minimum pressure is used to achieve desired results. Excessive pressure can cause premature wear and does not necessarily increase the rate of cut due to the controlled cut characteristic of three-dimensional abrasives.
LUBRICANTS Lubricants, such as soaps, waxes, tallow, water-soluble coolants, and grinding aids, can be used. Water-based coolants and grease- or oil-based lubricants can beneficially affect the life, rate of cut, and the finish produced while eliminating damage to heat-sensitive materials, such as thermoplastics and glass, by preventing heat buildup. With the use of a coolant, it is possible to increase the rate of cut of a low-density abrasive while producing a duller fmish. In the case of lubricants, surface roughness can be reduced. The higher velocity lubricants produce lower surface roughness; that is, grease produces a lower rms than oil. Consequently, it is desirable to use either a coolant or a lubricant whenever possible.
SHAPING
An important feature of the low-density abrasive is that it can be readily shaped or formed to follow complex part contours. The shape will be retained throughout its usable life. One of the most effective and easiest methods used to shape wheels or brushes is to adhere a piece of 36-grit, coated abrasive to the part and hold it against the wheel until the shape is formed. Low-density abrasive wheels will retain intricate shapes without undercutting or creating flats. Table II. Recommended Work Pressures for Various Applications Applications Decorative finishing Cleaning
Work Pressures (lblworking inch)
Horsepower (hplworking inch)
5-10
0.1-0.15 0.1-0.2 0.15-0.2 0.5-2
1l~20
Deburring
10-20
Polishing
20-40
71
by Jan Reyers 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn. Surface conditioning, or three-dimensional abrasive media, provides a means of producing uniform finishes and is used in the intermediate operations between heavy grinding or dimensioning and final buffing. plating, or application of coatings. The media are made from three basic materials: fiber, resin. and abrasive mineral (Fig. I). These components are oriented in a manner that allows the mineral to follow along a surface in a springlike action. One of the major advantages of this type of construction is controlled cut. the ability of an abrasive media to follow over contours, removing only surface contaminants and small amounts of the substrate material. Low-density abrasives can deburr, clean. and finish surfaces without changing the geometry of the part. Production requirements, such as rate of cut and surface roughness, can be regulated by varying the rotational speeds and pressures.
Fig. 1. Standard abrasive web.
FORMS AND GRADES The four fonns of low-density abrasive products presently available are the following: Cleaning brushes. Abrasive web cut into disk shape, compressed together. and held in place mechanically (Fig. 2) to 18-in. diameter x 8- to 120-in. width.
COMPRESSED
3Dimensional Abram Discs END PLATE Fig. 2. Cleaning brush construction.
66
Quality powders for lapping and finishing. Expect more from
bolon-EStl
Exolon-ESKoffers a full line of abrasive powders for superior performance and outstanding efficiency in your lapping and grinding applications.
Mere ChIices • SilICOn Carbide (black and green). Aluminum Oxide (brown and white). Boron Carbide. and Cerium Oxide. available in grades from 280 to 1200 including non-standard sizes. for every application from rough fmishing to precision lapping.
c...., -
Mere QuIity IIId ISO9002Certified faCIIItlCS and the most sophisticated processes ensurethe ultimate inqualityand consistency. Certified to meet or exceed FEPA. ANSI.JIS andoptical standards. Mlnllelilllility - Extensiveinventories and woridv-.1de distribution gives you the assurance thai you have what you need. when you need it. Dedicated Micro Gnt Powders divisionwith ceramic engineers provides superior customer service.
Ask for our free b hure nMicro Brit Pow rs - call 800-9&2-1100
[fJEJlIIUJIII-ESK 1000 E. N&agara 51.. P.O. Box 590 Tonawanda. NY 1415 1-0590 716-693 ·4 550 . Fax: 716 -693 ·0151
wwwexolon com • E·rnatl onfo@exolon_com
Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings by R.F Bunsbab
861 pages
$98.00
This book deals with various technologies for the deposmon of films and coaungs, and the resulting microstructure. properties. and appllcations. It covers the subjects of evaporation, iron plating. sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, deposition from aqueous solutions. and plasma and detonation gun deposiuon techruques Send Orders to: METAL FINISHING, 660 'X'hlte Plains Rd. Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153 For faster service, call (914) 333-25711 or FAX your order to (914) 333-2570 All book orders must be prepaid, Please include $5.00 shippmg and handling for delivery of each hook via UPS in the US, $10.00 for each hook shipped express 10 Canada; and 52000 for each book shipped express to all other countnes.
NONDIRECTIONAL Fig. 3. Flap brush construction.
Flap brushes. Single sheets of abrasive web cut to length and adhered at a 90' angle to a steel or fiber core (Fig. 3): 6- to IS-in. diameter X 112- to 64-in. width. Unitized wheels. Disks of abrasive web compressed together and abrasively bonded to form a solid wheel (Fig. 4): 1- to IS-in. diameter X 1,4- to I-in. width. Convolute wheels. Abrasive web convolutely wrapped around a fiber core and adhesively bonded between layers to form a hard cutting wheel (Fig. 5): 4 to 24-in. diameter X '/2 to IS-in. width. Each of these forms is available in various grades and hardnesses that affect the amount of cut and subsequent surface roughness (rms) on a substrate (Fig. 6). Because of their three-dimensional construction, these products are not graded by grit or mesh numbers as are conventional single-layer abrasive media such as oil wheels, setup wheels, greaseless compounds, and coated abrasives. Low-density media are available in six grades: coarse, medium, fine, very fine, superfine, and ultrafine, This method of grading in sequence for a given brush or wheel form takes the guesswork out of determining what grade should be used to prepare a surface for buffing or plating. For example, a very fine grade would be used to reduce the scratches left by a fine grade, which was used to reduce scratches remaining from a medium grade, and so forth. The surface roughness left after use of each grade can be predetermined, as illustrated in Fig. 6. As indicated in the area of nonferrous materials, the coarser the product, the wider the microinch range, which is dependent on the type of material being worked on and its hardness. Abrasive minerals used in low-density abrasives include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, flint, and garnet. Varying in shape and hardness, these minerals are utilized in different products designed for specific applications. The type of material to be worked on will
RADIALLY BONDED----~-~
3-Dimensional Abrasive SheeIs
1l1to---I--ADHESIVE Fig. 4. Unitized wheel construction.
68
CUSTOM lADE FLAPWHms Schaffner manutacturers FLAPWHEELS to your specihcauon quickly. Special contour treatments and sizes are no problem. Schaffner alsooffers a wide vanety of interlealing, spacing and slashing . All Schaffnercoaled abrasive FLAPWH EE LSare produced in a SPC environment10 assure quality.
Phone or Fax for ourfreecatatog,
Phone (412) 761·9902 or Fax: (412) 761·8998
E1ectrodeposltlon: The Materials Science of Coatings and Substrates by j. W Dini 367 pages $78.00 The first comprehensive book on materials science and its relation sh ip to electrodeposition and other coating tech nologies. Top ics co vered include hydrogen embrittlement, adhesion, d iffusion , porosity, stress add itives, co rrosion, and wear. Send Orders to. METAL FINISHING 660 White Plains Rd.,
Tarrytown, NY 10591-5153 For faster service, call (914) 333~2578 or FAX your order to (914) 333-2570 All book O rd("110 must IX' prepaid PI.,.• se include $5 00 sluppmg and handling for dehvery of each boo k VIa ups m the US, $1000 for each hoo k shlPI"'d express to Canada. and $20 00 for each book shipped express to all othe r rountne>
LAPPING?
For faster cutting try Electro Abrasives' Boron carbide Powder. Electro Abrasives' Boron Corbide Powder cuts foster and cleaner than conventional Silicon Corbide finishing powders. Other Boron Corbidebenefits include: • Longer Life - Cuts down time, and increases efficiency. • Foster CUlling - Maximizes your per-hour product output. • Higher Pressures - Handles any application with ease. Electro Abrasives has Boron Corbide Powders from # 220 to # 1200 that has application in looseabrasive machining of: • Tungsten Corbide • Ceramics, Composites • Tool Steel Our Boron Corbideis available to ISO, FEPA, and ANSI specifications. Produced 01our new powders facilities in Buffalo, New York, we will meet your exact need. Call today. Leam how our full line of premium abrasive grains & powders satisfy your needs.
EI.ECTR.
™
ABRASIVES WILLET . 701 . . RD. BUFFALO, NY 14218 TELEPHONE: 800-284-4748 FAX: 716-822-2858 email: eaccorp @fcs-net.com www.ceramics·90m/electro
CONVOLUTELY WOUND 3-Dimensional Abrasive
ADHESIVE
Fig. 5. Wheel construction.
dictate which mineral should be used. Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, for example, are most commonly used on metal, glass, plastic, and rubber, whereas garnet is used primarily on wood. The amount of abrasive web used to make up a given size and converted form determines the product's hardness. Hardness is related directly to product life, rate of cut, and finish. Densities are rated by a numbering scale, from I to 10. The higher the number, the harder the product. Generally, the softer products, 5 density and lower. are used for decorative finishes. These softer products conform more readily to surface contours and generate a uniform scratch finish. Typical applications are finishing nameplates, automotive and appliance trim, satin finishing of stainless steel, and a wide variety of jewelry items. They are particularly well suited for the finishing of aluminum. The lower density. nonwoven, open-type construction creates less heat at the working surface than conventional media, thereby reducing galling problems associated with finishing aluminum. The harder converted forms, 6 density and higher, are recommended for heavier stock removal. cleaning of surface contaminants, and deburring operations.
UhraFine Superfine
VeryFine Fine Medium
Coarse
20
Fig. 6. Average surface roughness.
70
Table I. Wheel Speeds for Selected Applications, sfpm Cleaning
2,000--5,000
Deburring
3,()()()..{i,500 500-2,500
Decorative finish Polishing (steel)
6,000--9,000
WHEEL SPEED AND PRESSURE Rotational speed directly affects the rate of cut and the type of finish. The higher the surface feet per minute (sfpm), the higher the rate of cut. Of course, the maximum safe operating speed of the wheel or brush should not be exceeded. Higher speeds are used only when high rates of cut are required for polishing operations. Slower speeds will lengthen the scratch and create a more uniform, decorative fmish. Some typical speeds for different applications are listed in Table I. Work pressures for a given application depend on the selected product form and the application. Unitized and convolute wheels require higher work pressure, whereas brush forms require lower pressure and horsepower. Recommended work pressures and horsepower (hp) requirements are listed by application in Table Il. It is important that the correct pressure be used, both to generate the desired cut and finish and to obtain the most economical life from the low-density abrasive. The work pressures suggested here indicate relative amounts of work required over and above no-load or free idle of the motor. Pressure for offhand operations will be lower, usually in the 3- to 5-lb range. In practice, the optimum is obtained when the minimum pressure is used to achieve desired results. Excessive pressure can cause premature wear and does not necessarily increase the rate of cut due to the controlled cut characteristic of three-dimensional abrasives.
LUBRICANTS Lubricants, such as soaps, waxes, tallow, water-soluble coolants, and grinding aids, can be used. Water-based coolants and grease- or oil-based lubricants can beneficially affect the life, rate of cut, and the finish produced while eliminating damage to heat-sensitive materials, such as thermoplastics and glass, by preventing heat buildup. With the use of a coolant, it is possible to increase the rate of cut of a low-density abrasive while producing a duller fmish. In the case of lubricants, surface roughness can be reduced. The higher velocity lubricants produce lower surface roughness; that is, grease produces a lower rms than oil. Consequently, it is desirable to use either a coolant or a lubricant whenever possible.
SHAPING
An important feature of the low-density abrasive is that it can be readily shaped or formed to follow complex part contours. The shape will be retained throughout its usable life. One of the most effective and easiest methods used to shape wheels or brushes is to adhere a piece of 36-grit, coated abrasive to the part and hold it against the wheel until the shape is formed. Low-density abrasive wheels will retain intricate shapes without undercutting or creating flats. Table II. Recommended Work Pressures for Various Applications Applications Decorative finishing Cleaning
Work Pressures (lblworking inch)
Horsepower (hplworking inch)
5-10
0.1-0.15 0.1-0.2 0.15-0.2 0.5-2
1l~20
Deburring
10-20
Polishing
20-40
71