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Sweet sorghum: A promising crop for bioethanol
S456
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S402–S459
V4-P-145
V4-YP-001
Sweet sorghum: A promising crop for bioethanol
Efficacy of products derived from native plants of Cameroon on Phytophthora infestans
Chunzhao Liu 1,2,∗ , Feng Wang 1,2 1
National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China 2 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Liu). Sweet sorghum, a C4 crop in the grass family belonging to the genus Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, is characterized by a high photosynthetic efficiency and drought resistance. Because it is a high-yielding sugar crop, sweet sorghum has been considered as a particularly important energy crop for ethanol production (Gnansounou et al., 2005; Worley et al., 1992). In order to improve the ethanol productivity from sweet sorghum, development of new economic approaches is still an area of great interest (Christakopoulos et al., 1993; Kargi et al., 1985). The objective of this current study is focused on evaluating economic feasibility of two different fermentation processes for both ethanol and protein feedstuff production from sweet sorghum. The analysis was based on locating the ethanol plant and planting sweet sorghum in Inner Mongolia region of China to take advantage of data available for this farm area. Five varieties of sweet sorghum were planted in the Sonid Youqi Farm of Inner Mongolia Region in 2006–2007, and Rio variety gave the best fresh stalk yield of 80.5 ton/ha with 18.9% of sugar content. Refining sweet sorghum to both ethanol and feedstuff was considered as the best way to meet the increasing requirements of stockbreeding and renewable energy in this farm area. Two strategies for refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and feedstuff have been developed. Strategy 1 is to conduct submerged ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-PEG0701 from the extracted sweet sorghum juice followed by feedstuff production from bagasse fermentation by the mixed-culture of Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum. Strategy 2 is to conduct solid state ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae Y-PEG0701 from dried sweet sorghum stalk followed by feedstuff production from the residue of solid state fermentation after ethanol distillation by the mixedculture of A. niger and G. candidum. The ethanol yields were 69.7 kg and 76.5 kg/ton of fresh sorghum stalk in Strategy 1 and Strategy 2, respectively. The economic analysis indicated that Strategy 2 performed a higher net present value than Strategy 1 and ethanol price had the greatest impact on the net present value.
Piebiep Goufo 1,2,∗ , Dominic A. Fontem 1,2 , David Ngnokam 1,2 , Clautilde T. Mofor 1,2 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon 2 College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Goufo). The reduction of synthetic fungicides in agriculture is getting much attention today and the use of natural products considered an interesting alternative due to their lower negative impacts on the environment (Cutler, 1988). In that context, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the fungitoxicity of nine Cameroonian plant-derived products on Phytophthora infestans. The extracts (3%) were evaluated for sporangial germination on water agar after 24 h at 18 ◦ C, latent and incubation periods and late blight severity on detached leaflets and whole plants in the greenhouse. Inoculated leaflets and plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 20 ◦ C with 12 h photoperiod for 7 days. Late blight severity was estimated as described by Berger (Berger, 1980). The highest level of control in vitro was obtained with Pachypodanthium extract (42% inhibition). However, it did not show any effect under greenhouse conditions. Except for Bryophyllum and Erigeron extracts, all the other preparations resulted in moderate inhibition (15–35%). In assays with detached leaves and whole tomato plants, Cupressus and Vetiveria extracts proved to be the more effective preparations, with 86% and 77% disease reduction respectively. Dracaena extract showed little efficacy against tomato late blight. A clear relationship between disease latency and disease severity (incubation and latent periods) could be established. Acceptable inhibitory actions against the pathogen in vivo were obtained with Hymenodictyon, Lantana, Erigeron and Croton extracts (compared to the non sprayed control). However, none of the tested preparation was as effective as the chemical controls Ridomil Plus and Plantineb commonly used for late blight management in Cameroon (Fontem et al., 2005). Taken together, the results indicate that natural products may be developed as components of an integrated and more sustainable late blight management strategy with a final goal of reduced fungicide usage and production costs in both conventional and organically grown tomato crops. References
References Christakopoulos, P., Li, L.W., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., 1993. Direct conversion of sorghum carbohydrates to ethanol by a mixed microbial culture. Bioresour. Technol. 45, 89–92. Gnansounou, E., Dauriat, A., Wyman, C.E., 2005. Refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and sugar: economic trade-offs in the context of North China. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 985–1002. Kargi, F., Curme, J.A., Sheehan, J.J., 1985. Solid-state fermentation of sweet sorghum to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 34–40. Worley, J.W., Vaughan, D.H., Cundiff, J.S., 1992. Energy analysis of ethanol production from sweet sorghum. Bioresour. Technol. 40, 263–273.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1059
Berger, R.D., 1980. Measuring disease intensity. In: Berger, R.D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the E.C. Stakman Commemorative Symposium on Crop Loss Assessment. University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA, pp. 28–31 (Publication 7). Cutler, H.C., 1988. Biologically Active Natural Products: Potential Use in Agriculture. American Chemical Society, USA. Fontem, D.A., Olanya, M.O., Tsopmbeng, G.R., Owona, M.A.P., 2005. Pathogenicity and metalaxyl sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans isolates obtained from garden huckleberry, potato and tomato in Cameroon. Crop Prot. 24, 449–456.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1060
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S402–S459
V4-P-145
V4-YP-001
Sweet sorghum: A promising crop for bioethanol
Efficacy of products derived from native plants of Cameroon on Phytophthora infestans
Chunzhao Liu 1,2,∗ , Feng Wang 1,2 1
National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China 2 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Liu). Sweet sorghum, a C4 crop in the grass family belonging to the genus Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, is characterized by a high photosynthetic efficiency and drought resistance. Because it is a high-yielding sugar crop, sweet sorghum has been considered as a particularly important energy crop for ethanol production (Gnansounou et al., 2005; Worley et al., 1992). In order to improve the ethanol productivity from sweet sorghum, development of new economic approaches is still an area of great interest (Christakopoulos et al., 1993; Kargi et al., 1985). The objective of this current study is focused on evaluating economic feasibility of two different fermentation processes for both ethanol and protein feedstuff production from sweet sorghum. The analysis was based on locating the ethanol plant and planting sweet sorghum in Inner Mongolia region of China to take advantage of data available for this farm area. Five varieties of sweet sorghum were planted in the Sonid Youqi Farm of Inner Mongolia Region in 2006–2007, and Rio variety gave the best fresh stalk yield of 80.5 ton/ha with 18.9% of sugar content. Refining sweet sorghum to both ethanol and feedstuff was considered as the best way to meet the increasing requirements of stockbreeding and renewable energy in this farm area. Two strategies for refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and feedstuff have been developed. Strategy 1 is to conduct submerged ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-PEG0701 from the extracted sweet sorghum juice followed by feedstuff production from bagasse fermentation by the mixed-culture of Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum. Strategy 2 is to conduct solid state ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae Y-PEG0701 from dried sweet sorghum stalk followed by feedstuff production from the residue of solid state fermentation after ethanol distillation by the mixedculture of A. niger and G. candidum. The ethanol yields were 69.7 kg and 76.5 kg/ton of fresh sorghum stalk in Strategy 1 and Strategy 2, respectively. The economic analysis indicated that Strategy 2 performed a higher net present value than Strategy 1 and ethanol price had the greatest impact on the net present value.
Piebiep Goufo 1,2,∗ , Dominic A. Fontem 1,2 , David Ngnokam 1,2 , Clautilde T. Mofor 1,2 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon 2 College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Goufo). The reduction of synthetic fungicides in agriculture is getting much attention today and the use of natural products considered an interesting alternative due to their lower negative impacts on the environment (Cutler, 1988). In that context, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the fungitoxicity of nine Cameroonian plant-derived products on Phytophthora infestans. The extracts (3%) were evaluated for sporangial germination on water agar after 24 h at 18 ◦ C, latent and incubation periods and late blight severity on detached leaflets and whole plants in the greenhouse. Inoculated leaflets and plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 20 ◦ C with 12 h photoperiod for 7 days. Late blight severity was estimated as described by Berger (Berger, 1980). The highest level of control in vitro was obtained with Pachypodanthium extract (42% inhibition). However, it did not show any effect under greenhouse conditions. Except for Bryophyllum and Erigeron extracts, all the other preparations resulted in moderate inhibition (15–35%). In assays with detached leaves and whole tomato plants, Cupressus and Vetiveria extracts proved to be the more effective preparations, with 86% and 77% disease reduction respectively. Dracaena extract showed little efficacy against tomato late blight. A clear relationship between disease latency and disease severity (incubation and latent periods) could be established. Acceptable inhibitory actions against the pathogen in vivo were obtained with Hymenodictyon, Lantana, Erigeron and Croton extracts (compared to the non sprayed control). However, none of the tested preparation was as effective as the chemical controls Ridomil Plus and Plantineb commonly used for late blight management in Cameroon (Fontem et al., 2005). Taken together, the results indicate that natural products may be developed as components of an integrated and more sustainable late blight management strategy with a final goal of reduced fungicide usage and production costs in both conventional and organically grown tomato crops. References
References Christakopoulos, P., Li, L.W., Kekos, D., Macris, B.J., 1993. Direct conversion of sorghum carbohydrates to ethanol by a mixed microbial culture. Bioresour. Technol. 45, 89–92. Gnansounou, E., Dauriat, A., Wyman, C.E., 2005. Refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and sugar: economic trade-offs in the context of North China. Bioresour. Technol. 96, 985–1002. Kargi, F., Curme, J.A., Sheehan, J.J., 1985. Solid-state fermentation of sweet sorghum to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 34–40. Worley, J.W., Vaughan, D.H., Cundiff, J.S., 1992. Energy analysis of ethanol production from sweet sorghum. Bioresour. Technol. 40, 263–273.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1059
Berger, R.D., 1980. Measuring disease intensity. In: Berger, R.D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the E.C. Stakman Commemorative Symposium on Crop Loss Assessment. University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA, pp. 28–31 (Publication 7). Cutler, H.C., 1988. Biologically Active Natural Products: Potential Use in Agriculture. American Chemical Society, USA. Fontem, D.A., Olanya, M.O., Tsopmbeng, G.R., Owona, M.A.P., 2005. Pathogenicity and metalaxyl sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans isolates obtained from garden huckleberry, potato and tomato in Cameroon. Crop Prot. 24, 449–456.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1060