Synchronous and time-transgressive Neogene radiolarian datum levels in the Equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans

Marine Micropaleontology, 9 (1985): 489--523 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands

SYNCHRONOUS AND TIME-TRANSGRESSIVE NEOGENE RADIOLARIAN LEVELS IN THE EQUATORIAL INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

489

DATUM

DAVID A. JOHNSON 1 and CATHERINE A. NIGRINP

i Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (U.S.A.) 2 510 Papyrus Drive, La Habra Heights, CA 90631 (U.S.A.) (Revised form accepted June 17, 1985)

Abstract Johnson, D.A. and Nigrini, C.A., 1985. Synchronous and time-transgressive Neogene radiolarian datum levels in the Equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. Mar. Micropaleontol., 9: 489--523. Fifty radiolarian events of early Pleistocene and Neogene age were identified in an E--W transect of equatorial DSDP sites, extending from the Gulf of Panama to the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. Our objective was to document the degree of synchroneity or time-transgressiveness of stratigraphically-useful datum levels from this geologic time interval. We restricted our study to low latitudes within which morphological variations of individual taxa are minimal, the total assemblage diversity remains high, and stratigraphic continuity is welldocumented by an independent set of criteria. Each of the five sites chosen (503, 573, 289/586, 214) was calibrated to an "absolute" time scale, using a multiple of planktonic foraminiferal, nannofossil, and diatom datum levels which have been independently correlated to the paleomagnetic polarity time scale in piston core material. With these correlations we have assigned "absolute" ages to each radiolarian event, with a precision of 0.1--0.2 m.y. and an accuracy of 0.2--0.4 m.y. On this basis we have classified each of the events as either: (a) synchronous (range of ages <0.4 m.y.); (b) time-transgressive (i.e., range of ages > 1.0 m.y.); and (c) not resolvable (range of ages 0.4--1.0 m.y.). Our results show that, among the synchronous datum levels, a large majority (15 out of 19) are last occurrences. Among those events which are clearly time-transgressive, most are first appearances (10 out of 13). In many instances taxa appear to evolve first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean. This pattern is particularly unexpected in view of the strong east-to-west zonal flow in equatorial latitudes. Three of the time-transgressive events have been used to define zonal boundaries: the first appearances of Spongaster pentas, Diartus hughesi, and D. petterssoni. Our results suggest that biostratigraphic non-synchroneity may be substantial (i.e., greater than 1 m.y.) within a given latitudinal zone; one would expect this effect to be even more pronounced across oceanographic and climatic gradients. We anticipate that the extent of diachroneity may be comparable for diatom, foraminiferal, and nannofossil datum levels as well. If this proves true, global "time scales" may need to be re-formulated on the basis of a smaller number of demonstrably synchronous events.

Introduction A fundamental presumption of stratigraphic c o r r e l a t i o n is t h e r e l a t i v e s y n c h r o n e i t y o f b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c d a t u m levels o n a r e g i o n a l o r e v e n a g l o b a l scale, i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e

common time-transgressive nature of other stratigraphic "horizons" (e.g. lithofacies b o u n d a r i e s ; hiatuses; seismic reflectors). As a result of the development of a precise paleomagnetic geochronology over the past two decades, biostratigraphers have been able

490

to test this presumed synchroneity of faunal and floral biostratigraphic "events" against an independent calibration -- the polarity reversal sequence. Such comparisons have suggested apparent synchroneity for a substantial n u m b e r o f biostratigraphic events to within a precision of ~ 0 . 1 - - 0 . 4 million years, and as a result have formed the basis for the calibration of biostratigraphic zonations to " a b s o l u t e " time scales (e.g., Berggren et al., 1980; in press). In recent years, however, some notable exceptions to global synchroneity have emerged u p o n closer examination of the latitudinal dependence of floral and faunal zonations, and of the associated stratigraphic marker "horizons". Among the planktonic foraminifera, which are perhaps the most thoroughly-studied of the microfossil groups, significant latitudinal diachroneity has been demonstrated for numerous "horizons", including: (a) The first-appearance datums of Globorotalia truncatulinoides and G. inflata (Kennett, 1970); (b) The first-appearance datum of Globorotalia puncticulata (Kennett, 1973; Kennett and Watkins, 1974); (c) The last-appearance datum of Globorotalia (Fohsella) kugleri (Srinivasan and Kennett, 1983); and (d) The last-appearance datum of Globoquadrina dehiscens (D. Hodell, personal communication, 1984). In a recent review of Neogene chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy, Saito (1984) has summarized the evidence for latitudinal diachroneity of several first- and last-appearance datum levels of planktonic foraminifera. Consequently there is a clear basis for reexamining the presumed biostratigraphic synchroneity for all microfossil d a t u m levels with a much closer scrutiny, b o t h within and between latitudinal zones. We have re-examined the classical sequences of low-latitude radiolarian events (e.g., Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978; Theyer et al., 1978), and have discovered some persistent

"wrinkles" within the presumed paradigm of biostratigraphic synchroneity. Our results amplify Baker's (1983, fig. 3) initial documentation o f time-transgressive d a t u m levels for a single radiolarian genus, Theocorythium. We believe that at least some of the apparent departures from synchroneity may be real, rather than mere artifacts of the combined effects of incomplete core recovery, low abundances of taxa, or poor specimen preservation. If non-synchroneity is indeed significant, then its documentation in diverse groups of fauna and flora may be important n o t only for sharpening stratigraphic resolution, b u t also in interpretations of paleoceanography and evolutionary biology.

Objectives and methods of study We have examined low-latitude radiolarian sequences of Quaternary and late Neogene age (ca. 1--15 m.y.) in four composite DSDP drilling localities (Fig. i and Table I): the eastern Pacific (Site 503), central Pacific (Site 573), western Pacific (Sites 289 and 586), and Indian Ocean (Site 214). We intentionally selected a coring transect within a given latitudinal zone in which one would expect to encounter comparable taxa at all sites, thus avoiding the complexities introduced by latitudinally
Latitude

Longitude

503 573 289 586 214

04 ° 03'N 95° 38'W 00°30'N 133°19'w 00° 30'S 158°31'E 00°30'S 158°29'E 11° 20'S 88°43'E

Depth

3672 4301 2206 2207 1685

491

90°E

120"

150"

160"

1~0"

120"

90~W

Fig. 1. Index m a p showing D S D P sites whose radiolarian biostratigraphy forms the basis of our study of synchroneity.

In considering the n u m b e r of possible radiolarian events from which to choose, we e m p l o y e d t w o principal criteria in deriving our final list (see Appendix I): -- We used principally first- and last-appearance datums o f m o r p h o t y p e s (48 events), and included only t w o evolutionary transitions b e t w e e n m o r p h o t y p e s within a lineage. Although evolutionary transition events clearly have stratigraphic value (e.g., Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, fig. 1), there is some subjectivity associated with selecting the "crossover p o i n t " in an evolving population of different morphotypes, even if large numbers of specimens are examined. With this criterion we have therefore excluded some evolutionary transitions within the artiscin lineage(s) which have classically been e m p l o y e d in subdividing the Neogene (Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1980), b u t which we f o u n d were n o t practical for inclusion in our study. -- We included in our tabulations o n l y taxa whose identity is relatively unambiguous using ordinary light-microscopic examination. Several additional taxa were noted which appear to have stratigraphic value, b u t which will require more taxonomic research and perhaps re-definition prior to

their consistent application as stratigraphic markers. Using these two criteria we selected fifty radiolarian events which we identified so far as the material would allow in each of our four reference localities. In all instances we supplemented published tabulations of radiolarian occurrences with our own re-examination of the material to verify that we were applying consistent criteria in identifying taxa (e.g., Riedel and Westberg, 1982 for Site 503; Holdsworth, 1975, and Westberg and Riedel, 1978, for Site 289; Johnson, 1974, for Site 214; Caulet, in press, for Site 586). We examined each drill site at intervals of one sample per section (1.5 m), and tabulated whether each taxon was present (P), rare (+, only one specimen in a slide), or absent (--) (see Appendix II). From these tabulations we selected upper and lower limits for as m a n y taxa as possible (see Appendix III). Selection and calibration of stratigraphic reference sections We devoted a major effort to re-calibrating all available stratigraphic marker horizons in our chosen drill sites to the revised Neogene time scale of Berggren et al. (in press). This substantial revision, which emerged in early 1984, reassigns the long magnetic normal interval of the late Miocene to Chron 11 rather than the previously assumed Chron 9 ( R y a n et al., 1974), and thereby has resolved m a n y discrepancies which formerly preoccupied late Miocene geochronology (see discussion in Berggren et al., in press). We have constructed age--depth curves for each of our reference sites (Figs. 2--5), using all available stratigraphic horizons in these sites which have been calibrated to the polarity time scale (Tables II--V). We recognize that there is a multiplicity of allowable (and perhaps preferable) ways of constructing curves through the available control points. Minor hiatuses, such as those interpreted b y Keller and Barron (1983),

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Table 2.

may indeed be present. In our study, however, we have adopted a more conservative approach and constructed a minimal number of straight-line segments through the control points, ignoring second-order changes in accumulation rate which m a y indeed be present. Our objective here is to d o c u m e n t only major events of non-synchroneity (1 m.y. or greater), and for this purpose we require an age resolution at each site on the order of ~ 0 . 3 m.y. The multiplicity of control points which we have e m p l o y e d allows this degree o f resolution, although we of

course would prefer to have had a complete polarity stratigraphy directly available for each of our reference sites. We note that the strength of our case for radiolarian synchroneity/non-synchroneity lies in the accuracy o f our reference site calibrations. There is insufficient space in this paper to discuss and justify each of our choices of calibration points and their corresponding " a b s o l u t e " ages, b u t we have provided a detailed tabulation and citations for each control point, thereby allowing readers t o assess the validity of our approach.

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495 TABLE II Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datum levels at sites 5 0 3 A and 503B, eastern equatorial Pacific

Datum

Samples

Depth (m)

Age (Ma)

10.8 12.2 35.1 49.2 63.5 72.5 89.7

0.73 e 0.98 1.88 2.47 3.08 3.40 3.88

Paleomagnetics a

Brunhes/Matuyama Base of JaramiUo Base of Olduvai Matuyama/Gauss Top of Mammoth Gauss/Gilbert Top of Cochiti

503B-3-3,60-70 503B-4-2,30-40 503A-9-2,100-130 503B-12-2,60-100 503B-15-3,80-100 503B-17-3,80-100 503B-21-3,25-43

Diatoms b D 1T D2 B D3 T D, T D 5T D, T D7B D8 B D9 B

N. N. T. A. N. T. T. T. N.

cylindrica jouseae miocenica acutiloba miocenica praeconvexa convexa praeconvexa miocenica

A25-CC/26-CC A27-CC/28-CC A32-1/33-1 A34-2,48/108 A36-CC/37-1 A38-CC/39-2 A44-CC/45-CC A46-CC/47-CC A50-1,48/108

107.2--111.8 116.1--120.6 134.3--138.5 144.6--145.2 155.7--156.2 164.6--166.6 191.0--195.4 199.7--204.1 213.5--214.1

4.4 f 4.6 5.1 5.35 5.6 5.8 6.2 6.3 7.3

A33-CC/34-CC

142.6--147.0

5.2 e

A48-CC/49-2

208.5--210.5

6.5 e

Foraminifera c B G. t u m i d a N a n n o fossils d B A. p r i m u s

aprell et al., 1982, p. 179, table 5. bBaldauf, 1985, table 2. CKeigwin, 1982, pp. 274--275, tables 2 and 3. dInitial Reports of DSDP, 68, pp. 174--175. eBerggren et al. (in press), table X; appendix II, tables 6 and 7. fBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 3. Diatom events calibrated with paleomagnetic polarity epochs in Burckle (1978).

Documentation of synchronous and time-transgressive events Using i n d e p e n d e n t c o n t r o l p o i n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a g e - - d e p t h curves at e a c h site, w e d e r i v e d an age e s t i m a t e f o r t h o s e r a d i o l a r i a n e v e n t s in w h i c h t h e t a x o n w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y

a b u n d a n t t o yield a reliable " e v e n t " determ i n a t i o n . We f o u n d t h a t t h e e v e n t s fall i n t o t h r e e categories: t h o s e w h i c h a p p e a r t o b e s y n c h r o n o u s w i t h i n o u r limits o f r e s o l u t i o n ( T a b l e VI); t h o s e w h i c h are clearly t i m e transgressive b y ~ 1 m . y . o r g r e a t e r ( T a b l e VII); and those whose synchroneity remains

496

T A B L E III Biostratigraphic datum levels at DSDP Sites 5731573B Datum

Depth a (m)

Ages (Ma)

Paleomagnetic calibration

Foraminifera

F~ B G. truncatulinoides F~" T F3 B F4

B

Fs

B

F6

B

F7 B Fs

B

(N22/N21) G. n e p e n t h e s G. t u m i d a (NlS/N17) S. subdehiscens (N13/N12) G. fohsi s.1. (N12/Nll) G. f o h s i p r a e f o h s i (NIl/N10) Orbulina suturalis (N9/N8) G. insueta (N6/N5)

25.6--28.6

1.9 b

e,f

58.0--63.2 95.0--104.1

3.9 b

e,g e,h

185.8--195.6

11.8 c

--

206.7--209.1

13.1 b

i

216.1--217.6

13.9 b

i

247.1--250.2

15.2 b

ij

285.1--288.1

18.1 d

k

5.2 b

N a n n o fossils N~ T P. lacunosa N 2 T C. macintyrei N 3 T D. brouweri (CN13/112d) N 3 T R. p s e u d o u m b i l i e a (CN12/11) N s T A. p r i m u s

6.0---7.0 22.0--23.0 25.8--26.1

0.47 m o 1.45 m p 1 . 9 0 m f,P

51.0--50.5

3.5 m

q,r

64.5---66.0

4.4 m

s

82.2--85.7

5.5 n

q

(CNll]10) N,

N~ Na N9 N10

N~

N~2

T D. q u i n q u e r a m u s (CN10/9) T D. hamatus (CN7/6) B D. hamatus (CN615) B C. coalitus (CN6/5) B D. kugleri (CN5b/5a) T S. h e t e r o m o r p h u s (CN5a/4) T H. ampliaperta

168.6--170.1

8.85 m i

176.6--176.7

10.0 m

i

187.6--189.1

10.8 m

i

196.1--197.6

11.8 n

--

217.1--218.6

14.0 n

--

247.6--249.1

16.0 m

i

11.5--12.8 20.8--25.3

0.65 1.6

v --

25.3--30.5 33.1--36.1 36.1--38.9

1.8 2.2 2.6

w w w

Diatoms D 1 T N. reinhoidii D: T R. praebergonii robusta D 3 B P. doliolus D 4 T T. convexa D 5 T N. jouseae

497 TABLE III (continued) Datum D~ D7 Ds D9 Dx0 D~x D12 DI3 D~, D15 DI~ D~ D~s D~9 D~0 D21 D22

B B B T B T T T T B B T B T T B T

D23 B D2, D2s D26 D27 D~8

T T T B B

D29 D30 D3x D~2 D3~ D3, D3s

T T B T B T T

Depth a (m) R. praebergonii T. convexa convexa A. elegans N. cylindrica N. jouseae T. miocenica A. acutiloba N. miocenica T. praeconvexa T. miocenica T. praeconvexa N. porteri N. miocenica R. paleacea T. burckliana T. burckliana C. vetustissimus var. javanica C. vetustissimus vat. javanica A. moronensis C. tuberculatus C. eoscinodiscus H. cuneiformis C. temperei var. delicata D. nieobarica C. lewisianus D. hustedtii C. peplum A. ingens T. fraga T. bukryi

Ages (Ma)

Paleomagnetic calibration

43.4--46.4 49.1--52.1 57.7--63.7 63.7--66.6 73.4---765.2 76.2--76.2 76.9--85.8 92.4--95.0 95.9--98.9 110.7--112.6 112.6--114.6 122.O 127.0 128.5--131.3 128.5--131.3 133.4--137.9 158.2--158.3 159.7--161.2

3.0 3.6 3.9 4.4 4.6 5.1 5.35 5.6 5.8 6.15 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 8.0 8.5

w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w

167.2--170.7

8.8

w

167.2--170.7 176.6--177.2 185.9--186.7 185.9--186.7 195.6--199.2

8.9 10.4 10.7 11.2 11.8

w x -w x

203.4-2102 203.4--210.2 214.7--219.7 222.7--224.1 232.8--242.9 254.7--257.7 265.7--267.2

12.6 12.9 13.7 14.1 15.5 16.4 17.0

---w --Y

aSaito, 1985. bBerggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6. CBarron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, column "B84". dBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 5. eSaito et al., 1975. fBerggren et al., 1980. gBerggren et al., 1983. hKeigwin, 1982. iMiller et al., 1985. JPoore et al., 1983. kLeg 85 paleomag. data at Site 575A. 1pujos, 1985. mBerggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 7. nBarron et al., 1985 (b) table 2, column "B84". °Thiefstein et al., 1977. PBackman et al., 1983. qGartner, 1973. rBackman and Shackleton, 1983. SMazzei et al., 1979. tBarron, 1985. UBarron et al., 1985 (a) table 3; Barton et al., in press (b), table 4. VBurckle, 1972. WBurckle, 1978. XBurckle et al., 1982. YLeg 85 paleomagnetic calibration in Hole 575 A. d i f f i c u l t t o assess, d u e e i t h e r t o r a r e a n d sporadic occurrences of the taxon or to inc o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s o f c o m p u t e d ages ( T a b l e VIII). From this grouping of events the following general patterns have emerged:

-- Among those events which appear sync h r o n o u s , t h e large m a j o r i t y ( 1 5 o u t o f 1 9 ) a r e last o c c u r r e n c e s ( F i g . 6). W e n o t e t h a t a number of other biostratigraphic events i d e n t i f i e d as " g l o b a l l y s y n c h r o n o u s " a r e also

498

last occurrences (e.g., Hays and Shackleton, 1976; Thierstein et al., 1977; Burckle et al., 1978). -- A m o n g the events showing strongest non-synchroneity (i.e., 1 m.y. or greater), most (10 o u t of 13) are first appearances; furthermore, in 8 o u t o f these 10 cases the

taxon evolves first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific (Fig. 7). -- The three extinction events which are m o s t strongly diachronous show the inverse relationship: some extinctions in the Pacific apparently precede corresponding events in

T A B L E IV Biostratigraphic d a t u m levels at DSDP Site 289 Datum

Samples a,j

Depth (m)

Age b .k (Ma)

Paleomagnetic calibration

18-4/19-2 22-1/22-2 27-2/27-5 30-3/31-3 33-4/34-2 36-2/36-4 37-5/38-1 40-4/40-5

166.5--173.0 201.0--202.0 249.0--253.5 279.0--288.5 309.0--315.5 334.5--337.5 348.5--352.0 375.5--377.0

5.2* 5.8* 7.1"* 8.0** 8.6** 9.9** 10.9"* 11.5"

c,d c --e e -f

43-6/44-1 45-2/45-4 47-6/48-1 49-4]49-5 51-6/52-2 54-4/55-1 55-2/55-3 58-2,60/92 59-1/59-2

407.0--409.0 420.0--423.0 445.0--447.0 461.0--462.5 483.0--487.0 509.0--513.5 515.0--516.5 543.5--544.0 551.5--553.0

12.6" 13.1" 13.9" 14.6"* 15.2" 16.0"* 16.4"* 17.6" 18.1"*

f f f -f,g --h i

15-CC/16-1 (S) 25-1/25-2 (S) 27-3]27-6 (B) 34-1134-3 (B) 36-CC/34-1 (S) 37-6,35/120(S) 40-3/41-2 (B) 47-4]47-5 (S) 57-CC/58-1 (S) 58-1/58-2 (S)

142.5--143.5 229.0--230.5 250.5--255.0 314.0--317.0 342.0--343.0 350.5--351.5 374.0--383.0 442.0--443.5 532.0--533.0 533.0--534.5

4.5*** 6.5*** 7.3**** 8.85*** 10.0"** 10.8"** 11.8"*** 14.0"*** 17.1"** 17.4"**

1,m n n f f f --h h

Foraminifera F1 F~ F3 F, Fs F6 F, F6

B B B B B T B T

F9 F~0 F~I F~2 F~3 F~, F~5 F~, F~

B B B B B B B T B

G. tumida PuUeniatinaprimalis G. conglobatus B. obliquus extremus N. acostaensis G. siakensis G. nepenthes G. fohsi robusta, G. fohsi lobata G. fohsi robusta G. fohsilobata G. fohsipraefohsi G. peripheroacuta Orbulinasuturalis G. mitra G. sicanus C. dissimilis G. insueta

Nannofossils N, N~ N3 N, N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N~0

B B B T B B B T B T

C. rugosus A. primus D. quinqueramus D. hamatus D. hamatus C. coalitus D. kugleri S. heteromorphus S. heteromorphus S. belemnos

a F o r a m i n i f e r a l d a t u m levels based on results r e p o r t e d in: Saito, 1975; Srinivasan and K e n n e t t , 1981a, b. bSources o f absolute ages: * = Berggren et al., in press, a p p e n d i x II, table 6; ** = Barron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, c o l u m n " B 8 4 " . cSaito et al., 1975. dKeigwin, 1982. e R y a n et al., 1974. fMiller et al., 1985. gPoore et al., 1983. hBerggren et al., 1983. iBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 5. JNannofossil d a t u m levels based on Bukry, 1975 (B); Shafik, 1975 (S). kSources of absolute ages: • ** = Berggren et al., in press, a p p e n d i x II, table 7; * * * * = Barton et al., 1985 (b), table 2, c o l u m n " B V 8 4 " . 1Gartner, 1973. mBerggren, 1973. n H a q et al., 1980.

499

the Indian Ocean by up to several million years (see Fig. 6).

Discussion

Our most significant finding is the asymmetrical distribution o f diachronous events between first occurrences and last occurrences: The overwhelming majority of synchronous datum levels are extinctions, and a

comparable majority of time-transgressive events are first-appearance d a t u m levels (Fig. 7). We note that the same a s y m m e t r y has recently been identified for benthic marine invertebrates in the Late Ordovician of eastern North America (Bretsky and Klofak, 1985). We thus have reason to suspect that biostratigraphic d a t u m levels for other planktonic and benthonic marine organisms may exhibit this same asymmetrical pattern. If indeed this proves to be true upon further

TABLE V Biostratigraphic datum levels at DSDP Sites 586/586A Datum

Samplesa,C

Deptha,c (m)

Ageb,d

Foraminifera

FI T G. fistulosus F~ B G. truncatulinoides (N22/N21) F 3 B G. tosaensis F, B G. fistulosus F s T G. margaritae F 6 T G. nepenthes F 7 B G. tumida

5-2/5-3 5-6/5-CC

32--34 37--39

1.6 1.9

A-2-CC/A-3-CC A-3-CC/A-4-CC A-3-CC/A-4-CC A-6-CC/A-7-CC A-12-6/A-12-CC

58--68 68--78 68--78 97--107 153--155

3.1 3.3 3.4 3.9 5.2

A-11-CC/A-12-3 A-15-CC/A-16-CC A-15-CC/A-16-CC

145--148 176--186 176--186

5.3 5.6 5.8

B4-2/4-3 B5-2/5-3 B5-CC/6-1 B6-4/6-5 B6-6/6-7 BS-CC/9-CC B8-CC/9-CC B15-2/15-5 B15-CC/16-1 B16-CC/17-CC B19-CC/20-CC B21-6/21-CC A20-CC/21-1 A30-CC/31-1

32.0--33.5 41.6--43.1 48.9--49.7 54.2--55.7 57.2--58.7 78.0-87.5 78.0-87.5 136.5--141.0 143.4--144.6 153.6--163.0 182.5--192.0 200.1--201.7 227.4--228.9 300.0-301.5

1.45 1.9 2.2 2.32 2.4 3.47 3.5 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.6 5.9 6.5 8.85

(NI8/NI7) F s T G. dehiscens F 9 B G. margaritae F~0 B Pulleniatina s . 1 . Nannofossils N~ N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N~0 NI~ N12 N~3 N,,

T T T T T T T T B B T B B T

C. macintyrei D. brouweri D. asymmetricus C. pentaradiatus D. surculus S. abies R. pseudoumbilica A. primus C. rugosus C. acutus A. amplificus A. amplificus A. primus D. hamatus

aForaminiferal data from Srinivasan and Kennett, unpublished Site Report, Site 586, DSDP Leg 90. bForaminiferal data from Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6. CNannofossil data from Lohmann, in prep., Site Report, Site 586, DSDP " Leg 90. dNannofossil data from Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 7.

500

T A B L E VI Biostratigraphic d a t u m levels at DSDP Site 214 Datum

Samples a J

Depth (m)

Age b ,k (Ma)

Paleomagnetic calibration

2-5/2-CC 2-CC/3-1 3-3/3-4 5-3/5-4 5-CC/6-1 7-118-2 10-CC/ll-1 12-5/12-CC 14-CC/15-2 16-CC/17-1 17-6/17-CC 18-3/18-5 18-CC/19-1

15.5--18.5 18.5--19.1 22.0--23.5 41.0-42.5 47.0-47.6 58.0-68.5 95.0-95.5 110.0-114.0 133.0-134.5 152.5--153.0 161.0--162.0 165.0--168.0 170.0-172.5

1.3 1.6 1.9 3.0 3.3 3.9 5.2 5.8 7.5 8.6* 10.4 10.9" 11.5

c c,d c,d c,e f c,e,f c,g c h h i -i

1-5/1-6 2-CC/3-1 3-2/3-3 4-1/4-2 4-3/4-4 6-2/6-3 6-3/6-4 8-CC/9-1 9-CC/10-1 11-CC/12-1 13-3/13-5 13-2/14-2 14-3/14-CC(~) 17-1/17-2 17-1/17-2 17-6/17-CC 18-2/18-2 18-CC/19-1 18-CC/19-1

7.0--8.0 19.0--20.0 20.5--22.0 29.5--31.0 34.0--35.5 49.0-50.5 50.5--52.0 76.0-77.0 85.5--86.0 104.5--105.5 117.5--120.5 116.0-125.5 127.0--133.0 153.0--154.5 153.0-154.5 160.0--162.0 162.5--163.5 170.5--171.5 170.5--171.5

0.47 1.68 1.9 2.4 2.6 3.47 3.5 4.1 4.5 5.5** 6.0 6.5 7.3** 8.75 8.85 10.0 10.0 10.8 11.6

1 d d,m d,m,n o P,q n,o~p n,r o n s s s i.t i i i i i

Foraminifera F1 F2 F3 F4 Fs F6 F7 F8 F9 F,0 F,~ F,2 F~3

B T B T B T B B B B T

PuUeniatina finalis G. fistulosus G. truncatulinoides SphaeroidineUopsis spp. G. fistulosus G. nepenthes G. tumida Pulleniatinaprimalis N. humerosa N. acostaensis G. siakensis B G. nepenthes T G. fohsis.1.

Nanno fossils N, N2 N3 N4 Ns N6 N7 N8 N9 N~0 N~ N~2 N,3 N~4 N,s N,, N,7 N~8 N,9

T B T T T T T B B T B B B T T B B B T

P. lacunosa G. oceanica D. brouweri D. surculus D. tamalis S. abies R. pseudoumbilica D. asymmetricus C. rugosus D. quinqueramus A. tricorniculatus A primus D. quinqueramus C. calyculus D. hamatus C. calyculus D. hamatus C. coalitus C. floridanus

a F o r a m i n i f e r a l data f r o m McGowran, 1972, p. 612, fig. 2. b F o r a m i n i f e r a l data f r o m Berggren et al., in press, a p p e n d i x II, table 6. Ages m a r k e d by * are f r o m Barron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, c o l u m n " B 8 4 " . CSaito et al., 1975. dBerggren et al., 1980. eBerggren et al., 1983. fHays et al., 1969. gKeigwin, 1982. h R y a n et al., 1974. iMiller et al., 1985. JNannofossil data f r o m Gartner, 1972. kNannofossil data f r o m Berggren et al., in press, a p p e n d i x II, table 7. Ages m a r k e d by ** are f r o m Barton et al., 1985 (b), table 2, c o l u m n " B 8 4 " . IThierstein et al., 1977. m B a c k m a n et al., 1983. nGartner, 1973. ° B a c k m a n and Shackleton, 1983. P M o n e c h i et al., in press, q R i o , 1982. rBerggren, 1973. SHaq et al., 1980. t p o o r e et al., 1983.

501

T A B L E VII S y n c h r o n o u s Late C e n o z o i c radiolarian e v e n t s in the t r o p i c a l Pacific and I n d i a n Oceans. Original d a t a are t a b u l a t e d in A p p e n d i c e s II a n d III Event

Age (m.y.) Indian (214)

T T B T T T T B B T T T T B T T T T T

A. angulare P. prismatium A. angulare S. peregrina P. fistula L. audax P. doliolum A. ypsilon S. tetras S. omnitubus S. corona A. tritubus Eucyrtidium sp. cf E. diaphanes S. omnitubus D. hughesi S. wolffii C. cristata s.s. C. cornuta C. tetrapera

0.9-1.6-1.7-2.6-3.3-3.3-3.4-3.6-3.6--

1.0 1.7 1.8 2.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.7-4.8 5 . 0 - 5.1 5.3-- 5.4 5 . 7 - - 5.8 6 . 3 - - 6.5 7 . 1 - - 7.2 -9.8--10.0 11.6--11.9 --

W Pacific (289,586) 0.8-1.4-1.4-2.5-3.2-3.4-3.5-3.5-3.6-4.3-rare 5.2-5.5--

0.9 1.5 1.5 2.6 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 4.6 5.3 5.6

6 . 4 - - 6.8 6 . 9 - - 7.1 8 . 1 - - 8.2 9.5--10.1 11.4--11.5 11.8--12.1

C Pacific (573)

E Pacific (503)

1.1-1.6-1.7-2.6-3.2-rare 3.5-3.7-3.8-4.9-5.1-5.5-5.8--

3.6 3.8 3.9 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.9

1.1--1.2 1.5--1.6 1.4--1.5 2.7--2.9 3.2--3.3 3.4--3.5 3.5--3.6 3.6--3.7 3.7--3.8 4.7--4.8 4.9--5.0 5.3--5.5 5.9--6.0

6 . 7 - - 6.8 7 . 0 - - 7.1 8 . 0 - 8.1 9.9--10.1 11.6--11.8 11.6--11.8

6.4--6.5 6.7--6.8 -----

1.2 1.7 1.8 2.7 3.3

T A B L E VIII D i a c h r o n o u s Late C e n o z o i c radiolarian e v e n t s in the tropical Pacific and I n d i a n Oceans. E v e n t s listed s h o w d i a c h r o n e i t y by 1 m.y. or m o r e . Original data are t a b u l a t e d in A p p e n d i c e s II a n d III. Event

B B B B B T B B B B T B T

T. trachelium P. praetextum s.1. S. pentas P. prismatium B. aquilonaris D. bursa A. tritubus D. hughesi L. bacca P. doliolum D. alata D. petterssoni C. bramlettei

Age (m.y.) Indian (214)

W Pacific (289,586)

C Pacific (573)

2.4-5.3-4.2-5.7-6.4-5.07.7-8.7--

1 . 4 - - 1.5 3 . 9 - - 4.0 4 . 4 - - 4.7 4 . 9 - - 5.0 6 . 1 - - 6.3 6 . 1 - - 6.3 7 . 7 - - 7.9 8 . 3 - - 8.6 8 . 6 - - 8.7 11.0--11.3 11.8--12.0 11.0--11.3 13.1--13.3

1 . 4 - - 1.5 3 . 8 - - 3.9 5 . 0 - - 5:1 4 . 7 - - 4.8 5 . 2 - - 5.4 6 . 4 - - 6.5 7 . 1 - - 7.2 7 . 8 - - 8.1 8 . 0 - - 8.1 8 . 0 - - 8.1 13.5--13.7 12.5--12.7 14.8--14.9

2.5 5.4 4.3 5.8 6.5 5.1 7.8 8.8 9.09.3 11.1--11.9 10.6--10.8 10.6--10.8 8.5-8.7

E Pacific (503) 1.5--1.6 -5.5--5.6 4.2--4.3 5.0-5.3 6.4--6.5 >6.8 -------

502

AGE (Ma) 0

i ,

i

2 ,

5

I

i

4

I

i

l

5 i

[

6 I

I

7 I

I

S I

I

9 I

10

I

I

I

tl I

I

12 I

~.,~.

-

20

"~

\'#fN,

40 -

~, F~\

N6

~E,

60

\ 80 100 -

,_o DSDI ~ SITE

120

214

810ETIMTIGIMPHIC DATUMLEVELS T F "1= O~AMINIFEIM

140

N ~ =M'w~°r°~jls

~ ~ , . ~

&, 180

.

.

.

.

.

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

#,~ '

Fig. 5. A b s o l u t e age c o n t r o l a t D S D P Site 214, I n d i a n Ocean. S o u r c e s o f d a t a are listed in T a b l e VI. T A B L E IX A d d i t i o n a l r a d i o l a r i a n e v e n t s e x a m i n e d in c u r r e n t s t u d y w h o s e s y n c h r o n e i t y / d i a c h r o n e i t y r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r d o c u m e n t a t i o n in m o r e p r e c i s e l y - d a t e d cores. Original d a t a are t a b u l a t e d in A p p e n d i c e s II a n d III Event

Age (m.y.) Indian (214)

B T T

Lamprocyrtis nigriniae Theocorythium vetulum Spongasterpentas

T T

Spongaster berminghami Botryostrobus bramlettei Spongaster berminghami -* S. pentas Calocycletta caepa Stichocorys delmontensis -* S. peregrina Botryostrobus miralestensis Diartuspetterssoni Diartuspetterssoni-* D. hughesi Spongaster berminghami Botryostrobus bramlettei Lithopera neotera Crytocapsellajaponica Lithopera renzae Calocycletta virginis Calocycletta costata

T T T B B T T T T T

W Pacific (289,586)

C Pacific (573)

E Pacific (503)

rare 1.7-- 1.8 3.5-- 3.6 3 . 8 - - 3.9 4 . 9 - - 5.0 4 . 3 - - 4.4

1.0-- 1.1 absent 3.4-- 3.5 4 . 2 - - 4.3 4 . 1 - - 4.2 4 . 7 - - 5.1

1.1-1.3-3.2-4.5-4.5-4.4--

1.2 1.4 3.3 4.6 4.6 4.7

1.4--1.5 1.1--1.2 3.0--3.1 3.9--4.0 4.2--4.3 5.0--5.3

rare 6 . 1 - - 6.7

6 . 2 - - 6.6 5 . 9 - - 6.2

5 . 6 - - 5.7 6 . 1 - - 6.3

5.5--5.6 6.3--6.5

8 . 1 - - 8.2 8 . 1 - - 8.2 8 . 3 - - 8.5

8 . 0 - - 8.3 8 . 1 - - 8.4 8 . 2 - - 8.5

7 . 3 - - 7.4 7 . 5 - - 7.6 7 . 6 - - 7.7

7 . 9 - - 8.0 8 . 8 - - 9.0 8 . 6 - - 8.7 10.0--10.3 ----

7 . 9 - - 8.0 -8 . 4 - - 8.7 absent 12.1--12.3 13.7--13.8 14.5--14.6

7 . 4 - - 7.5 10.0--10.1 -8 . 9 - - 9.1 11.6--11.8 15.0--15.1 15.0--15.1

503

study, then the implications are considerable for geochronology, particularly in the selection of biostratigraphic datum levels as components of regional or global "time scales" (e.g., Berggren et al., in press). Moreover, a detailed documentation of the timetransgressive nature of first-appearance events will have important implications for the formulation of, and discrimination between, various models of evolutionary dynamics, speciation, and migration patterns of new species. Our limited sample coverage (see Fig. 1) is far too sparse for providing any constraints on evolutionary theories. Nevertheless, we believe that our results and those of Bretsky and Klofak (1985) suggest that more detailed studies of diachronous firstappearances will be fruitful for a diverse

range of biological, stratigraphic, and paleooceanographic objectives. Our evidence that biostratigraphic events in the Indian Ocean are precursors to corresponding Pacific events is perhaps unexpected, in view of the strong westward zonal flow from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean at low latitudes (Godfrey and Golding, 1981; Piola and Gordon, 1984). Nevertheless, our preliminary results indicate not only that the oceanography and biology of the tropical Indian Ocean are influencing the tropical Pacific fauna, but that these interactions occur on time scales on the order of 10 ~ years, or considerably longer than the nominal ocean-mixing time of 103 years. At DSDP SITES

We~,l 214

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240~ m

7.0 -

Centrol Pacific -

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-

Western Poclflc

Centrol

Pacific

Eastern Pacific

LasfOcc~re~ces

radiolarian

datum

Fig. 7. Diachronous N e o g e n e radiolarian d a t u m levels. Events s h o w n include only those which are timetransgressive b y ~ I m.y. or m o r e (Table VIII).

504

present we cannot speculate on the mechanisms and pathways of such interactions, but our evidence indeed points to the Indian Ocean as a precursor of at least some biological and/or physical oceanographic events within the Pacific. Our present observations of radiolarian non-synchroneity remain subject to several important limitations: (1) We used indirectly-calibrated drill sites rather than core material which is directly dated paleomagnetically. As a result, only thirty-two of our fifty datum levels could be designated as clearly synchronous or time-transgressive (Tables VI and VII). With core material which is directly dated paleomagnetically, one might reduce the uncertainty in "absolute" age calibration associated with using "dated" calcareous microfossil events as control points, since the synchroneity of some of the control points themselves might also be called into question. With this increased precision, the synchroneity of the eighteen ambiguous datum levels (Table VIII) might be better resolved. (2) The broad spacing of sites in our present study (see Fig. 1) does not allow us to ascertain whether the Indonesian seaway connection (and its progressive closure during the Cenozoic) has been the essential controlling factor in Indian/Pacific non-synchroneity, and whether the observed, but minor, E--W non-synchroneity within the tropical Pacific is real. Moreover, this spacing is insufficient for assessing the reliability and significance of single anomalous events (e.g. the scarcity of S. corona at Site 586, of P. p r a e t e x t u m at Site 503, and of C. caepa at Site 214); the absence of T. vetulum at Site 586. (3) We were unable to assess radiolarian synchroneity of the late Pleistocene in our current study. A number of important radiolarian events occur in this stratigraphic interval (Nigrini, 1971; Johnson and Knoll, 1975; Caulet, 1979; Labracherie, 1985), some of which are clearly time-transgressive. The late Pleistocene form Buccinosphaera invaginata, for example, appears to have evolved

D/dr/us spp.

WEST 2t4

DSDP Sites 289/586

EAST 573

9 Mo iO

12

D..hughes/ I I D . pettersso4/ ~3

tlls011 eS

Fig. 8. Neogene datum levels in the Diartus lineage.

0

WEST

Spongaster spp.

II

214

I

2

5

II

2891586

II

573

EAST

II

503

4

Ma 5

6

7

e

r-~ S.tetras ~z~ S pentos I I S berm/~Ighom/

Fig. 9. Neogene datum levels in the Spongaster lineage.

505

earlier in the Indian Ocean than in the Pacific (Johnson and Knoll, 1975, p. 107), a trend which is consistent with our present observations of diachroneity {Table VII). Precise documentation of diachroneity of other Quaternary events will require magnetically- or isotopically
Summary (1) There is an asymmetrical distribution between diachronous and synchronous radiolarian events in the late Cenozoic of the equatorial Indo-Pacific. The majority" of synchronous events are last occurrences. The majority of diachronous events (i.e., >1.0 m.y.), including three which currently define zonal boundaries, are first appearances. Extinction events therefore may be preferable to first appearances in selecting "horizons" for defining biostratigraphic zonal boundaries. Global time scales (e.g., Berggren et al., in press) should be re-evaluated, incorporating only those micro fossil control points which are demonstrably synchronous. (2) Our observations of this asymmetrical pattern are comparable to recent studies of benthic marine invertebrates of the Late Ordovician of eastern North America (Bretsky and Klofak, 1985). Consequently, we anticipate that other micro- and macro-fossil events may display substantial diachroneity (>1 m.y.), particularly first-appearance datum levels. (3) A number of radiolarian taxa appear to evolve first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean. This pattern is opposite to the west-

ward zonal circulation pattern in equatorial latitudes. The time scale of the observed diachroneity (1--2 × 10 ~ years) is three orders of magnitude greater than the nominal mixing time of the oceans. Therefore, some biological and/or physical exchange processes may not follow simple advective models for mixing.

Acknowledgements We thank J. Barron, L. Burckle, J. Hays, D. Lazarus, J. Morley, W. Riedel, and A. Sanfilippo for continuing discussions and critique during the course of this project; A. Nigrini for assistance in setting up computer files for data storage; A. Peirson for sample preparation; and A. Tricca for her careful and conscientious work in preparing the manuscript. We thank G. Lombari for providing access to radiolarian counts from Miocene samples at Site 289, and J.P. Caulet for providing a pre-print of his manuscript on the DSDP Leg 90 Radiolaria. A. Knoll and his colleagues at Harvard University provided kind hospitality and many thoughtful suggestions about the implications of our work. We thank D. Lazarus, L. Keigwin, G. Jones, and F. Theyer for reviewing the manuscript. This project was supported under NSF Grant No. OCE82-08738. Contribution No. 5965 of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Appendix I Species list and taxonomic notes Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can he found in Nigrini and Lombari (1984)

Acrobotrys tritubus Riedel Botryostrobus aquilonaris (Bailey) Botryostrobus bramlettei (Campbell and Clark) There is an evolutionary transition from B. bramlettei to B. aquilonaris and so some care must be taken in determining the morphological limits of these species. Botryostrobus miralestensis (Campbell and Clark)

506

Calocycletta caepa Moore This species is essentially absent from Indian Ocean sediments.

Solenosphaera omnitubus

omnitubus (Riedel and Sanfilippo) At both the beginning and end of the range of this species its tubes narrow distally.

Calocycletta costata Riedel This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).

Stichocorys peregrina (Riedel) Stichocorys wolffii

Calocy cletta virginis (Haeckel) Only specimens with a complete abdominal segment showing characteristic flat, poreless feet can be positively identified as C. virginis. This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is p-osent at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).

This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).

Theocorythium vetulum Nigrini The lower limit of this species is not defined herein because the relationship between it and various species of Lamprocyclas is not presently understood.

Carpocanopsis bramlettei Riedel and Sanfilippo Carpocanopsis cristata(Carnevale) s.s. ,This species is used in a restricted sense herein. Only specimens resembling those figured by Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 1G, fig. 16 and pl. 2G, fig. 1 are included.

Cyrtocapsella cornuta (Haeckel) Cyrtocapse lla japonica (Nakaseko)

Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can be found in Nigrini and Moore (1979).

Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel Lamprocyrtis nigriniae (Caulet) This species is found only rarely in DSDP Site 214 samples, but it is known to occur in other areas of the Indian Ocean (Johnson and Nigrini, 1982; J.P. Caulet, personal communication, 1984).

This species is absent from DSDP Site 289 samples.

Cyrtocapsella te trapera (Haeckel) This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).

Pteroeanium praetextum (Ehrenberg) s.l. The two subspecies (praetextum and eucolpum) of this species have been considered together herein.

Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg Dendrospyris bursa Sanfilippo and Riedel Theocorythium trachelium trachelium (Ehrenberg) Diartus hughesi (Campbell and Clark) Diartus petterssoni (Riedel and Sanfilippo)

Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can be found in the publications cited:

L ychnodictyum audax Riedel

Anthocyrtidium angulare Nigrini; Nigrini, 1971, p.

The upper limit of this species could not be clearly defined in DSDP Site 573.

445, pl. 34.1, figs. 3a, b.

Dorcadospyris alata (Riedel); Brachiospyris alata in Phormostichoartus doliolum (Riedel and Sanfilippo)

Riedel, 1959, p. 293, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12.

Phormostiehoartus fistula Nigrini

Eucyrtidium cf. diaphanes Sanfilippo and Riedel

Pterocanium prismatium (Riedel)

Theoperid gen. et sp. indet., Johnson, 1974, pl. 8, fig. 18. Similar to E. diaphanes except that the thorax is larger and the abdomen is more cylindrical. The species has the same characteristic single row of enlarged pores just below the lumbar structure. Indian Ocean forms generally have a median indentation on the third segment, but Pacific Ocean forms generally do not. See Caulet (in press) for a more detailed description.

In the early part of its range the thorax of this species is shorter than in later specimens and the shoulders are less pronounced.

Siphostichartus corona (Haeckel) Spongaster berminghami (Campbell and Clark) Spongasterpentas (Riedel and Sanfilippo)

507 Lithopera bacca Ehrenberg; Nigrini, 1967, p. 54, pl. 6, fig. 2.

Lithopera renzae Sanfilippo and Riedel; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970, p. 454, pl. 1, figs. 21--23, 27. This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).

Lithopem neotera Sanfilippo and Riedel; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970, p. 454, pl. 1, figs. 24--26, 28.

APPENDIX

II-A

Ranges of taxa, D.S.D.P. Site 573 573

Species*

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

a

b

8-i0

1

2

3

4

S

6

7

8

9 10

11 12 1 3 1 4 1 5

16 17 18 19 2 0

21 2 2 23 2 4 2 5

t-I l-co 2-1 2-2 2-3 ........

I C ' 6 : C : 6 130-131 : C I S 130-131I C : II 130-131 J C : 6 ~. . . . . . . . . ~.--:.--:

P P P P P : P P P P P : P P P P P : - P P P P ~ P - P P P ................

: P ~ P ÷ : P ~ P ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: : ~ : ~ : .................

I ~ : ~ : .................

: : : : ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-4 2-5 2-6 2"cc 3-I ........

130-131 : C I 6 I P - P P P 130-1311 C I 6 I P P P P P 1;30-131 : C I I I I P + P P P I C ~ 8 : + P P P P 130-[31 : C ~ fi I P P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . ~__-:---: ................

~ P + ~ P I P ~ P : P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

; I ~ ~ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: I : : ~ : .................

3-2 3-3 3-4 3"5 3-6 ........

~ 129"129 ~ 130-131 ~ 130-131 : 130-13! ~ 130-131 ~. . . . . . . . .

~ P - ~ P + - ~ P ÷ : P P ~ ÷ ~ P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I ~ ~ = ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: : ~ : ~ : .................

~-cc 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 ........

C ] 6 i30-13! C ~ 6 J30-131 C ~ 8 1~0-131 C~6 130-[31 C ~ 6 : ......... ~---~---~

4-5 4-6 4-cc 5-I 5-2 ........

130-131 I~0-131 : .........

5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-cc ........ 6-1 6-2 6-3

~ 130-t31 C I 6 = 130-13! C ] 6 I 130-[31 C 111 : i07-]OB C 111 : C16: I ......... 1---1---~ I 130-1;~1 : C : 6 : 130-131 : C ~ 6 : 130-13! : C I 6

6-4 6-5 ........

I

6-6 6-cc 7-1 7-2 7-3 ........ 7-4 7-5

130-lTi iTO-131

~ C ~ H ~ C ~ 6 ~ C ~ 6 : C ~ 8 ~ C I 8 ~---~---I

C ~ 6 C ~ 6 C ~ 6 C ~ 6 C ] G :---~---:

I : : : I

- P P P P P P P P P ÷ P P P P - P P P P - P P P P ................

: - P P P P : - P p P : - P P P I - P P P I P P P ................ : I : : ]

P P P P - + P P P p p ................ ~ P P I P P : P P I P P P P ................ ~ P P ~ P P ~ P P

~ P P P ~ P P P ~ P P P ~ P - P ~ P + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P + P

~ : I : ÷ + f + I .................

~ : ~ : ~ I .................

: 1 I ~ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: P - ~ P ÷ ? I P P ~ P ~ p + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P : P P P ~ P P ~ P P ~ P ÷ P ~ P P I ................. P ~ P " P I P P ~ P P

- P + P P P - P - P

: + : I I ~ : ................. : ~ - ÷ : + + ~ P ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P ~ P ~ P - -

~ I ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ : ]

: : : : : I ................. : : : ~ : ] ................. : : I

P P

~ P . . . . ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i ~ l .................

: : : .................

+ P ÷ P - P ÷ P ÷ P

: P - ~ P ÷ P : P P ÷ ~ P ÷ ÷ : P ÷ ÷ : ................. I P ÷ ~ P - ÷

I : ÷ : : I : ................. I ÷ I

! : : ~ : : ................. : ~

P P P P P

P P - P + P - P P P "

P P ÷ P

130-J3[ ~ C ~ 6 f P P P : 130-131 I C : 6 ; P P P l ......... ~---~---~ ................

I P ÷ : P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: 114-115 C : 6 : C ~6 1129-130 C :Ill 112%130 C : 6 ~ 129-130 C ~ 6 l ......... l---l---I ~ 129-130 : C I 6 ~ 129-130 I C g 6

g

~ :

-

P P P P P P P ÷ P I ÷ P P : P P P ................ : ÷ P P I P P

- ~ P P : - ÷ ~ - I - ÷ : ................. : - ~ ÷ ÷

-

P P

-

P

-

P P

26 27

: I

~. . . . . . . . . . : I

: ...........

: ~. . . . . . . . . . .

I

: ~. . . . . . . . . . . : : I ~. . . . . . . . . . . : : : : ~. . . . . . . . . . . : :

~. . . . . . . . . . . : : : ~. . . . . . . . . . . :

508 APPENDIX II-A 573

Species*

Core, Sec. 7-6 7-cc 8-t ........ 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 ........ 8-cc 9-] 9-2 %3 9-4

Level (cm) I 129-130 I I 69-70 I ......... I 69-70 I 69-70 I 69-70 I 69-70 I 69-70 : .........

9-5 9-6 9-cc IO-I 10-2 ........ I0-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 lO-cc ........ II-[ 11-2 11-3 tl-4 11-5 ........ II-6 It-cc [2-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 t2-cc 13-2 13-3 13-4 I3-5 13-6 13-cc ........ 14-1 14-2 14-5 14-4 I4-5 ........ 14-~ 14-cc 15-1

(continued)

b

1

3

/,

S

-

-

P -

6

7

8

68-69 68-69 68-6? 68-69 68-69 68-69

I C I 6 I I C : 6 I

I I

I C I 6 : C I 6 I C = 6 ]---I---I I C I G I C I G I C I 6 ] C I 6 IC I 6 I---l---I t C : 6 : C : G I C I G I C I 6 I C I G I---l---I IC I G I C I 6 I C I G I C I 8 I C I 6

I I I I :

: P P I + P = - P I ................. I + P I P I + P I + I - P I ................. I + P : P I - P I P I P : ................. I + I P : P I P : - -

I : I I I

I : I I :

I ......... I 63-64 : 63-64 ] 63-64 I 63-64 I 63-64 I ......... 63-64 68-69 68-69 68-69 68-69 68-6~ 68-69 65-66 65-56 65-66 55-66 65-66

I I I I I

C C C C C

I I I : I

6 6 6 6 8

I I I

2

I C I G I C I 6 : C I 6 I---l---I : C : G I C I G I C I 6 I C I 6 I C I 6 I---I---I I C I G I C I 6 I C I 6 I C I G I C I 6

67-68 67-68 ] ......... 67-68 67-68 67-68 67-68

I : I : I

';a

................ I I I I I ................ I ~ ] t I

I I I ................ I I I I I ................ : : I I : ................

+

9 10

11 12 13 1/, 15

= + P P I P P P I + + P I ................. ', + P : P P P f P ÷ P ] P + ÷ I P P P I ................. I P '," P : P + * P ] P + P

I P + + I P P P I P + P I ................. I P + P I P P P I P + + ] P P + I P * I ................. I P + P I P ',' P I P - +

- P + P + P

I

P

-

I

P

-

I

+

-

I

P

-

+

P -

I :

P P -

P P P

+

P

I F I 6 I I C I 6 ', P I C I 6 I P I C I 6 I P I C I 6 I P I......... I---I---I .................................. 55-65 I C I G I P 65-66 I C I 6 I P 65-66 I C I G I P 65-66 : C ', 8 I P 65-65 I C I G I P I ......... I---l---I .................................. I 65-66 : C ', 6 I P I ', F I 6 I P I 54-55 I C I G I ~"

16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 2/, 2S

26 2 7

+ P - P + P

I I I I ................. I I I I I + I ................. I - I + + ] + +

I I I I ................. I I I ] I I ................. I : I +

+

+

P

I

-

P

-

I

I

+

+

P

I

+

+

+

I

I

+ -

P P - P

I I

-

+ P P P -

I I

I P - P I P + I P P I ................. I P P + I P P I P P I P P + I P P I ................. t P P : P P I P + I P P I P + I ................. I P '¢" I P + I P I P + I P P

+ -

+ P - P P + P P P

: + P P I - - + = - - + I ................. I + P P I + P P I - + P I + P P = P P P I ................. : P P P I P P P I - P P ', - P P : + P P I ................. I P P I + P P : P P P I + P P I P P P

I : I I I

P P P P P P P P P P

I : I I I

P P P P P P P P P P

P P + P P P - P + P

P P P

? P - P - P + ÷ P P + P + P P P - P + P

I P P P P I P P P P 1 P P + P I P P P P I P P P P I................. I P P P P I P P P P : P P P P I P + P P I ~" + P P I ................. I + P P P I P P I + P P P

*

-

÷ P P P P P P p P P P + P P P + P P P -

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P + p p p p -

I P P - P + ', P P P P ÷ I P P + P + I P - P P + I P P P P P I................. I P P P P P I P P P P P I P P P P P I P P P P P I P P + P P ', . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P + P P I P P P I P ', P

I I = I ................. I + I I I + = I ................. I : I I I I ................. I I + I + I + I + + I : I I I

P P P P P P P P p p

+ +

I I ] I ........... : I I I I I ........... I I

I + I I ........... I I I I ........... I I I I ...........

I I I +

I + P I + P I + P I P P I P P I................. I P P I P + I P P I P P I P P I ................. I P P P I P + + I P P P

I

I I I I I........... I I I I I I ........... : I I

509

APPENDIX

II-A

573

(continued)

Species ~ I

Core, Sec. 15-2 15-3 ........ 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-cc 16-I ........ 16-2

Level (cm) : 54-55 I 54-55 I ......... 54-55 54-55 54-55

ia '

b

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10

60-6l ~. . . . . . . . . I 60-61

] C t fi ~ I C I 8 I ~---~---I ................ I C I G ~ I C ~8 ~ I C ~6 ~ ~C I 6 ] : C t G I 1---~---~ ................ I C ~ 6 I

I P I P I................. I P I P ', P ] P I P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P

16-3

I

60-61

+C I G I

t

P

16-4 16-5 16-6

I 60-61 ~ 60-61 1 60-61

I C t G I I C ~G I I C I G ]

I I ~

P P P

........ 16-cc 17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4

', . . . . . . . . . I ~ 61-62 ¢ 61-62 I 61-62 1 61-62

t---l---I ', C I G I C : G I C I 8 ~C I 8 I C ~8

I................. ~ P : P : P I P I P

........

t. . . . . . . . .

17-5 17-6 17-cc 18-1 18-2

I 61-62 I 61-62 I ~ 61-62 I 61-62

........ 18-3 18-cc

I. . . . . . . . . I 61-62 ~

19-1 19-2 1%3 ........ lg-cc

~ 61-62 I 61-62 : 61-62 :......... t

................ I : I I I I---I---I ................ I C ] G : I C ~6 ~ tC I 6 ~ : C : G I ', C I 6 ¢ I---I---: ................ I C I 6 I I C +6 I ~C ~6 ~ ~ C ~ 6 I : C : 6 t :---:--°I ................ I C I 6 ~

11 12 13 1/+ 15

t + P P I + I................. ~ * P : ÷ P P I P : ÷ P : P :................. ( - + P

P P P P P P P

16 17 18 19 20

~ P + P t P P + P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P P I P + - P I P + P : P - P : P P P : ................. t P P - P

P I P P P + P P - P I - P P ~ P P P t P P ~ P P P ¢ P P ¢ P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P P ~ P P ~ P ~ P P ~ + P P P ~ P P ~ + P P P I P P P I P P P I P P P I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + P P I P P ~ + P P ~ P P P I P P I P ~ + P P ~ P P I P P ~ P :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P + P P I P P P t P ~ P P I P I P I P : P P : P P 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ................. : + P P I P P

I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P ~ P ~ P i P : I .................

I P I P I P f P : P I................. : P

+ P P P P P P

21 22 23 2 4 2 5

t P + + ~ P P + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P - l P P - I P P + ~ P P P I P P + I ................. : P P P -

P P + P P + P I P P P P P t P P P P - I P P P t................. - ~ P P P - t P P P - I P + P P + I P P P P - ~ P P I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - I P + P P - I P P P - ~ P P P + I P P P - ~ P P P P t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ~ P P P P - : P P P ~ P P P I P P P l P + P P I ................. : P P -

26 27

+ I .......... ÷ ÷

I I I

+ I...........

+ + P P +

I I

I........... P I P I P I - ~ - P l - I. . . . . . . . . . . P I P + I + P ~ P P I P P I P I. . . . . . . . . . . P t + P 1 P P P I + P P I P P P I + P I ........... P ~ P P

*a = abundance; C = common, b = preservation; G = good; M = moderate. 1 = L. nigriniae. 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 ffi A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S. t e t r a s . 5 = P. p r a e t e x t u m . 6 = B. aquilonaris. 7 = L. b a c c a . 8 ffi A . a n g u l a r e . 9 = T. v e t u l u m . 1 0 = P. p r i s m a t i u m . 1 1 = S. p e r e g r i n a . 1 2 ffi P. f i s t u l a . 1 3 = S. p e n t a s . 1 4 = L . a u d a x . 1 5 ffi P. d o l i o l u m . 1 6 = B . b r a m l e t t e i . 1 7 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i . 1 8 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 1 9 = S. c o r o n a . 2 0 = A . t r i t u b u s . 2 1 = C . c a e p a . 2 2 = E . c f . d i a p h a n e s . 2 3 = D. b u r s a . 2 4 = D. h u g h e s i . 2 5 = L . n e o t e r a . 2 6 = B . m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 2 7 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . P : present;

+ = very

APPENDIX Ranges

Core, Sec. 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 ........

(1 specimen);-

= absent.

II-B

of taxa,

573 B

rare

D.S.D.P.

Site

573B

3

4

5

: C 6 P P P : C I 6 I P P P ~C :61P + + P ~C ~6 I P P P : C I 6 I P P P I---I---I ................

P P + P -

Species ~ Level (cm) ~ 61-63 ~ 61-63 : 61-63 I 61-63 : 61-63 : .........

a

b

1

2

6

7

8

9 10

: P P - P I - P - P I P P - P I P P P I P P + P : .................

P -

11 12 13 14 15

P P P : P P P I P P P I P P P + : P P P I.................

-

16 17 18 19 20

: ~ I : :.................

21 22 23 2/+ 2 5

26 27

: : ¢ I I.................

I I I l : .........

510

A P P E N D I X II-B (continued) 573 B

Species*

Core, Sec. 1-6 I-co 2-I 2-2 2-;3 ........ 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-cc 3-1 ........ 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6

Level (cm) 6J-63 61-63 61-6.~ 61-63 I......... 61-63 61-63 61-63 61-63 ~. . . . . . . . . ~ ~ 1 ~

a

b

1

2

3

z, S

C I G I P P ÷ P C I 6 I P P P C I G I ÷ - P P C : 6 ~P P P P C ~G ~P P P P l--d---~ ................ ~C ~6 P P ~C ~6 P P I C I 6 P P P I C I S P P P P I C I 8 P P P I-..~ ...................

61-63 61-63 61-63 61-63 61-63

C C C C ~C

........ 3-cc 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4

61-63 61-63 6t-63 61-63

~---H--I C ~G C : 6 C ~S C : 6 C ~8

........ 4-5 4-6

I......... 61-6T 61-63

~---~---I ................ C ~G I P C I 6 I

4-cc 5-1 61-63 5-2 61-63 ................. 5-3 61-6;~ 5-4 61-6;~ 5-5 61-6~

C I G [',P C I G ~ P C I G ~ P ~---~ . . . . . I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~C ~G ~ P P ~C ~B : - P ~C I 6 I P P

5-6 5-cc ........ 6-[ 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 ........ 6-6 6-cc 7-1 7-2 7-3 ........ 7-4 7-G 7-cc 8-! 8-2 ........ 8-3 8-4 8-5 6-6 8-cc ........ 9-[

~ C I (; : C : 6 ~---~---I I C I 6 ~C I 6 I C 16 I F ~ ff I C ~6 ~---I---I I C I fi I C ~6 I C ~8 ¢ C : 6 ~C I 6 1---I---~ ~ C ~6 I C ~8 ~C I 6 ICI6 I C I fi l---~--d : C ~6 ~F I 6 I C : 6 ~C ~B : C ~l't H-d---~ : C : 6

61-63 ' I......... ~ 61-63 I 61-63 I 61-63 I 61-63 I 6[-63 ~. . . . . . . . . ~ 6l-6S ~ l 61-63 I 61-63 ¢ 61-63 ~. . . . . . . . . 61-63 61-63 61-63 61-63 l ......... 61-63 61-63 61-63 61-63 : ......... : 61-63

I G ~6 i 6 I1'1 ~8

P

7

8

9 10

11 12 131z, 15

P P '," +

~ ÷ P - P P P ~ P P ÷ P P P I ÷ P - P P P P ~ - P - P P P P I + P - P P P P I.................................. P ~ - P - P P P P ÷ ~ ÷ P - P P P P ÷ ~ P ÷ P P - P P ~ P P P P + '," ~ P P P P I ...................................

÷

+ ÷ - ÷ P ÷ - ÷ + + ................ I ÷ P ÷ ÷ : - P P ? ~ - P ÷ : - P - ÷ ~

I P P ~ P ................ ~ P 1 ~ P P ~ I P ................ ~ "P : P ÷ ] P P ] P P I P P ................ ~ P P I ~ I P P ~ P ................ I I P P I P ~ P I ................ I P

6

I : ' I ~

P P P P P

P + P P P P

16 17 18 1 9 2 0

P P P P P

- P " P P +

I I I : ~ I ................. ~ ~ l I I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P

P P P P -

P ?

- ÷ P P - P P - P P P P P

P P P P P

P ~ ÷ P ~ ÷ P I P P ¢ P P ~ P

I I .......................... I I I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I I

÷ P P P P P P P P P P P

I ................. ~ P . . . . ] p I P P : p P ~

÷

l ................................... ~ P P P ~

P P P

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ p p ]

+ ÷ ÷

I ~ I

P P : P P ÷ ÷ P P P I P P - - P P P ~ P P P

P P P

P P

~ ..................................

-

-

~ ~ ~

P P P

P P P

~ P P P I P P P I .................................. I P P P ~ ~ P P P I P P ~ P P I................................... l P P P I P P P I P P P : P P P ~ P P (.................................. I P P P I I P P P ~ P P P l P P P I.................................. ~ P P P t P P P : P P P l P P P : P P P ' :.................................. ~ P P P

+

P P P P P P

I P P P I P P I ................. ~ P P P ÷ ~ I P P P I P P * I P P P " I................. I P + P ÷ I P - P P I P P P P ~ P P P P ~ P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P P I i P P P P t P P I P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : - P P : P - P P I P P I P P : P P P I ................. : P P

P P P P P P P P P P

P

~.

P P P P P P ÷ P P P P

÷ -

I......................... ~ : I I .................

~ P P P ~ P P P ~ p p P

P P P P P ? P P ?

'

I :

P P P P P P P P P

P P P

'

I........................ I

~ ................

P P P

26 27

I

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ P P ' ~ P P p I P P P I P P P l

P P P

21 22 2 3 2 / , 2 5

-

-

" " P ÷ + P P P P P P P P P P

.......

l l I I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I ~ - I - I - I........................ I '," ~ P ÷ I P I + ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ÷ I I P I P I P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P ',' ~ P ~ P P I P I P P 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P

' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

511

II-B (continued)

APPENDIX 573 B

Species ~

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

q-2

9-S 9-4 ........ 9-6 9-cc 10-1

o

b

1

2 3 4

5

6

7 8 9 10

( 61-63 : 61-63 : 61-63

¢C J6 : I C I N I ~C ~H :

P P P

P

I.........

l---l---I ..................................

61-63 : C I 6 ~

P P P

I : P ~

P P

'

P

P

61-63 : C I 6 I 61-63 I C i 6 :

10-2 10-3 ........ 10-4 10-5 10-6

: C I 6 I P * P P :---I---~ ................ ' ................. : C I 6 : ' P : C ~6 I P P ' P P I CI 6 : ' tO-co I C ~6 I P P ' P P II-1 61-63 I C I 6 : ' ........ : ......... l--4---t .................................. 11-2 : 61-6~ I C I 6 ) I1-T l 61-6~ I C I 8 I ' P ll-4 I 61-63 : C I 6 ~ ' 11-5 : 61-6~ I C I 6 I ' II-6 I 61-63 I C I 6 I ' ........ l ......... I---I---I .................................. It-co I C I 6 : ' P P 12-I bl-63 t C I 6 I ' 12-2 61-63 I C t 6 : ' 12-3 t,I-63 I C I 6 I P P 12+4 61-63 I C ) 6 l .

.

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.

61-63 :......... 61-63 61-63 61-63

.

12-5 12"-cc

.

.

: I

.

.

.

.

61-63

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

I C I 6 I I C 16 I

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

: l

P P

.

.

.

.

+

.

.

16 17 18 19 20

P P

l I I

I................. I P : P I ~ : I................. ~ P P ~ P P I I P ~ :.................

'

: F ~6 I

11 12 13 1/, 15

P

P

~ : l I................. : l l I P l .

.

P

.

.

.

.

: I

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

l l

P

26 27

P P P I P P P P P : P P :

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ~ P P I I l P I................. : P P P : P P P : I P P : : ................. : I - P I l l l ................. : P l l I P P P l

~ I

21 22 23 2/, 25

.

.

.

P

.

.

.

.

I................. I I P P : : : P - - :................. I P + I P P + P ~ I P P P P I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I P P P P I I I I ................. : P P P P I I I P P P l

P

P P P P

P

P

P .

.

I I :

.

.

: P I

.

I ...... l : : l : ...... : : : I : I ...... : I : l l l ...... I I : I I

'," P

P

P

P

.

÷

I P P I

*a = abundances, b = preservation. I = L. bacca. 2 = P. f i s t u l a . 3 = L. a u d a x . 4 = P. d o l i o l u m . 5 = B. b r a m l e t t e i . 6 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i . 7 = S. c o r o n a . 8 = A . t r i t u b u s . 9 = C. c ae pa. 1 0 = E . c f . d i a p h a n e s . 1 1 = D. bursa. 1 2 = D. h u g h e s i . 1 3 = L . n e o t e r a . 1 4 = B. m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 1 5 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . 1 6 = S. w o l f f i i . 1 7 = C. j a p o n i c a . 1 8 = C. c r i s t a t a s.s. 1 9 ffi C. c o r n u t a . 2 0 = C. t e t r a p e r a . 2 1 = L. r e n z a e . 2 2 = D. alata. 2 3 = C. virginis. 2 4 = C. b r a m l e t t e i . 2 5 =

C. c o s t a t a . P : p r e s e n t ;

APPENDIX Ranges

of taxa, D.S.D.P.

Species ~

Core, Sec.

a

........

2-5 2-6 3-1 S-2

absent.

II-C

586, 586A

1-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4

+: very rare (1 specimen);-:

Level (cm)

b

I 47-49 : 46-48 : 45-46 I 46"49 I 46-48

I C : F IC : C : C

: .........

I---I---I

I ~ ~ ~

I I I :

46-48 46-48 45-4b 45-46

F F C C

1

R' I fi I IH I I H I I 6 I IiI IH I H :6

P P + ÷

Site 586, 586A

2 3 /* 5

<' P

P P ÷ P P

P P P P

P P P P P

P P P P

P P P P

P P P P

................

I P + I P I P P ~ P

6

7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25

26 27

,

,

i

i

: ...................................

: .................

I .................

I ........

I

: ~ ~ :

I I I I

I I ; :

I I I :

:

I P . . . . . : P . . . . I P . . . . I P . . . . : P . . . . P ÷ . . . . P . . . . P . . . . P . . . . .

)

.

'

' ~

512 APPENDIX II-C

(continued)

586, 586A

Species "e

Core,

a

Sec. 3-~ ........ 3-4 3-5 3-6 4-J 4-2 ........ 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 5-[

Level

(crn)

b

1

~ 46-48

+ C : 6 I

: ......... : 46-48 : 46-48 i 45-46 : 48-50 ~ 46-49,+ I .........

:---~---; : C I M ~ C :lI : C ~H : C : 6 C t 8 ~---~---:

: 46-48 ~ 46-48 I 46-48 I 46-48 ( 46-48

~ ~ I ~ ~

C C C C C

2

3

/+ 5

P

P

P

6

P

................ : P P P P P : P P P P P ~ P P P P P : P P P P P : P P P P P .............

] 8 ~ ~tl ~ I H i ~ 111 I ~l I

-

. . . .

I ................. : P . . . . : P . . . . : P P - I P P P ~ P P P : ................. : I ~ ¢ I

P P P P P P P P P P - P P - P -

2627

t

~

~

I

+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ~ : :

I ...................................

I ........

: t

I

t

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

', I

t

+

]

:

t

t

I + ' I P t I : I t ................................... ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ................. I ] I I I ~ ~ ] I ................................... ~ I ¢ t t

~ ' t

I ', ~ ~ I ........ ~. . . . . . . . I I ', t I ~. . . . . . . .

] I :

, ~

~ ,

~ ~ ~ : ~

I ~ : ~ ~

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~

' ~ ' : '

~ : ~ : I

........

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

................

P P P P P P P P

P P P

:

I P P P ~ I P P P ¢ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . .

f I ~ I

-

2122232425

~ C ~ 8 ~ P P P t C ~ 6 ~ P P P ,i - - - I - - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 6 6 8 8

I P P P ~ P P I P P ~ P P I ................. I ................. P I P P P I P P P I P P P : P P P ', P P t ................. I~ t P P ~ ~ P P ~ P P

16 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

I 45-46 ~ 45-46 ~. . . . . . . . .

: I : ~ I

P P P P

-

1112131/+15

2-3 2-4 ........

C C C C C

P P P P - P P - P P ................ ................ I P P : P P i P P : P P I P P ................ ~ P P ¢ ÷ P P ~ P P

9 10

~ 45-46 +C + M ~ 45-46 I C I I I 1 45-46 ~ C : 6 ~ 45-46 I C ~ 8 : ......... i---l---I ~. . . . . . : - - - ~ - - - ¢ - - - I I 45-46 I C t 8 i 45-46 ~ C ] 6 I 45-46 I C I 6 ] 45-46 : C : tl ~ 45-46 ~ C I 8 I ......... ~---:---I I 45-46 ~ C ~ 6 I 45-46 I C I H I 45-46 I C : 6

46-49 45-46 45-46 45-46 46-48

+

~ P

8

5-2 5-3 5-5 5-6 ........ ........ A 1-1 ]-2 ]-3 1-4 ]-5 ........ [-6 2-J 2-2

2-5 2-6 ~:'1 3-2 3-5

~ + : I

P P P P - P P P - P P P + P P P - P P P

7

P P P P P P P P

P P P P

: ' ~

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I ] I ] I : I I I t t , : : :

I .........

~---~---~

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l .................

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3-4

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45-46

I C : 6 :

P

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P

P

P

~ P

:

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~

46-48

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t : t

, I ' , ' l : ' ' ~ l ................................... ' : ~ ' ' ~ ~ ' ' l t ...................................

: : ~ ~ : ~. . . . . . . . : l I

:

l I ........

: +-

' : ;

I ~ : ~ I I ........

t ; l : I ~-

: 6 :

: .................

: : : P ~ P t P

; ................. ................. ]

3-6 4-1 4-2 ........

: 45-46 : 45-46 ~ 45-46 I .........

: C i 6 t C : 6 ~ C I G ~---I---I

~ P P P : P P P ~ p p p ................

4-~

4-4 4-5 4-6 5-I ........ 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 ........

~ 46-48 ~ 46-48 I 46-48 : 46-48 : 46-48 ~. . . . . . . . . t 48-50 : 45-46 ¢ 46-49 ~ 46-46 ; 45-47 I .........

~ C ~ 6 I P P : C ~ 8 ~ P P :C I H I P P 1C:6 : P P : C I 6~ P P ~---~---1 ................ ~C:6: P P : C 16 ~ p p IC : 6 t p p : C 16 ; P P i C : 6 I p p l---l---I ................

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 ........

: 46-50 : 46-48 I 45-46 : 46-48 ~ 45-46 l .........

I C I H I C I H i C ~ 6 : C :11 I C ~ 6 t---~---~

P P P P P P p p P P

I + p p ~ - P P : P P ~ - P P I p p ................

P

:

: P ¢ P + ~ p : .................

P P P

: P l : P ' ~ P : I ..................................

~ P : - : P ~ P ~ P P : ................. l P ~ p ~ p p ~ P P ¢ p P : .................

P P P P P

I P - ~ P P ~ P P : P P: P + I ................. I p p + ~ p + ] p p + : P P : P P + t .................

: p p I + P I P P : - P : - p l .................

P P P P +

P p P P P

P

; p p P I P P P t P P P I P P P : p p P l .................

+ P

-

P P P P P P + p

?

: ~ ,

: : I ..................................

~ -

I -

I : : ~l ;

:

513

APPENDIX 586,

586A

Species*

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

6-6 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 ........ 7-5 7-6 B-! 8-2 8-3 ........ B-4 8-5 8-6 9-! 9-2 ........ 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 10-1 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

(continued)

II-C

o

/*

5

= 45-46 ~ 45-46 I 46-48 ~ 46-48 I 46-48 ~. . . . . . . . . : 46-48 ¢ 46-48 ~ 46-48 t 46-48 ~ 46-48 t ......... ] 46-48 ¢ 46-48 ~ 46-49 ~ 46-48 I 46-4B : .........

t C I 11l - p I C ~ 8 ~ - I C : 6 I - : C ~ 6 ~ - : C ~ 11~ - I---~---~ ................ : C t 6 ~ : C : 8 ~ : C I 6 ~ ~ C :6 : ~ C : 6 ~ H--H--I ................ ~ C : 6 : I C t 6 ¢ : C : H I : C : 6 I ~ C : 6 : l---:---: ................

p P P +

I : l : I

~ ~ : ~ ]

47-49 45-46 45-46 45-46 45-46

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

b

C C C C C .

.

I I ] ~ ~

6 6 6 G 6

.

.

1

2

3

P P P * P -

I I : ~ I .

.

6

+

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7

B

9 10

= - l P P : P I P : p : ................. : + I p ~ P + ~ P P ~ P + t ................. I * P I P P l P ~ p ~ P l .................

p P P P p

~ I t : I

P P P P P

.

.

.

.

.

P P P p P

:

.

.

.

t p p p I P P P ¢ P P P I p P P : p p p l ................. ~ P P P i p p p ~ P P P ~ P P + ~ P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P P t P P P I P + P ~ p P P ; P P P : .................

P p ÷ P P

P P - P P P P + .

11 12 13 1 / . 1 5

.

.

.

.

~ ] ~ I l .

.

p P

16 17 18 19 2 0

p P P p P + p

: ~ : : : : ................. P ~ + p ~ P ~ P P ~ " P : P : ................. P I + P I + P I P ~ ÷ P : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P

P P + P P P ÷ P + P P P - P P P P P P P P P .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

~ t ~ I : : ......................... : : : : ~ : ......................... I l ~ l : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'

I

f ~ ~ : l

' ' ' ' '

I ~ I t : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I : ~ : I : ................. : I : ~ : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ~ : ~ : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: I ~ : ~ I ........ ~ t t : I : ........ : : : : ; I ........ t : ~ I ~ : ........

I ~

~ ~

: I

: "

l : l : ; : ~ " I

' ' ' ' '

: : ~ "

l I

.

~ C : 8 I ~ C ~ G ~ I C t 6 ~ : C : 6 ~ I C ', 6 I ~---~---I ................ : C ~ 8 : t C ~ 6 ~ I C ~ 6 ~ I C I 6 I I C ~6 ~ ~---:---: ................ ~ C : 6 : t C I 6 : ~ C I G : I C : 6 I ~ C ~ 8 : H--H--I ................ ] C t 6 : I C ~ I1~ ~ C ~ 11 : : C ~ 111 : C I 6 : ~---~---~ ................

: P ~ P + ~ P ÷ I P P ~ P I ................. I P ÷ : P : + I P ~ ÷ + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P + I P P : P P I - P : P P I ................. ] P + : P P : P + : p I P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P

13-5 H-I

~ 46-48 ~ 45-46

: C : 8 ~ ~ C ~ 8 ~

: P ~ p

-

I t

+

P P

: :

14-2 14-5 15-1 ........

~ 45-46 l 45-46 I 46-4B : .........

: C I 6 : ~ C ¢ 6 : ~ C I 6 ~ :---H--~ ................

I P t P t P : .................

-

: p P I P : P P - + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P

~ P P + l p P + : P P P P : .................

I ¢ ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ = ~ ~. . . . . . . .

~ 46-4B ~ 46-48 ~ 46-48 ~ 45-46 ~ 43-45 : .........

: C ~ fi : C : 6 : C ~ 6 I C I 6 : C ~ 8 ~---~.--:

I + P I P : P ~ P P l P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l P P I P P l P + ~ P P ~ P P : .................

: P + P : P ÷ P I + P ~ P + P + ¢ P - P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P

~ : : I : : .................

: ~ : ~ : ~. . . . . . . .

: :

~ 45-47

I C I II I

;

~ P

~ P

P

:

:

:

15-2

15-3 15-4 15-5 lS-6 ........ 16-1

~ I ~ ~ : ................

P

P + P + p

P p

P P

P

P P P P P P P P

-

.

26 27

I 45-46 I 45-46 I 46-48 I 45-46 1 46-48 ~. . . . . . . . . I 45-46 ~ 46-48 I 46-48 ~ 46-48 ~ 46-48 ~. . . . . . . . . ~ 46-48 1 45-46 ] 45-46 I 46-4B I 46-4B I ......... I 46-48 : 46-48 : 46-48 ~ 46-4B : 46-48 ~. . . . . . . . .

P P P P P

P

.

+

2/,25

10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 ........ ll-I l I-2 11-3 H-4 1[-5 ........ 11-6 12-! ,= 12-2 12-3 12-4 ........ 12-5 12-6 13-1 13-2 13-~ ........

P P P P P

~ P P P : P P P ~ P P P I P P : P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P P P ~ P P ~ P P t P P t P P : ................. + P P I P P : P P : P P : P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P ~ P P ~ P P ~ p P ~ p P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

: : t : I

21 2 2 2 3

P P - - P P P + P P P P P P P + P P P P P P ÷ P + + P P

P

÷ P P P P P P P P

I - I ÷ ~ P I + P ~ + P I ................. ~ P P ~ P P ', P P : P P : P P I ................. : P P i P P : P P ; P P : P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ - P P ~ + P P I + P P + : - P P ] p p P : ................. P P

P P

"

P P

P

-

-

-

: I I : I : : ~ : : : ~ I I

I I -

I

~ -

514

A P P E N D I X

586,

586A

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

(continued)

II-C

Species ~ n

b

1

2

3

S

6

16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 ........

~ 45-44 ~ 46-40 I 45-47 : 46-48 : .........

I F I 14 i C I E I C : 6 ~C ~8 I---~---I

16-6 17-1 17-2

~ 43-45 ~ 44-46 ~ 46-48

~ C ~ 6 I I F I H I I C I 6 ~

: P ~ ~

17-3

~

: C t 6

I

46-48

~ ~ ~ ~ ................

/*

~

7

8

9 10

; I P P ~ P P I P : ................. -

P

11 12 13 1/* 15

16 17 19 19 20

l P P : P P P P I P P P P : P P P P ; ...................................

P P P P

I P P ~ P P t P P :

P

P

P P P -

P P

~ ; ~

P

'

+

P

-

+

~

+

+

P

: 45-47 l ......... l 44-46 ~ 44-46 I 48-50 I 42-44 I 46-48 l ......... i 46-48 ~ 46-48 ~ 45-47 ~ 45-46 ~ 45-46

; C I It ~ l"-l---I ................ I C : 6 : I C ~ 6 I ~ C ~ 6 I ~ F I H I ~ F t H ~ 1---I---1 ................ I C : H I F t t+ : C t PI I C t 6 : C ~ 6

] I ................. : P I P ~ P ~ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : ~ P P : ? P : :

+ P P P P +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P P ' P I P P P P P ~ P P ' P P : P P ' P ~ P P ' + P : ................................... : P P ' P P I P P P P P I P P P P P P ~ P P P P P I P P P P

........

: .........

:---~---I

I .................

: ...................................

~ ~ : ~ ¢

I C ~ C t C : C :C

l ~ : : l

I I :

45-44 45-46 46-48 45-46 45-46

~ I ~ ~ ~

................

6 6 6 6 6

I I : ~ ¢ ................

-

P P P t P P I P P

+

P P P P P P P P P

P + P P

........

I .........

t---:---I

20-2 20-3 20-4 20-5 20-6 ........ 21-2 21-~ 21-4 21-6 2[-7

: 45-46 ~ 45-46 ; 45-46 : 45-46 ~ 45-46 : ......... ], 45-44 ~ 45-46 ~ 45-46 ~ 45-46 ~ 45-44

: C ~ 6 : C + 6 ~ C ~ 6 : C ~ 6 I C I 6 I---:---I I C + 6 t C ] 6 I C t 6 I C ~ G t C ~ 6

........

: .........

:---I---:

................

: .................

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22-1 22-2 22-~ 22-4 22-5 ........

{ 45-46 I 45-46 ~ 45-46 ~ 45-44 ~ 45-46 ~. . . . . . . . .

~ C ~ 6 I C ~ 6 I C t 6 : C : 6 I C ¢ 6 :--.:--_t

................

I - P I - P I P ~ P : P ; .................

I P P P ~ P P ' P I P P P I P P P P : P + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22-4 23-1 23-2 23-.~ 23-4 ........ 23-5 23-6 24-! 24-2 24-3 ........ 24-4 24-5

] 45-46 ¢ 45-46 : 45-46 f 45-46 t 45-46 : ......... l 45-44 t 45-46 ~ 45-44 + 45-46 ~ 45-44 ~. . . . . . . . . : 45-46 ~ 45-46

~ C : 6 I C : 6 ~ C I 6 I C : 6 ~ C : 6 :---:---; ~ C : H I C I 6 I C : 6 I C I 6 : C : 6 ]---I---~ ~ C : 6 ~ C : 6

~ ~ ~ t : ................ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ................ t f

: ) P : P ; + P : P I ................. : P : P ~ P I P t P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l P : P

l P P ' I P ' : P : P P ' : P + : ................................... I P P P I P + ~ P P P P t P P P ~ P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P P P I P P P P

: : ~ ~ ~ ................ : : : ~ ~

P P P P P

: .................

I ...................................

: P : P I P ~ I P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l + t P I I : - P

: P P P P ', P P P P I P P P P I P P P P : P P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P P P P ~ P P P P P I P P P + I - P P P P : P P P P

-

: : : ~ : .................

P P P

17-4 ........ L7-5 17-6 18-1 18-2 19-3 ........ 18-4 18-5 18-6 19-1 19-2

19-3 19-4 19-5 19-6 20-!

P + P

'

P

P

-

21 2 2 2 3 2 / . 2 5

; : ;

+

: I

t P l ................. : - P : - P - P ~ t ~ : ................. ~ : P P : - P P ~ P P : P

l ........ ~ t ~ : I : ........

-

+ + : l t

~ : I I :

t .................

I ........

~

+

I

l

P P + P P P P

t

~ ~ I : [

:

~.................

I ........

I

: P P ~ P : P P ~ P : P : ................. : P ; P P I P ~ P : P

: t ~ : ~ l ........ ~ I ~ I ~

l l I I I : l I I I

: ........

:

t I : + t : ~. . . . . . . .

t l

P P P P P P P P P P P P

P P P P P

P P P P P

P P P P

P P P P P

P P + -

~ l ~

P P P P P

I .................

-

26 27

P P P + P P + P P P

I P P ~ P : P : P P P : P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P ~ P : P P : P + ; P + P : ................. : + + t P + ~ P P P ~ P : P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P + P : P P

÷ P P P P P P P P + P + P P

~ ~ ~ : : : ........ : : : ] : ~. . . . . . . . : f -

-

:

-

-

: : ,, t

: ~ : I I I ;

515

APPENDIX 586,

II-C ( c o n t i n u e d )

586A

Species ~

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

24-6 25-! 25-2

~ 45-46 ] 45-46 ~ 45-46

o

b

1

2

3

/* 5

CI6~ C16~ CIGI

6

7 8

9 10

. . . . . . . .

I . . . . . . . . .

25-3 25-4 25-5 25-6 26-1 ........ 26-2 26-'3 27-1

I 45-46 : 45-46 ¢ 45-46 I 45-46 ~ 45-46 I ......... ', 45-46 ~ 45-46 I 45-46

................ : ~ =

~ P I P ~ P I ................. ~ + P : P : P : + P ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : P ; p

27-2 27-3 ........ 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-t 29-2 ........ 29-3 29-C 30-1 30-2 30-3 ........ 30-4 31-1 31-2 31-3 31-4

I 45-46 I ~6 ~ ~ 45-46 C : 6 ~ I......................... ~ 45-46 C ~6 I : 45-46 C ~6 I ~ 46-49 C ~ 6 I ~ 45-46 C I 6 ~ ~ 45-46 C 19 ~ ~. . . . . . . . . ~---:---: ................ I 45-46 ~ C I 9 ~ : : C I 6 ~ I 45-46 I C ~G : I 45-46 ~ C : E I ~ 45-46 ~ C ~ 6 I ] ......... ~---]---~ ................ : 45-46 : C : G I I 45-46 : C l H I ¢ 45-46 ~ C 1 6 : I 45-46 I C ~ 9 ~ ~ 45-46 : C : fl :

¢ P ~ P :................. ; P i P ~ P ~ ~ P : ................. ~ ~ l ÷ ~ ÷ ~ I ................. : 1 l ÷ ~ ~

................ C~GI C191 C~6~ C:S; CIG~ ',---I-HI 1 I G ~ ~9 l ~G

11 12 13 1/* 15

16 17 18 1 9 2 0

I P P I P + I P P :................. : P P P : P P : P P ~ P P ~ P + P I................. : l P + ~ p p

P P

~ P P I P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I P P : P P : P P : P ÷ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l : ~ : ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ - P ~ + P : P : + P : - P

P : P P P ~ P P : ................. P : P P P i P P P : P P P ~ P ÷ P P ~ P I................. P I ÷ P I P P ~ P P ~ P P : P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P I P P ~ P P ~ P P ~ P P : P P

P P P

P P p

: P P ] P P : P : ................. ~ P P ~ P P : P P : P : P P I................. I P ÷ P ; P ~ p

P P -

+ +

21 22 23 2/, 25

26 27

I P P + P : P P P P : P P P : ................. : P P + P : P P P ~ P P P P : P P P P : P + P ¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : P P P P ~ P P P P t p p p p

I + I ~ + I ........ + ~ P ÷ I P : - : + + I - I ........ - ~ - + ~ ÷ c. ; - -

: P P P P ~ P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P P P I P P P P I P P P P : P + P P ] P P :................. I P P : ÷ P : P P i ÷ + I ÷ ÷ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ P P P : P P + + ; ÷ P { ~ ÷ P ÷ : ÷ P P -

÷ + ÷ P P P P P

~ - I P :........ I + I P f P : P : P + : ........ I P P I P P : P + ~ P P ~ P P ~. . . . . . . . ~ P P : P P I P P : P P I P P

I l :l : : I : : : ]

I I : :

~ I : I : : l [ :

* a = a b u n d a n c e , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n . 1 = L. ni gr i ni ae . 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 = A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S. tetras. 5 = P. p r a e t e x t u m . 6 = B. a q u i l o n a r i s . 7 = L. bacca. 8 = A . a n g u l a r e . 9 = T. v e t u l u m . 1 0 = P. p r i s m a t i u m . 11 = S. p e r e g r i n ~ 12 = P. f i s t u l a . 13 = S. p e n t a s . 14 = L. a u d a x . 15 = P. d o l i o l u m . 16 = / 3 . b r a m l e t t e i . 1 7 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i . 1 8 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 1 9 = S. c o r o n a . 2 0 = A . t r i t u b u s . 2 1 ffi C. c a e p a . 2 2 = E. el. d i a p h a n e s . 2 3 = D. bursa. 2 4 = D. h u g h e s i . 2 5 = L. n e o t e r a . 2 6 = B. m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 2 7 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . P: p r e s e n t ; + = v e r y r a r e (1 s p e c i m e n ) ; - : absent.

APPENDIX

II-D

Ranges of taxa, D.S.D.P. Site 214 21~

Species ~

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

1-I I-2 1-3 1-4

~ 3-I0 ~ 7-10 I top I 50-55

o

b

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8

-

P P P P

P P P

P P P P

P P P ~ P P P I P P P ~ P P

9 10

11 12 1 3 1 ~ 1 5

i

~ I : ~

F : H C~6 C I 9 C ~9

I ~ : :

~ I : :

16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25

i

i

~ ~ I l

Z I l I

26 2 " 7 2 8 2 9 3 0

~ I I ~

31 32 3 3 3 ~ 3 5

I : ~ ~

I :

516 APPENDIX II-D 21~,

Species ~

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

1-5 ........

~ top : .........

1-6 l-cc

: ~

2-1

2-2 2-3 ........ 2-4 2-5 2-cc 3-1 3-2 ........

7

8

~ C : N I - P P P P : ) . . . . . . . , : .................................. ,

P P

-

~ C : 6 : -

P

P

I

P

P

P P P P

:

P P

: 4-6 ~ top I top : .........

~C:G: IC : H IC ; 6 I C :M :---:---,'

: top : top ~ ~ 70-72 ~ 70-72 l .........

~ C : B : P P P ~ C I 6 I P P P ~ C ~ ff : p p p : C ~ 6 ~ - P P P I C ~ PI: P P P l---:---~ ................

P P p P P

: P P + I P P P : p p ÷ - I P P P - P : P P - P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: C ~ 8 ~

P

P

:

~ C ~ S : i C : 6 ~

p p p p P P P P

~" p p I P P -

: C ~ 8 ~ ÷

P

P

;

P

~C :lt~ P P P P :---:---~ ................

:

P P

top

:~-~ ~ 68-70 3-4 ~ 70-72 3-5 ~ 70-72 3-6 ~ 66-68 3-cc ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l . . . 4-1 4-2 4-~ 4-4 4-5 ........ 4-6 4-cc 5-2 5-3 5-4 ........

(continued)

I top I 70-72 : 70-72 ~ 80-82 ~ 70-72 ~. . . . . . . . . I 70-72 ~ l 70-72 ~ 66-68 ~ 70-72 ~. . . . . . . . .

5-5 ~ top 5-6 I 70-72 5-cc ~

n

b

1

2

3

P

/*

P

S

6

P

P

P

P

P

:

I

:

) ..................

) .................

-

¢

:

:

:

]

I

-

:

f

:

:

:

:

+

P

-

-

:

:

:

:

~

I

: :

: ;

: ~

] ]

: ]

,

~ .................

: .................

~ .................

: .................

: ¢ ~ ] ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: i ~ : ~ : .................

: ~ : ¢ : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

; ~ : ] ~ : ..................

I : ] ¢ ~ ,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:

-

:

~

~

I

:

p p P P

~ : -

: :

: ¢

', :

~ I

I :

-

P

:

-

~

:

~

~

I

+

P

~ -

~

I

I

:

l .................

~ .................

: .................

; .................

~ .................

: ~ : ~ :,

~ l : 1 ~

~ ~ I : l

l : ~ ; I

: ~ : : ~

I :

:

P

+

P

~ P P

÷

:

+

P

:

+

~

÷

~

P

P

P P P P P

÷

I P

P P - P - +

P P

P

P P

: 70-72 ~ 70-72

~C : 8 ~ ~ C :fl ~

÷

', .........

I .......,

: 70-72 : 72-74 I ~ 70-72 I 70-72

~ ~ : t ~

,, .........

,,___,___~, .................................. ,

7-~ 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-cc

~ : ~ ~ ~

70-72 70-72 70-72 69-71

I I : ~ ~

8-1 8-2 8-~ 6-4 8-5

I : ~ l ,

70-72 70-72 70-72 70-72 top

C C C F C

~ .................

~ .................

I ..................

I .................

P

=

:

:

¢

:

P

:

P

:

~

:

:

:

C C

H 6

C C

II 6

IF I I F I : C I 1C16: , C I

+

P P P P P P

P +

: I

P P + P P -

P P ÷ ÷ -

-

: .................

P P -

-

+

fl I N~ 8 : 8 I

P P P P P P P

I I ~ I ~

P P P

p - ÷ P ? P P

~

~

:

:

:

I

~

I

f ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:

-

-

~ : ~

: ~ :

: : ~

~ ~ I

: I I

-

P P P

~ :

: I

l :

: :

,' .................

', ..................

~ .................

: I ~ : :

: ~ l l ~

: l ~ f ~

~ .................

~ .................................... ,

P -

I ~ ~ I ~

: : : : ~

I : ~ : I

I I I : I

-

~ l I l ,

I l ~ : f

I : : ~ ~

I I : :

: l

I

-

: .................

+ P P P

: : ~ I :

P P P P P

p P P P

l ................

P P P P

p P P P P

+ P P P P

P P ÷ P P P P

I P P ~ P P I P P : P P : P

P ÷

P P ÷ P

l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ P P ~ P P ~ P P ~ P ~ P P

P P p P P

P P p P P

P : P I p : P ~ P :

I ~ I : I

P P P P P P P P P P P + P P P P P

-

-

-

-

+

I f P ~ P I P :

~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

+

8-5 8-6 8-cc 9-1 9-2 ........

I 70-72 I top I = 70-72 : 70-72 I .........

: C ~ 6 I i C ~ 8 f

P P

I I

P P P P

P ÷

i I

P P P P P P P P P P

:C~6

P

:

P

P

I

P

P

P

P

÷

t - - - ~ - - - ~

P

-

P

i . . . . . . . . .

~C : 6 : ÷ + P l P P ~ P P + I C :G : P ~ P P P I P P :---l---: ...................................................., ,

-

+

. . . . . . . .

i

~ ~ ~ ) :

,' ................................... ,

: P P ~ P P ~ P : P f P

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: ~

-

~ P - ÷ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P p p .-

+

-

-

; : :

P P - P

: :

:

÷ -

I I

,J

: .................

P P P ~ P P p p p ~ p P P + I P P

l ................

: M : ~ fl : f 6 : ~11~ 111 :

÷ +

: : I :

P

: F : N ~ P P P ~ P P : ....... ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +

:

: :

: C Ill

:

31 32 33 3/* 35

: .................

', .................

P

26 27 28 29 30

~

P P ÷

21 22 23 2 / . 2 5

,, .................

~ C : 6 I P P P : C : 8 : P P P : C : N : P P ~ C ~lil - P P I C ~11~ P P ,'---:---~ ................ I C ~tI ~ P P ] C I H : P P ~ C ~ 6 I ÷ P P

-

P P P P P

16 17 18 19 20

:

,' .................

~ : I I :

11 12 1 3 1 ~ , 1 5

: .................

~ P p p p : p p + ~ + P P P P ; P P : P P P P ~ P P P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: C I H: : C ~ ff : I C ~1~ ~

6-1 6-2 ........ 6-3 6-4 6-cc 7-! 7-2 ........

9 10

P ÷ +

-

~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: I

I ~

P P -

] :

:

l : I l I ]

P

:

÷

-

~

l

:

:

P P P P

~ I

P ÷ P -

; ~

~ I

; :

: :

f ..................

~ .................

I

l .................................. f

517

APPENDIX

(continued)

II-D

21/,

Species ~

Core, Sec.

Level (cm)

9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-cc

: 6 ~6 : 6 I 6 ~6

3

/*

S

6

7

8

9 10

÷ P P ÷ P

.

.

70-72 70-72

C C C C C

2

~C ; 6 : P P I C ~ 6 : P P P 10-3 ~ 70-72 ~ C I 9 ~ ~ P ÷ P 10-4 ~ 70-72 : C ~ 6 : P P P 10-5 : 70-72 ~ C : 6 : + P P P ........ I ......... ~---~---~ ................................. [ 0 - 6 ~ 70-72 I C ~ 9 ; P P P lO-cc : I C : 9 ~ P P P ll-I ~ "70-72 I C I 6 ¢ '(" P P P 11-2 ~ 70-72 I C I 6 I P P P 11-3 ; 70-72 ~ C ~ 6 ~ P P P ........ I ......... I---I---; .................................. 11-4 : 70-72 ~ C ~ B I P P P 1J-5 I 70-72 I C I 6 : ÷ P [l-cc I ; C ~6 ~ ÷ P 12-I ~ 80-62 I F ¢ i t l P P 12-2 ~ top : C I 6 ~ p p ........ I ............., ~---I .................................. 12-3 ¢ 74-76 I C ; 6 ÷ P 12-4 ~ top ~C ~6 ~ P 12-5 ~ 70-72 I C ~ 6 P P 12-cc I ~C ~6 P P 13-2 ~ 70-72 I C ; 6 ' + P .

; :

.

.

.

13-3 70-72 13-4 70-72 13-5 70-72 13-6 70-72 13-cc ........ ~. . . . . . . . . 14-1 14-2 14-~ 14-4

I 70-72 ~ top I 70-72 ~ 70-72

: : ~ ~ :

1

P + + P P

.

70-72 70-72 70-72 70-72

b

P P + P P P P P

10-! 10-2

: ; : : I

a

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

: C : 9 ~

'

~C : 6 : : C : 6 ~

, ,

~. . . . . . . . .

~. . . . . . . ,

16-2 16-~ I6-4 16-5 16-6 ........

I 70-72 : 70-72 : 70-72 ~ 70-72 ~ 74-76 ~. . . . . . . . .

I C ~ ff i C I 6 ~C ~9 I C ~8 : C ~ 6 I---I---¢

16-cc ~ 17-1 ~ 70-72

.

~C ~8 I

I 70-72 I ......... I 70-72 : I 17-I8 ~ 70-72 : 80-62 ~. . . . . . . . . ~ 70-72 I 70-72 ~ 70-72 : 78-80

.

.

÷

~ : : : ;

P P P P P

P P P P P

-

P p P P P

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

P P

~

P

~

P

P

)

P P

~ P + : P +

P

~ ' : P : P ~ ' P ~ ' p .................................

~C ~6 : ~ C ;iI ;

' '

.

P P

.................

P P

÷

P

P P P P

.

.

.

: :

P

P P P +

26 27 28 29 30

-

.

: : I ~

-

.

: : -

:

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - I - ; P - ; ')' + - I P - ~ P I .................................... - ~ P ~ - - P P ~ P P I P p : - - + ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P ¢ ~ P P ~ - - P P ; P P ~ P * P ) - + P .

P P P P P

.

.

÷ P P

:

P

+

P + P P

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

P P

-

~

P

-

: ~ ÷

P P P P -

P

~

:

-

I .................

~ .................

I P : P P I P ~ P P ; p ]................. ~ P ~ P

P P P P

P

+

P ~ P P : P P : + P P ~ + P p ~ ÷ p I .................

P P P

~ + ~ +

P P

~ P P P ,, ...................................

i P P P I P P P : P P P : P P P : + P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ + :

+

P P P + P

I

I

I

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '

I - P P ' ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ~ + P P = + I - P P P + ~ P P P ' P : P P P + ÷ P ~ P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + : P P P ' + I - P P P ' - I P P P ' - ~ P P P - -

P P P P P

I ]

.

~ - + ) ) P P ' ~ P ) ~ - P P ~ + P + ' ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ + + P }................. I P P ~ P + P : P + P I P + P ] P P P :................. ~ P I P P ~ + P P l '¢' P

P

3'1 32 33 3Z~ 3,5

l

I P P P I P P P I P - P ~ * - P I - - P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I

I C I G I , P = P P P ~=--~--=I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. ', . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I C I 9 I ' P I P P I C ~6 : ' + P ~ P P ~C ~G ~ P : P P : C : 6 : ' P : P P P ~C : 6 : ' P : P ~__.1__.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , I C ~H : ' P ¢ p p ~C ~6 ~ ' P I P + P : C : 6 ~ ' P ~ P ? : C I 9 I ' P ~ P P ~ C : 6 ; ~ ................

.

P P P P P

P

P

P

p p P ÷ P ~

P : - P - P ¢ + P - P I - P - P I - P P P ~ - P P i ,................. P ; + P P P : P P P P ~ P P P P P I P P P P P I P P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P I P P P P P ~ P P P P : P P P P P ~ P - P P p ~ p p p I ................. P ~ + P P P P I P P P P P ) p P P P ~ P P P P P ~ P P .

~ P P P ', P ÷ P I P P P I P P P : P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 22 23 24 25

16 17 19 19 20

P I P ~ P ~ P I P ; -

f P P P : P P P : P P P ~ P P P ~ P P P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ~ P P P P I P P P '," ¢ P P P - I P P P - I P P P I ................. - : P P P + ; P P P + ~ P P P I P P P + ~ P p p ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P ~ P P P ÷ I P P P - I P P P : P P P - I P P P

) C I 6 , ÷ P ¢ C ~6 , ÷ P I C ~ ff , P P ¢ C I 6 , P : C ~6 - P :._-~-._~ .................................

14-5 ........ 14-6 14-cc 15-1 15-2 15-~ ........ 15-4 15-5 15-6 IS-co 16-1 ........

~

.

11 12 13 1 / . 1 S

-

-

' I.................

I I J ; ]................. I ] : I : ) .................

- P P P + P P P P '.................. P P P P

I I : I I................. ~ ]

"

+ P

518

APPENDIX

II-D (continued)

21h

Species*

Core, Sec. 17-2 17-3 17-4 ........

Level (cm)

a

I 70-72 ~ 70-72 I 70-72 : .........

~ F ~ H I F I II ~ F ~ H ~---I---I

17-5

:

70-72

17-6

: 70-72

17-cc ~ 18-1 I 68-70 18-2 ~ 70-72 ........ I ......... 18-3 18-4

2

3

4

5

: I I

6

7 8

9 10

: ÷ + I + : + P I .................

: P : : P l .................

: : ~ P : .................

: F : i4 :

:

I

I

:

~F ;H ;

:

:

I

:

: F : H : C I II : C ~ M ~---~---I

l : I : .................

: : ~ : .................

: : = : .................

', P l P I : .................

~ ~

~ ~

................

: : : ................

?

~ :

I ',

16-5

I 70-72

18-cc

I

R ~ P ~ F I II I

I :

I I

19-2 19-3 1~-4 19-5

: I08-II0 : .........

C ~G I :---~---~

................

S ~ II: ~ : 19-cc ~ I ........ : ......................... 20-1 20-2 20-3 20-4

82-84 70-72 70-72 70-72

I 68-70 : 70-72 : 70-72 : 70-72

20-5

l 70-72

........ 20-6 20-cc

: ......... : 70-72 I

21 22 23 2 6 2 5

19 2 0

~ ÷ ~ ~ : .................

C ; I'l : ~ ~

19-I

16 17 18

11 12 13 1 6 1 S

70-72 70-72

........

I :

1

b

I C : C : ~

F ~ M ~ ', I F I M f F : I~ t

C ~G I

÷ p

-

p

I ~

:

:

: .................

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ ~ ~ I ~ : .................

: P ~ ~ I l ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I f : t ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

: I : ~ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

I

~

~

~---I---I ................ : ; f ~ F I H ~

p

P ÷ +

-

I I ~ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P

+

:

-

I

-

P

P

I p p

- P

~

- P

-

P

p p

-

: I

~

:

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: .................

I ~ I ~ : ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: ÷ P I + P : P P : p l p l .................

+ P p P

~ : ~ :

P

-

* + P p p

: $ : I

P P P P

I

:

P

: ................. l I ÷

I ................. l P : + P

31 32 33 3& 3 5

~ P P : P P : P P : ..................

P

+

26 27 2 8 2 9 3 0

P P

P +

P

P

-

I P P P : p p P P I P P P I ..................

: ~ I ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: p ~ p

-

I t

: ~ P

-

P P

P

I

P P P

P P P P

-

I

I ~

P P

P P

I I t

I ; :

: P -

: +

~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I .................

l p P I P P : P - + P P f p P P ~ p P P l ..................

~ + ~ P ~ P : P ~ P ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P P P P P P P P P P

~ P i P I P ', P

P P +

~ I [ I

-

P P P P P P P P

I :

I P

- P

t P -

P P

t

: .................. : P I P

P P P P

P P

P P P P

I I

I I

:

: ................. ; P P P : P P P

I :

* a = a b u n d a n c e , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n . 1 = L . n i g r i n i a e . 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 = A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S. t e t r a s . 5 = P. p r a e t e x t u r n . 6 = B . a q u i l o n a r i s . 7 = L . b a c c a . 8 = A . a n g u l a r e . 9 = T. v e t u l u m . 1 0 = P. p r i s m a t i u r n . 1 1 = S. p e r e g r i n a . 1 2 = P. f i s t u l a . 1 3 = S. p e n t a s . 1 4 = L . a u d a x . 1 5 = P. d o l i o l u m . 16 = B. bramlettei 1 7 = S. b e r m i n g h a r n i . 1 8 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 1 9 = S. c o r o n a . 2 0 = A . t r i t u b u s . 2 1 = C. c a e p a . 2 2 = E. cf. d i a p h a n e s . 2 3 = D . b u r s a . 2 4 = D. h u g h e s i . 2 5 = L . n e o t e r a . 2 6 = B. m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 2 7 = D . p e t t e r s s o n i . 2 8 = S. w o l f f i i . 2 9 = C. j a p o n i c a . 3 0 = C. c r i s t a t a . 3 1 = C. c o r n u t a . 3 2 = C. t e t r a p e r a . 3 3 = L . r e n z a e . 3 4 = D . a l a t a . 3 5 = C. b r a m l e t t e i .

APPENDIX Tabulation

III of all radiolarian

RADIOLARIAN EVENTS

214

I T Anthocyrtidzum I angulare

2-2 2-3

I B Lamprocyrtis nzgrzniae I

too r a r e

I

I

events

289

~A/S86B

5731573B

: 503AI503B ', Riedei

II.[ 12.b

4-1

18.8 20,8

3-4 3-5

17,3 18.8

~A 5-I ', 5-2

15.5 17.0

4-2

22.3

3-4

17.3

~A 7-I

24,3

4-3

23.8

3-5

18.8

~ 7-2

25,8

3-6 3-cc

20.3 20.8

~A 5-I i 5-2

15.5 17.0

3-6

T Theocorythsum vetulum

3-1 3-2

19.7 21.2

absent

B Theocorythzum trachelium

4-2 4-3

30.7 32.2

5-2

31.8

3-cc

20.8

;A 7-2

25,B

5-3

33.3

4-1

22.3

I 7-3

27.3

519

APPENDIX

III

(continued)

RAOIOLARIAN EVENTS

214

586/586A/586B

289

57315738

I 503A1503B I Riedel I

T Pterocanium prismatzum

2-cc 3-I

18.9 19.7

5-2 5-3

31,8 33,3

4-2 4-3

23.8 25.3

IA 7-2 I 7-3

8 Anthocyrtidium angulare

3-I 3-2

19.7 21,2

5-2 5-3

31.8 33.3

4-3 4-4

25.3 26.8

T 8tichocorys peregrina

4-5 4-6

35.2 36.2

56.9 59,0

5-5 5-6

37.6 38.9

T Phormostzchoartus fistula

5-cc 6-I

47.4 48, 2

IA 2-6 I 3-I I IA 4-3 4-4

71.6 73.1

6-5 ~-6

46.4 47,8

IA 7-I I 7-2 I IA13-3 I 14-3 I 181o-2 I 16-3

T Spongaster pentas

6-3 6-4

51.2 52.7

85.7 87.8

6-6 6-cc

47,8 48.0

T Lychnodictyum audax

5-cc 6-I

47.4 48.2

82.7 84.2

too rare

T Phormostichoartus doliolum

6-1 6-2

48.2 49, 7

87.8 89o3

7-2 7-3

50.6 52,1

8 Amphzrhopalum

ypsilon

6-cc 7-I

56.9 57.7

IA 6-1 I 6-2

87.8 89.3

7-4 7-5

5].6 55.1

8 Spongaster tetras

6-4 6-cc

52.7 56.9

IA 6-6 I 7-i

95.3 97,4

7-5 7-6

55,1 56.6

7% 7-cc

56.6 57, I

25.8 27,3

I

16-cc 56.5 7-3 60.5

I IA 5% I 6-1 I IA 5-4 I 5-5 I IA 6-I I 6-2 I

IAI5-3 ~ 1~+2 I 1818-3 ', I%1 I ~81~-I I 19-2 I 1819-2 t 19-3 I IA20-3 21-1

24.3 25.8 53.7 58.1 66.4 67,g 62.5 643 76.7 78,1

78,1 79.5 79.5 81.0 84,3 85,9

I

too rare

8 Pterocanium praetextum sl

II-4 11-5

I00,2 lOI.7

T Botryostrobus bramlettei

10-6 lO-cc

93.7 94.9

IBI4-1 I 14-3

7-6 7-cc

65.2 66.4

8-cc 9-I

66.7 67.4

8-cc 9-i

75.9 76.7

IAIO-3 129.2 ', 10-4 130.7 I IAIO-6 133.7 I 11-2 137.3 I

q-2 q-6

68,9 74.5

IA13-3 I 13-5

158.0 161.0

9-2 9-3

68.9

1824-2 I01.6

70.4

9-4 9-5

71.9 73.4

I 25-I 104.5 I IA29-2 122.8 I 29-3 124.3 I I A36-2 154.5 I 37-I 156.3 I IA31-2 131.6 I 31-3 133,1 I IA31-3 133. I I 34-2 144.8 I IA34-3 145.8 I 36-I 151,9 IC.robusta gp. IA36-2 154,5 I 37-I 156.3

IA 8-3 110.0 I 8-4 111.5 I

125.7 128.7

8-co 66,7 9-I 67.4

I

T Spongaster berminghaml 8. berminghami --> S, pentas

I115-cc 142.0 16-4 147.5

8 Pterocanzum prismatium

12-4 12-5

1010 111.2

T Solenosphaera omnitubus

10-3 10-4

89,5 gl.O

1115-3 136,5 I 15-cc 142.0

IAIO-4 130,7 : 10-5 132.2

9-I 9-2

76.7 78.2

T Szphostichartus corona

lO-cc II-I

94.9 95.7

IAII-I 135.'8 ', 11-2 137.3 I ', too rare

8 Botryostrobus aquiIonarls

13-5 13-6

120.7 122.2

T Acrobotrys trltubus

11-4 II-5

100.2 101,7

T Calocycletta caepa

too rare

Itl5-cc I 16-4 I I i I : ~ I lll8-cc I 19-3 ; 1123-4 ', 25-3

I

8 Spongaster pentas

142.0 147.5

9-cc 76.2 10-I 76.9

I0-! 10-2

76.9 78.4

205.5 215.1

10-I 10-2

76.9 78.4

165,3 167.2

11-3 11-4

89.3 90.8

221.1 224.7

11-6 93.9 11-cc 95.0

I

170.5 174.5 214.2 231.5

1822-3 I 23-~ I IA14-3 ~ 15-I I 1824-1 I 24-3

1825-i I04.7 I 25-2 106.2 t t ? rewording ', IA31-3 132.8 I 34-2 144.3 I

520

A P P E N D I X III

(continued)

RAOIOLARIAN

214

289

586/586A!586B

573/573B

EVENTS

S. delmontensls --~ S. peregrlna

50~AI503B Riedel

13-4 119,2 14-2 125.0

IA18-4 199,9 19-4 209.5

13-4 109.2 13-cc I12.6

~A48-2 204,4 ~ 49-I 209.1

12-&

IAl7-1 ; 17-2

12-3 98,9 12-4 100.4

~ A41-1 173.9 i 41-2 175.4

1822-5 208.5 ', 23-3 215.1

14-5 119.1 14-6 120.6

IA48-2 204.4 ~ 49-I 209.1

T Eucyrtldium cf, diaphanes

12-5

T Oendrospyris bursa

10-6 93.7 lO-cc 94.9

8 Solenosphaera omnltubus

13-4 119.2 13"5-5 120.7

[25-3 231.5 25-cc 237.0

IA20-6 221.0 ! 21-2 224.6

15-4 127.0 15-5 128.5

~A48-2 204.4 49-1 209.1

T Olartus hughesi

14-6 131.7 14-cc 132.9

IL26-2 239.5 I 26-5 244.0

IA22-5 238.7 I 22-6 240.2

16-3 134.9 16-4 136.4

A53-2 228.2 54-I 231.1

T Cithopera neotera

Ib-cc 152.4 17-1 153.2

I|32-5 302.5 ', 33-I 305.1

~A31-1 295.7 i 31-2 297.2

16-3 134.9 16-4 136.4

B ~crobotrys

15-5 139,7 15-6 141.2

I129-cc 275.0 ~130-I 276.5

IA25-6 269.0 : 26-I 271.1

16-5 137.9 16-6 139.4

T Botryostrobus miralestensls

16-2 145.2 16-3 146.7

~ I

~A27-2 278.6 ', 27-3 280.1

17-4 145.2 17-5 146.7

B Spongaster

15-6 141.2 15-cc 142,6

~131-2 283.0 ', 31-6 286.B

',too rare

berm~ngham~

17-6 148.2 17-cc 149.0

T Oiartus petterssoni

16-2 145.2 16-3 146.7

1,31-4 290.0 ~ 31-cc 294.0

',A2q-I 285.7 ~ 2q-2 287,2

18-3 152.5 18-cc 153.5

16-4 148.2 16-5 149.7

1131-6 293.0 I 32-5 302.5

IA29-2 287.2 { 30-2 292,2

18-co 153.5 19-2 155.0

16-C¢ 152.4 17-I 153.2

~433-I 305.0 i 33-6 312.5

~A31-3 298.7 [ 31-4 300.2

19-3 156.5 19-cc 159.0

tritubus

D. petterssoni --~ 0. hughesi B Olartus hughesi

I09.0 Ill.2

~431-6 293.0 32-2 298.0

T St~chocorys

wolffii

185.8 187.3

S3-I 3-2

158. I 159.6

B Lithopera bacca

17-2 154.7 17-3 156.2

;|33-6 312.0 ~ 34-I 314.5

',

B3-1 158.I 3-2 15%6

B Phormostichoartus doliolum

18-4 167.2 1~-1 172.2

ij38-4 356.3 I 39-4 365.8

', i

B3-1 158.1 3-2 159.6

T Cyrtocapsella japonica

17-cc 161.0 18-I 162.7

I i f

',

B4-1 167.6 4-2 169. I

T Carpocanopis crlstata ss

17-5 159.2 17-6 160.7

~J35-4 328,0 I .X6-5 338.0

i I

B5-1 5-2

B Botryostrobus bramlettei

17-1 153.2 17-2 154.7

T Cyrtocapsella

iS-co 170.5 19-I 172.2

~ ~ I ~139-6 369.0 = 40-I 371.5

I I i

cornuta

177,1 178.7

B5-2 178.6 5-3 180,I B6-6 194,1 6-cc 195.7

521

I T Cyrt0capsella

:441-2 382.0 I

I

: 42-I 390.0

i B6-6 194.1 6-cc 195.7

~142-2 391.5 : 43-I 3?9.5 :

: B6-6 194,1 : 6-cc 195,7

18-2 164.2 IL38-4 355.3 I 18-3 165.7 I 39-4 364.8 I

~7-cc 203.4

18-2 164,2 ~141-I 3B0,5 18-3 165.7 : 41-cc 389.0

88-6 213.0 8-cc 214.7

tetrapera T Lithopera renzae

B Oiartus petterssoni

8-I 205.6

I

T Oorcadospyris alata ]

I T Carpocanopsls I braalettei

16-6 151.2 ~|45-3 421.5 16-cc 152.4 i 45-6 426.0

:

T Calocycletta

~L47-I 437.5 47-2 438.0

:

I)49-3 459.5

I

I 49-5 462.5

I

[BIO-4 229.1 I 10-5 230.6 I

virginis T Calocycletta costata

:B10-6 232.1 IO-c~ 232.8 :BIO-6 232.1 10-co 232.8

t - data take. froe Hnldswnrth, 1975 I - data taken from Mestberg and Riedel, 1978

J - data determined by Johnson us;ng sli~es provided by G. Loabari L - data derived by 6, LoJbari (personal c0eaunicati0n, 1983)

References Backman, J. and Shackleton, N.J., 1983. Quantitative biochronology of Pliocene and early Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8: 141--170. Backman, J., Shackleton, N.J. and Tauxe, L., 1983. Quantitative nannofossil correlation to open ocean deep-sea sections from Plio-Pleistocene boundary at Vrica, Italy. Nature, 304: 156--158. Baker, C.W., 1983. Evolution and hybridization in the radiolarian genera Theocorythiurn and Lamprocycles. Paleobiology, 9: 341--354. Baldauf, J.G., 1985. A high resolution late Miocene-Pliocene diatom biostratigraphy for the eastern equatorial Pacific. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 85. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 457--475. Barton, J.A., 1985. Late Eocene to Holocene diatom biostratigraphy in the central equatorial Pacific, D S D P Leg 85. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 85. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 413--456.

Barton, J.A., Nigrini, C.A., Pujos, A., Saito, T., Theyer, F., Thomas, E. and Weinreich, N., 1985 (a). Synthesis of biostratigraphy; central equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 85: Refinement of Oligocene to Quaternary biochronology. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 85. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 905--934. Barron, J.A., Keller, G. and Dunn, D.A., 1985 (b). A multiple microfossil biochronology for the Miocene. Geol. Soc. A m . Mere., 163: 21--36. Berggren, W.A., 1973. The Pliocene time scale: calibration of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton zones+ Nature, 243:

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