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Suspected Azadiracta indica toxicity in a sheep
Perganton Press Ltd.
Toxi on, Vol. 22, No . 6, pp . 989-1000, 1984.
Printed in Great Britain .
REVIEWS OwNBY, C. L. and ODELL, G. V. (Departments of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S .A .) Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle necrosis induced by tarantula venom. Expl mob. Path. 36, 283 (1983) . THE PATHOGENESIS of myonecrosis induced by venoms of the Arkansas tarantula (Dugesiella henW, Girard) and the Honduran tarantula(Aphonopelma spp.) was studied using light and electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis, and histochemistry. White mice were injected intraperitoneally with a sublethal dose of tarantula venom. These two tarantula venoms caused a rapid onset myonecrosis in which the primary injury was rupture of the plasma membrane, followed by inability of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum to maintain normal levels of calcium in the cytoplasm leading to tell death. G. HABERMEHL ISHAY, J. S., SHEMESH, E. and LILLING, I. (Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Israel) Hypothermia induced in mice by injection of venom sac extract of hornets (Yespa orientalis, Vespinae: Hymenoptera) . Experientia 39, 53 (1983) . INTRAPERITONEAL injection into naiveand immunized albino mice of oriental hornet venom sac aqueous extract induces within 3 hr an 8-10°C and 3-4°C drop in body temperature, respectively . The fall in temperature is dose-dependent . The responsible fraction(s) in the venom is of high molecular weight. H. P. KoLM ALI, B. H. and SALIH, A. M. M. (Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khartoum, North Sudan) Suspected Azadiracta indica toxicity in a sheep . Yet. Rec. 111, 494 (1982) . A cAsE of suspected poisoning in a desert sheep following intake of Azadiracta indica (Neliacese) is reported . H. P. KOLM ScrBtuDTMAYER, J., SToYE-HERzoo, M. and ULBRICHT, W. (Physiologisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel, 02300 Kiel, F.R .G.) Rate of action of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibres . Pflügers Arch, ges. PhysioL 394, 313 (1982) . 1. THE EFPEcr of Anemonia sulcata toxin II (ATX II) on single myelinated nerve fibres of the frog, Rana esculenta, was investigated. 2. ATX II promptly and reversibly increased the duration of action potentials ; on applying 0.5 MM the time, to .,, to reach half of the final effect was 2.6 sec. In the presence of 10 mM tetracthylammonium the duration was very sensitive to ATX II and as little as 10 nM could be detected . 3 . The underlying mechanism was a diphasic incomplete inactivation of sodium channels which, at 15°C, caused a sizeable It.,, to persist after 15 cosec depolarization (I -) . 4. On applying 5 ;AM (1 .25 PM) ATX 11 at c. 15°C, It, developed with a sigmoid time course whose t, ., was 1 .5 sec (2.6 sec) and on washing declined in a near-exponential fashion with T, tr = 6.1 sec (6 .4 sec) . Washing after a short (1-2 sec) application led to a transient considerable increase in I followed by a faster decline with T,,r < T,rr. ., = 2.0 (between 7 and 14°C). 5. Cooling decreased the rate of action with a Q,o of 1/t, ., = 1 .9 and of 1/T ATC I (up to 15 MM) was ineffective and did not antagonize ATX II . 6. Both rates of diffusional access and reaction seem to contribute to the rate of action . The results suggest a superficial binding site . H. P. KOLM
AKADm, N. and OKAJENA, Y. (Department of Physiology, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka 812, and Department of Pharmacology, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto 860, Japan) Effects of veratrine and tetrodotoxin on the frog lens potential in normal and calcium-free media. PJWgersArch . gas. PhysioL 394, 333 (1982). THE MEMBRANE potentials of posterior filers of the isolated American bullfrog lens were measured in Ringer solution containing various external Ca" concentrations ([Cal .) by using a conventional glass microelectrode 989
Toxi on, Vol. 22, No . 6, pp . 989-1000, 1984.
Printed in Great Britain .
REVIEWS OwNBY, C. L. and ODELL, G. V. (Departments of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, U.S .A .) Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle necrosis induced by tarantula venom. Expl mob. Path. 36, 283 (1983) . THE PATHOGENESIS of myonecrosis induced by venoms of the Arkansas tarantula (Dugesiella henW, Girard) and the Honduran tarantula(Aphonopelma spp.) was studied using light and electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis, and histochemistry. White mice were injected intraperitoneally with a sublethal dose of tarantula venom. These two tarantula venoms caused a rapid onset myonecrosis in which the primary injury was rupture of the plasma membrane, followed by inability of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum to maintain normal levels of calcium in the cytoplasm leading to tell death. G. HABERMEHL ISHAY, J. S., SHEMESH, E. and LILLING, I. (Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Israel) Hypothermia induced in mice by injection of venom sac extract of hornets (Yespa orientalis, Vespinae: Hymenoptera) . Experientia 39, 53 (1983) . INTRAPERITONEAL injection into naiveand immunized albino mice of oriental hornet venom sac aqueous extract induces within 3 hr an 8-10°C and 3-4°C drop in body temperature, respectively . The fall in temperature is dose-dependent . The responsible fraction(s) in the venom is of high molecular weight. H. P. KoLM ALI, B. H. and SALIH, A. M. M. (Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Khartoum, North Sudan) Suspected Azadiracta indica toxicity in a sheep . Yet. Rec. 111, 494 (1982) . A cAsE of suspected poisoning in a desert sheep following intake of Azadiracta indica (Neliacese) is reported . H. P. KOLM ScrBtuDTMAYER, J., SToYE-HERzoo, M. and ULBRICHT, W. (Physiologisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel, 02300 Kiel, F.R .G.) Rate of action of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibres . Pflügers Arch, ges. PhysioL 394, 313 (1982) . 1. THE EFPEcr of Anemonia sulcata toxin II (ATX II) on single myelinated nerve fibres of the frog, Rana esculenta, was investigated. 2. ATX II promptly and reversibly increased the duration of action potentials ; on applying 0.5 MM the time, to .,, to reach half of the final effect was 2.6 sec. In the presence of 10 mM tetracthylammonium the duration was very sensitive to ATX II and as little as 10 nM could be detected . 3 . The underlying mechanism was a diphasic incomplete inactivation of sodium channels which, at 15°C, caused a sizeable It.,, to persist after 15 cosec depolarization (I -) . 4. On applying 5 ;AM (1 .25 PM) ATX 11 at c. 15°C, It, developed with a sigmoid time course whose t, ., was 1 .5 sec (2.6 sec) and on washing declined in a near-exponential fashion with T, tr = 6.1 sec (6 .4 sec) . Washing after a short (1-2 sec) application led to a transient considerable increase in I followed by a faster decline with T,,r < T,rr. ., = 2.0 (between 7 and 14°C). 5. Cooling decreased the rate of action with a Q,o of 1/t, ., = 1 .9 and of 1/T ATC I (up to 15 MM) was ineffective and did not antagonize ATX II . 6. Both rates of diffusional access and reaction seem to contribute to the rate of action . The results suggest a superficial binding site . H. P. KOLM
AKADm, N. and OKAJENA, Y. (Department of Physiology, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka 812, and Department of Pharmacology, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto 860, Japan) Effects of veratrine and tetrodotoxin on the frog lens potential in normal and calcium-free media. PJWgersArch . gas. PhysioL 394, 333 (1982). THE MEMBRANE potentials of posterior filers of the isolated American bullfrog lens were measured in Ringer solution containing various external Ca" concentrations ([Cal .) by using a conventional glass microelectrode 989