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Synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures using a ZnO template method
NEW CARBON MATERIALS Volume 31, Issue 1, Feb 2016 Online English edition of the Chinese language journal Cite this article as: New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87-91
RESEARCH PAPER
Synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures using a ZnO template method Hong-yang Liu, Zhen-bao Feng, Jia Wang, Jiang-yong Diao, Dang-sheng Su* Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Abstract:
A ZnO template approach for the large scale synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures was developed. A diluted ethylbenzene stream
was used to form a carbon layer on the template at a high temperature and a dilute HCl solution was used to etch the template. Hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres were fabricated using ZnO nanorods and nanospheres as the respective templates. The present process is simple, efficient and low cost, and may be extended to fabricate other hollow carbon nanostructures used in catalytic reactions and energy storage. Key Words: Nanocarbon; Hollow structure; Template method; Coking reaction
1 Introduction Recently, the design and synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential applications in catalyst supports, gas storage and separation, and lithium-ion batteries[1, 2]. Up to now, the hollow carbon nanostructures have been synthesized by a template method and a hydrothermal method. Among them, the template method is more acceptable because the structure of as-prepared hollow carbon nanomaterials could be controlled by tuning the size or the morphology of the templates[3, 4]. In general, for the template method, a core-shell structure is synthesized by coating a carbon precursor on a hard template core, followed by carbonization and core removal to obtain the hollow carbon nanostructures. The template approach based on the use of solid molds also provides opportunities for synthesizing various carbon nanostructures[5-8]. However, the expensive surfactant is usually required by functionalizing or modifying the template due to the incompatibility between the template surface and shell material, resulting in a complicated fabrication process and high cost[9]. Thus, developing an efficient and low cost process to synthesize the hollow carbon nanostructures is still challenging. Herein, we reported a facile and scalable synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures by a template method assisted with a fast coking process at high temperatures. Through this efficient and low cost method, the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres can be fabricated by using ZnO nanostructures as templates. The various ZnO nanostructures as template materials can be used to fabricate complex carbon nanostructures. In addition, the ZnO templates can be easily dissolved and removed in mild acids
or bases[10, 11]. The synthetic procedure of hollow carbon nanostructures is illustrated in scheme 1. Firstly, the as-prepared ZnO nanorods and commercial available ZnO nanospheres were chosen as the templates. Subsequently, a carbon layer was uniformly coated on the surface of ZnO templates (C@ZnO) by a fast coking process with diluted elthylbenzene at 700 oC for just 2 min. Afterwards, the C@ZnO nanocompsite was treated with HCl solution at room temperature, and the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres were obtained.
2
Experimental
The ZnO nanorod was synthesized by a typical physical vapor deposition method under atmosphere pressure[12]. The source materials, consisting of a mixture of 0.5 g of ZnO powder and 0.5 g of active carbon, were loaded into a ceramic boat that was positioned in the middle of a quartz tube. The silica wafer was used as the substrate to collect samples, which was placed downstream the source material in the temperature zone of 700 oC. Prior to heating, the quartz tube was purged with Ar (30 mL/min) for 30 min. Then, it was heated up to 1000 oC under the mixture of Ar (50 mL/min) and O2 (10 mL/min) for 1 h. The surface of the silica substrate became white after the reaction, indicating that ZnO nanorod was deposited on it. The ZnO nanospheres with sizes of50-100 nm were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The C@ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by a fast coking process with the ZnO template under a mixed gas flow (100 mL/min) of 2% ethylbezene balanced with He at 700 °C for just 2 min. After the ZnO template was removed with a 5% HCl aqueous solution for 2 h, the hollow carbon naostructures were successfully collected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed by a Tecnai G 2
Received date: 12 Dec 2015; Revised date: 10 Jan 2016 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Copyright©2016, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60006-9
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig. 1 A schematic illustration of the preparation of hollow carbon nanostructures.
F20 S-TWIN electron microscope operated at 200 kV. Raman spectroscopy was performed on a LabRam HR 800 using a 633 nm laser.
3
Results and discussion
Fig. 1a and 1d show typical SEM and TEM images of the ZnO nanorods prepared by the traditional chemical vapor deposition method. Note that the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods are uniform in shape and size. The average length and width of the ZnO nanorods is 2-10 μm and 50-200 nm, respectively. The as-prepared ZnO nanorods were then employed as templates for the growth of the carbon layer by a fast coking process of ethylbenzene at 700 oC for just 2 min. Our previous study demonstrated that the coking reaction of
ethylbenzene on the metal oxide catalyst surface can be quickly happened at high temperatures[13]. Fig. 2b and 2d present the TEM images of the ZnO nanorods after they are coated by the fast coking process. It can be seen that a carbon layer is uniformly coated on the middle part and even the tip of one individual ZnO nanorod. There is no gap between the carbon layer and ZnO nanorods as displayed in the HRTEM images in Fig. 2c and 2f. The average thickness of the carbon layer is around 5-10 nm. In addition, it is found that the morphology and the structure of ZnO nanorods are well maintained after being coated by the carbon layer. The TEM image in the Fig. 1 provides further the evidence that the whole of one single ZnO nanorod is completely covered by a uniform carbon layer through this fast coking process. Fig. 3a shows a representative TEM image of the finally obtained hollow carbon nanotubes after ZnO nanorods are leached away by the diluted HCl solution at room temperature. Note that all the as-prepared carbon nanostructures exhibit tubular structures (Fig. 3b). In particular, these tubular structures almost are replicated from the initial morphologies of the ZnO nanorods. The hollow carbon nanotubes resulting from the ZnO nanorods have inner diameters of 50-200 nm, and thickness of 5-10 nm with quite smooth walls. Meanwhile, there are big holes generated on the tip of some hollow carbon nanotubes (Fig. 3c). HR-TEM image in Fig. 3d presents that the graphitic layers fabricated in the hollow carbon nanotubes are inconsecutive. All the above TEM results indicate that we have developed an efficient and facile way to prepare hollow carbon nanotubes though the feasible template method.
Fig. 2 (a, d) SEM and TEM images of the ZnO nanorods as the template, TEM images of the carbon layer coated on one single ZnO nanorod (b-c) in the middle part and (e-f) in the tip part.
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig. 3 (a-c) TEM images of the hollow carbon nanotubes after the ZnO nanorods are removed by the HCl solution, (d) high-magnification TEM image of the obtained hollow carbon nanotubes.
Fig. 4 TEM images of (a) ZnO nanospheres, (b,c) ZnO nanospheres coated by the carbon layer, (d-f) as-prepared hollow carbon nanoshpheres after ZnO template removal.
The commercial available ZnO nanospheres (50-100 nm in diameter, whose TEM images are shown in Fig. 4a) were employed as the template to synthesize the hollow carbon nanospheres using the same process. As displayed in Fig. 2b, the coking reaction of ethylbenzene is still facilely happened on the ZnO nanoshperes. A carbon layer is evenly and tightly grown on the surface of ZnO nanospheres (Fig. 4c). The initial structure of the ZnO nanoshperes retains well after the coking process. The low-magnification TEM image of the as-prepared hollow carbon nanospheres after the ZnO nanospheres are removed is presented in Fig. 4e, which indicates that the hollow carbon nanospheres can be efficiently prepared in large scale. Meanwhile, we also found that the neighboring hollow carbon nanospheres are linked together to form an interconnected nanostructure (Fig. 4e). The HR-TEM image in Fig. 4f reveals the inconsecutive
graphite nature in the as-prepared hollow carbon nanospheres. Raman spectroscopy is one of effective tools to characterize the structure of hollow carbon nanostructures. It is generally considered that the intensity ratio of D band and G band (ID/IG) represents the disorder degree of carbon materials. The band in Fig. 5 at 1363 cm-1 corresponds to the D peak arising from the breathing motion of sp2 rings, and the band at 1605 cm-1 is in good agreement with the G band. The measured intensity ID/IG ratios of the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are about 3.3 and 3.5, respectively, indicating that the amorphous phase plays an important role in obtaining the carbon layer, agreeing well with the TEM observations. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the obtained hollow carbon nanostructures are shown in Fig. 6 The isotherm exhibits a typical IV-type curve, suggesting the presence of
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig.5
Raman spectra of the (a) as-prepared hollow carbon nanotubes and (b) hollow carbon nanosphere.
Fig. 6
Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (a) hollow carbon nanotubes and (b) hollow carbon nanospheres. Insets are the pore size distribution.
mesopores. The specific surface area of the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are calculated to be 245 and 382 m2·g-1, respectively. A broad pore size distribution (inset in Fig. 6) reveals that the as-prepared hollow carbon nanostructures have abundant porous channels that favor a high permeation and mass-transfer rate for the reactants.
4
Conclusions
We have proposed a template assisted approach without using surfactant for a large scale synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures through a fast coking process with diluted ethylbenzene at high temperatures. The present process is facile, efficient and low cost. The hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are successfully fabricated by employing as-prepared ZnO nanorods and commercial available ZnO nanospheres as the templates. These as-prepared hollow carbon nanostructures are suitable for catalytic supports or energy storage. References [1] Lu A H, Sun T. Synthesis of discrete and dispersible hollow
hollow spheres for application in supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Material Chemistry A, 2013, 1: 15423. [4] Xie K, Qin X T, Hu Z, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction [J]. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24: 347. [5] Lu A H, Hao G, Sun Q, et al. Can carbon spheres be created through the stöber method [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50: 9023. [6] Peng H J, Guo X F, Zhang Q, et al. Catalytic self-limited assembly at hard templates: A mesoscale approach to graphene nanoshells for lithium-sulfur batteries [J]. ACS Nano, 2014, 8: 11280. [7] Zhu L, Peng H, Zhang Q, et al. Interconnected carbon nanotube/graphene nanosphere scaffolds as free-standingpaper electrode forhigh-rateandultra-stable lithium-sulfur batteries [J]. Nano Energy, 2015, 11: 746. [8] Strubel P, Thieme S, Kaskel S, et al. ZnO hard templating for synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons with tailored porosity and high performance in lithium-sulfur battery [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25: 287. [9] Liu R, Li C, Dai S, et al. Dopamine as a carbon source: The controlled
synthesis
of
hollow
carbon
spheres
and
carbon nanospheres with high uniformity by using confined
yolk-structured carbon nanocomposites [J]. Angewandte Chemie
nanospace pyrolysis [J]. Angewandte Chemie International
International Edition, 2011, 50: 6799.
Edition, 2011, 122: 9023.
[10] Gong W, Chen W, Zhang X J , et al. Substrate-independent and
[2] Yang S B, Feng X L, Klaus M, et al. Nanographene-constructed
large-area synthesis of carbon nanotube thin films using ZnO
hollow carbon spheres and their favorable electroactivity with
nanorods as template and dopamine as carbon precursor [J].
respect to lithium storage [J]. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22:
Carbon, 2015, 83: 275.
838. [3] Shao Q G, Tang J. Synthesis and characterization of graphene
[11] Mbuyisa P, Bhardwaj S, Cepek, P, et al. Controlled synthesis of carbon nanostructures using aligned ZnO nanorods as templates
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
[J]. Carbon, 2015, 50: 5472.
International Edition, 2014, 53: 12634.
[12] Liu H Y, Zhang L Y, Su D S, et al. Palladium nanoparticles
[13] Liu H Y, Su D S. A nanodiamond/CNT–SiC monolith as a novel
embedded in the inner surfaces of carbon nanotubes: Synthesis,
metal free catalyst for ethylbenzene direct dehydrogenation to
catalytic activity, and sinter resistance [J]. Angewandte Chemie
styrene [J]. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50: 7810.
RESEARCH PAPER
Synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures using a ZnO template method Hong-yang Liu, Zhen-bao Feng, Jia Wang, Jiang-yong Diao, Dang-sheng Su* Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Abstract:
A ZnO template approach for the large scale synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures was developed. A diluted ethylbenzene stream
was used to form a carbon layer on the template at a high temperature and a dilute HCl solution was used to etch the template. Hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres were fabricated using ZnO nanorods and nanospheres as the respective templates. The present process is simple, efficient and low cost, and may be extended to fabricate other hollow carbon nanostructures used in catalytic reactions and energy storage. Key Words: Nanocarbon; Hollow structure; Template method; Coking reaction
1 Introduction Recently, the design and synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential applications in catalyst supports, gas storage and separation, and lithium-ion batteries[1, 2]. Up to now, the hollow carbon nanostructures have been synthesized by a template method and a hydrothermal method. Among them, the template method is more acceptable because the structure of as-prepared hollow carbon nanomaterials could be controlled by tuning the size or the morphology of the templates[3, 4]. In general, for the template method, a core-shell structure is synthesized by coating a carbon precursor on a hard template core, followed by carbonization and core removal to obtain the hollow carbon nanostructures. The template approach based on the use of solid molds also provides opportunities for synthesizing various carbon nanostructures[5-8]. However, the expensive surfactant is usually required by functionalizing or modifying the template due to the incompatibility between the template surface and shell material, resulting in a complicated fabrication process and high cost[9]. Thus, developing an efficient and low cost process to synthesize the hollow carbon nanostructures is still challenging. Herein, we reported a facile and scalable synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures by a template method assisted with a fast coking process at high temperatures. Through this efficient and low cost method, the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres can be fabricated by using ZnO nanostructures as templates. The various ZnO nanostructures as template materials can be used to fabricate complex carbon nanostructures. In addition, the ZnO templates can be easily dissolved and removed in mild acids
or bases[10, 11]. The synthetic procedure of hollow carbon nanostructures is illustrated in scheme 1. Firstly, the as-prepared ZnO nanorods and commercial available ZnO nanospheres were chosen as the templates. Subsequently, a carbon layer was uniformly coated on the surface of ZnO templates (C@ZnO) by a fast coking process with diluted elthylbenzene at 700 oC for just 2 min. Afterwards, the C@ZnO nanocompsite was treated with HCl solution at room temperature, and the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres were obtained.
2
Experimental
The ZnO nanorod was synthesized by a typical physical vapor deposition method under atmosphere pressure[12]. The source materials, consisting of a mixture of 0.5 g of ZnO powder and 0.5 g of active carbon, were loaded into a ceramic boat that was positioned in the middle of a quartz tube. The silica wafer was used as the substrate to collect samples, which was placed downstream the source material in the temperature zone of 700 oC. Prior to heating, the quartz tube was purged with Ar (30 mL/min) for 30 min. Then, it was heated up to 1000 oC under the mixture of Ar (50 mL/min) and O2 (10 mL/min) for 1 h. The surface of the silica substrate became white after the reaction, indicating that ZnO nanorod was deposited on it. The ZnO nanospheres with sizes of50-100 nm were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The C@ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by a fast coking process with the ZnO template under a mixed gas flow (100 mL/min) of 2% ethylbezene balanced with He at 700 °C for just 2 min. After the ZnO template was removed with a 5% HCl aqueous solution for 2 h, the hollow carbon naostructures were successfully collected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed by a Tecnai G 2
Received date: 12 Dec 2015; Revised date: 10 Jan 2016 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Copyright©2016, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60006-9
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig. 1 A schematic illustration of the preparation of hollow carbon nanostructures.
F20 S-TWIN electron microscope operated at 200 kV. Raman spectroscopy was performed on a LabRam HR 800 using a 633 nm laser.
3
Results and discussion
Fig. 1a and 1d show typical SEM and TEM images of the ZnO nanorods prepared by the traditional chemical vapor deposition method. Note that the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods are uniform in shape and size. The average length and width of the ZnO nanorods is 2-10 μm and 50-200 nm, respectively. The as-prepared ZnO nanorods were then employed as templates for the growth of the carbon layer by a fast coking process of ethylbenzene at 700 oC for just 2 min. Our previous study demonstrated that the coking reaction of
ethylbenzene on the metal oxide catalyst surface can be quickly happened at high temperatures[13]. Fig. 2b and 2d present the TEM images of the ZnO nanorods after they are coated by the fast coking process. It can be seen that a carbon layer is uniformly coated on the middle part and even the tip of one individual ZnO nanorod. There is no gap between the carbon layer and ZnO nanorods as displayed in the HRTEM images in Fig. 2c and 2f. The average thickness of the carbon layer is around 5-10 nm. In addition, it is found that the morphology and the structure of ZnO nanorods are well maintained after being coated by the carbon layer. The TEM image in the Fig. 1 provides further the evidence that the whole of one single ZnO nanorod is completely covered by a uniform carbon layer through this fast coking process. Fig. 3a shows a representative TEM image of the finally obtained hollow carbon nanotubes after ZnO nanorods are leached away by the diluted HCl solution at room temperature. Note that all the as-prepared carbon nanostructures exhibit tubular structures (Fig. 3b). In particular, these tubular structures almost are replicated from the initial morphologies of the ZnO nanorods. The hollow carbon nanotubes resulting from the ZnO nanorods have inner diameters of 50-200 nm, and thickness of 5-10 nm with quite smooth walls. Meanwhile, there are big holes generated on the tip of some hollow carbon nanotubes (Fig. 3c). HR-TEM image in Fig. 3d presents that the graphitic layers fabricated in the hollow carbon nanotubes are inconsecutive. All the above TEM results indicate that we have developed an efficient and facile way to prepare hollow carbon nanotubes though the feasible template method.
Fig. 2 (a, d) SEM and TEM images of the ZnO nanorods as the template, TEM images of the carbon layer coated on one single ZnO nanorod (b-c) in the middle part and (e-f) in the tip part.
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig. 3 (a-c) TEM images of the hollow carbon nanotubes after the ZnO nanorods are removed by the HCl solution, (d) high-magnification TEM image of the obtained hollow carbon nanotubes.
Fig. 4 TEM images of (a) ZnO nanospheres, (b,c) ZnO nanospheres coated by the carbon layer, (d-f) as-prepared hollow carbon nanoshpheres after ZnO template removal.
The commercial available ZnO nanospheres (50-100 nm in diameter, whose TEM images are shown in Fig. 4a) were employed as the template to synthesize the hollow carbon nanospheres using the same process. As displayed in Fig. 2b, the coking reaction of ethylbenzene is still facilely happened on the ZnO nanoshperes. A carbon layer is evenly and tightly grown on the surface of ZnO nanospheres (Fig. 4c). The initial structure of the ZnO nanoshperes retains well after the coking process. The low-magnification TEM image of the as-prepared hollow carbon nanospheres after the ZnO nanospheres are removed is presented in Fig. 4e, which indicates that the hollow carbon nanospheres can be efficiently prepared in large scale. Meanwhile, we also found that the neighboring hollow carbon nanospheres are linked together to form an interconnected nanostructure (Fig. 4e). The HR-TEM image in Fig. 4f reveals the inconsecutive
graphite nature in the as-prepared hollow carbon nanospheres. Raman spectroscopy is one of effective tools to characterize the structure of hollow carbon nanostructures. It is generally considered that the intensity ratio of D band and G band (ID/IG) represents the disorder degree of carbon materials. The band in Fig. 5 at 1363 cm-1 corresponds to the D peak arising from the breathing motion of sp2 rings, and the band at 1605 cm-1 is in good agreement with the G band. The measured intensity ID/IG ratios of the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are about 3.3 and 3.5, respectively, indicating that the amorphous phase plays an important role in obtaining the carbon layer, agreeing well with the TEM observations. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the obtained hollow carbon nanostructures are shown in Fig. 6 The isotherm exhibits a typical IV-type curve, suggesting the presence of
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
Fig.5
Raman spectra of the (a) as-prepared hollow carbon nanotubes and (b) hollow carbon nanosphere.
Fig. 6
Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (a) hollow carbon nanotubes and (b) hollow carbon nanospheres. Insets are the pore size distribution.
mesopores. The specific surface area of the hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are calculated to be 245 and 382 m2·g-1, respectively. A broad pore size distribution (inset in Fig. 6) reveals that the as-prepared hollow carbon nanostructures have abundant porous channels that favor a high permeation and mass-transfer rate for the reactants.
4
Conclusions
We have proposed a template assisted approach without using surfactant for a large scale synthesis of hollow carbon nanostructures through a fast coking process with diluted ethylbenzene at high temperatures. The present process is facile, efficient and low cost. The hollow carbon nanotubes and hollow carbon nanospheres are successfully fabricated by employing as-prepared ZnO nanorods and commercial available ZnO nanospheres as the templates. These as-prepared hollow carbon nanostructures are suitable for catalytic supports or energy storage. References [1] Lu A H, Sun T. Synthesis of discrete and dispersible hollow
hollow spheres for application in supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Material Chemistry A, 2013, 1: 15423. [4] Xie K, Qin X T, Hu Z, et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction [J]. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24: 347. [5] Lu A H, Hao G, Sun Q, et al. Can carbon spheres be created through the stöber method [J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50: 9023. [6] Peng H J, Guo X F, Zhang Q, et al. Catalytic self-limited assembly at hard templates: A mesoscale approach to graphene nanoshells for lithium-sulfur batteries [J]. ACS Nano, 2014, 8: 11280. [7] Zhu L, Peng H, Zhang Q, et al. Interconnected carbon nanotube/graphene nanosphere scaffolds as free-standingpaper electrode forhigh-rateandultra-stable lithium-sulfur batteries [J]. Nano Energy, 2015, 11: 746. [8] Strubel P, Thieme S, Kaskel S, et al. ZnO hard templating for synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons with tailored porosity and high performance in lithium-sulfur battery [J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25: 287. [9] Liu R, Li C, Dai S, et al. Dopamine as a carbon source: The controlled
synthesis
of
hollow
carbon
spheres
and
carbon nanospheres with high uniformity by using confined
yolk-structured carbon nanocomposites [J]. Angewandte Chemie
nanospace pyrolysis [J]. Angewandte Chemie International
International Edition, 2011, 50: 6799.
Edition, 2011, 122: 9023.
[10] Gong W, Chen W, Zhang X J , et al. Substrate-independent and
[2] Yang S B, Feng X L, Klaus M, et al. Nanographene-constructed
large-area synthesis of carbon nanotube thin films using ZnO
hollow carbon spheres and their favorable electroactivity with
nanorods as template and dopamine as carbon precursor [J].
respect to lithium storage [J]. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22:
Carbon, 2015, 83: 275.
838. [3] Shao Q G, Tang J. Synthesis and characterization of graphene
[11] Mbuyisa P, Bhardwaj S, Cepek, P, et al. Controlled synthesis of carbon nanostructures using aligned ZnO nanorods as templates
Hong-yang Liu et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2016, 31(1): 87–91
[J]. Carbon, 2015, 50: 5472.
International Edition, 2014, 53: 12634.
[12] Liu H Y, Zhang L Y, Su D S, et al. Palladium nanoparticles
[13] Liu H Y, Su D S. A nanodiamond/CNT–SiC monolith as a novel
embedded in the inner surfaces of carbon nanotubes: Synthesis,
metal free catalyst for ethylbenzene direct dehydrogenation to
catalytic activity, and sinter resistance [J]. Angewandte Chemie
styrene [J]. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50: 7810.