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Surface engineering and heat treatment
Tribology
PII:
ce Engineering Edited
by P.H.
and
Heat
Internutiorml
Vol. 30. No. 3. pp. 245-246, 1997 Copyright 0 1997 Eis&ier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0301-679X/96/$17.00 +O.OO
SO301-679X(96)00035-7
Treatment
Morton
This bcok is a compilation of the proceedings of a conference by the Institute of Metals and The Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology (CEST). It is a collection of 19 invited papers by noted authorities in their fields. It contains 384 pages. Although the book was published in 1991 and ‘sets the scene for surface engineering in the 1990s’) it is not dated and contains informz.tion that is topical and useful :‘or today’s engineers. It is aimed at industrial engineers and is certa!.nly a useful reference for tribologists. The subjects discussed include summa-ies of the impact of surface engineering on the global market and the developed approach to applications and the economics of surface engineering. The influence of surface treatment on mechanical design is also emphasized. The use of surface treatment in a number of industries, including electronics, automoeive, aircraft, machine tools and coated films is found in this book. A number of processes are reviewed in detail including: nitroca;-burizing, vacuum heat treatment, plasma thermochemical treatment, laser surface engineering ion beam processes and surface engineering of titanium alloys. W.H. Roberts, in his paper, provides a useful summary of commercial surface treatments. A series of case studies on successful use of various surface treatments is valuable for those looking for a technique for a specific problem. Betteridge discusses surface treatments for aircraft engines. He review:; the use of carburizing,
hard facing, phosphating, anodizing and metal spraying in piston engines. New approaches are needed for titanium parts in gas turbines. He includes 14 different surface treatments for large fans including electroplating, thermal spray and diffusion coatings. He leaves to the future laser and ion assisted coatings, CVD, PVD. He calls for better understanding of the physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings. Nitrocarburizing is reviewed by Dawes. His emphasis is on the fact that nitrogen is the predominant element in the process while carbon enhances the nitriding process. He gives examples of its use in the automotive industry. R. Priestner and D.M. Priestner include the importance of the substrate in surface engineering. Where resistance to sliding or rolling contact are needed, thin surface layers as provided by CVD or PVD are very much influenced by the properties of the substrate material. Thus, the material upon which the surface layer is deposited can be altered by chemical reaction, changed by diffusion, residual stresses,phase changes, etc. For instance, selection of steel for carburizing should be based on its hardenability. He gives a number of examples of substrate engineering as in the carburizing of gear teeth to provide sufficient support to a nitride layer subsequently applied. He shows that in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron it should be first heat treated to produce a matrix of bainite and then plasma nitrided. Tribology
International
Hombeck and Bell describe an environmentally harmless method for plasma thermochemical surface treatment. Ion implantation and ion assisted coating are discussed by Dearnaly. He applies material science principles to the prediction of effects of various ion processes on the final surface composition and structure. He shows implantation or ion assisted coatings can be used effectively to increase wear resistance while involving a low temperature process that does not warp or transform the substrate. Titanium, tantalum and yttrium are proposed as effective agents. In the case of yttrium, it can reduce high temperature oxidation and to improve the adhesion of oxides to the metal substrate. Holleck discusses advanced coating principles for optimization of ‘ceramic’ coatings. He divides these materials into three groups: Metallic hard materials having a preponderance of metallic bonds Covalent materials having highly directional bonds Materials with ionic bonding He uses a diagram called a ‘bonding triangle’ which has the three bonding types, one at each comer. This is used to design multilayer coatings starting with essentially metallic bonds at the substrate to provide good bonding for the first layer. Succeeding layers progress toward a stable external layer which is inert to metal contacts and prevents adhesion. He suggests concepts such as graded layers, nanocrystalline layers and amorphous layers. However, because of the limited space, he Volume
30 Number
3 1997
245
cannot go into details of how these concepts can be achieved. Parsons and Man provide an o.verview of laser surface treatment. This concerns industrial high power lasers. The chapter includes discussion of laser surface transformation hardening, shock hardening, laser surface melting, laser surface alloying and laser cladding. P.H. Morton, Weisheit, Bell and Mordike discuss recent surface
246
Tribology
International
treatments for titanium to reduce its tendency for galling. This includes nitriding and electron beam surface alloying. This book is a useful reference on surface treatment for industrial engineers and students. Certainly, for tribologists, it contains much material on the surface condition and its effect on wear and friction. There is some material in
Volume
30 Number
3 1997
the book that has nothing to do with tribology. Since the field of surface treatment is changing rapidly, this book has not covered the latest developments in the area of diamond-like coatings, boron nitride coatings, the use of intermetallics and nanocrystalline materials.
Bnttelle
W.A. Glaeser, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, USA
PII:
ce Engineering Edited
by P.H.
and
Heat
Internutiorml
Vol. 30. No. 3. pp. 245-246, 1997 Copyright 0 1997 Eis&ier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0301-679X/96/$17.00 +O.OO
SO301-679X(96)00035-7
Treatment
Morton
This bcok is a compilation of the proceedings of a conference by the Institute of Metals and The Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology (CEST). It is a collection of 19 invited papers by noted authorities in their fields. It contains 384 pages. Although the book was published in 1991 and ‘sets the scene for surface engineering in the 1990s’) it is not dated and contains informz.tion that is topical and useful :‘or today’s engineers. It is aimed at industrial engineers and is certa!.nly a useful reference for tribologists. The subjects discussed include summa-ies of the impact of surface engineering on the global market and the developed approach to applications and the economics of surface engineering. The influence of surface treatment on mechanical design is also emphasized. The use of surface treatment in a number of industries, including electronics, automoeive, aircraft, machine tools and coated films is found in this book. A number of processes are reviewed in detail including: nitroca;-burizing, vacuum heat treatment, plasma thermochemical treatment, laser surface engineering ion beam processes and surface engineering of titanium alloys. W.H. Roberts, in his paper, provides a useful summary of commercial surface treatments. A series of case studies on successful use of various surface treatments is valuable for those looking for a technique for a specific problem. Betteridge discusses surface treatments for aircraft engines. He review:; the use of carburizing,
hard facing, phosphating, anodizing and metal spraying in piston engines. New approaches are needed for titanium parts in gas turbines. He includes 14 different surface treatments for large fans including electroplating, thermal spray and diffusion coatings. He leaves to the future laser and ion assisted coatings, CVD, PVD. He calls for better understanding of the physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings. Nitrocarburizing is reviewed by Dawes. His emphasis is on the fact that nitrogen is the predominant element in the process while carbon enhances the nitriding process. He gives examples of its use in the automotive industry. R. Priestner and D.M. Priestner include the importance of the substrate in surface engineering. Where resistance to sliding or rolling contact are needed, thin surface layers as provided by CVD or PVD are very much influenced by the properties of the substrate material. Thus, the material upon which the surface layer is deposited can be altered by chemical reaction, changed by diffusion, residual stresses,phase changes, etc. For instance, selection of steel for carburizing should be based on its hardenability. He gives a number of examples of substrate engineering as in the carburizing of gear teeth to provide sufficient support to a nitride layer subsequently applied. He shows that in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron it should be first heat treated to produce a matrix of bainite and then plasma nitrided. Tribology
International
Hombeck and Bell describe an environmentally harmless method for plasma thermochemical surface treatment. Ion implantation and ion assisted coating are discussed by Dearnaly. He applies material science principles to the prediction of effects of various ion processes on the final surface composition and structure. He shows implantation or ion assisted coatings can be used effectively to increase wear resistance while involving a low temperature process that does not warp or transform the substrate. Titanium, tantalum and yttrium are proposed as effective agents. In the case of yttrium, it can reduce high temperature oxidation and to improve the adhesion of oxides to the metal substrate. Holleck discusses advanced coating principles for optimization of ‘ceramic’ coatings. He divides these materials into three groups: Metallic hard materials having a preponderance of metallic bonds Covalent materials having highly directional bonds Materials with ionic bonding He uses a diagram called a ‘bonding triangle’ which has the three bonding types, one at each comer. This is used to design multilayer coatings starting with essentially metallic bonds at the substrate to provide good bonding for the first layer. Succeeding layers progress toward a stable external layer which is inert to metal contacts and prevents adhesion. He suggests concepts such as graded layers, nanocrystalline layers and amorphous layers. However, because of the limited space, he Volume
30 Number
3 1997
245
cannot go into details of how these concepts can be achieved. Parsons and Man provide an o.verview of laser surface treatment. This concerns industrial high power lasers. The chapter includes discussion of laser surface transformation hardening, shock hardening, laser surface melting, laser surface alloying and laser cladding. P.H. Morton, Weisheit, Bell and Mordike discuss recent surface
246
Tribology
International
treatments for titanium to reduce its tendency for galling. This includes nitriding and electron beam surface alloying. This book is a useful reference on surface treatment for industrial engineers and students. Certainly, for tribologists, it contains much material on the surface condition and its effect on wear and friction. There is some material in
Volume
30 Number
3 1997
the book that has nothing to do with tribology. Since the field of surface treatment is changing rapidly, this book has not covered the latest developments in the area of diamond-like coatings, boron nitride coatings, the use of intermetallics and nanocrystalline materials.
Bnttelle
W.A. Glaeser, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, USA