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TABLES OF DESIGN DATA
APPENDIX IV TABLES OF DESIGN DATA Table IV. 1 Physical Constants 2 Atmospheric pressure = 101325 N/m = 101.325 kPa = 1.013 bar Avogadro's number = 6.024 χ 10
molecules/mol
Boltzmann's constant = 1.380 χ 10"^"^ J/K.molecule Blackbody radiation constants: Cj = 3.7420 χ 10^ W./xm'^/m^ C 2 = 1.4388 X lO'^/im.K C 3 = 2897.7 μτη,Κ Gravitational acceleration (sea level), g = 9.807 m/s^ Planck's constant
= 6.625 χ 10"^^ J.s/molecule
Speed of light in vacuum
= 2.998 χ 10^ m/s
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.670 χ 10"^ W/m^.K^
Universal Gas Constant, R = = = = = =
8.205 χ 10"^ m^.atm/kmol.K 8.314 X 10'^ m^.bar/kmol.K 8.314 kJ/kmol.K 282 N.m/kg.K 8.314 kPa.m^/kmol.K 1.98kCal/kmol.K
317
318
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.2 System of Screen Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
1
6.00
5
5.00
4
4.00
3.3
3.30
Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau of Standards"^
Mesh"^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
3.5
3.25
5.66
4 5 6
4 5 6
4.76 4.00 3.36
7 2.8
7
British Standard^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
5
3.353
6
2.812
7
2.411
2.83
German Standard^
No
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
2
3.00
2.5
2.40
3
2.00
4
1.50
5
1.20
6
1.02
2.80
2.3
2.30
2 1.7
2.00 1.70
8
8
2.38
9
10
2.00
10
12
1.68
10
1.676
12
14
1.41
12
1.405
14
16
1.19
14
1.204
16
18
1.00
16 18
1.003 0.853
20 24
20 25
0.84 0.71
8
1.4 1.2
1.40 1.20
1 0.85
1.00 0.85
2.057
Appendix IV 3 1 9 Table IV. 2 continued Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
0.7 0.6
0.70 0.60
0.5
0.42
0.50
0.42
Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau of Standards'^
Mesh^
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
No.
28
30
0.59
32
35
0.50
35
40
0.42
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
22 25
0.699 0.599
30
0.500
36
German Standard^
British Standard"*
No
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
8
0.75
10
0.60
11
0.54
12 14
0.49 0.43
16
0.385
20 24
0.300 0.25
30
0.20
40
0.150
50 60 70
0.120 0.102 0.088
0.422
0.355 0.355 0.3 0.25 0.21
0.30 0.25 0.21
0.18 0.15 0.125 0.105
0.18 0.15 0.125 0.105
42 48 60 65
45 50 60 70
0.35 0.297 0.25 0.21
44 52 60 72
0.353 0.295 0.251 0.211
80 100 115 150 170
80 100 120 140 170
0.177 0.149 0.125 0.105 0.088
85 100 120 150 170
0.178 0.152 0.124 0.104 0.089
320
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV. 2 continued Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau ureau of Standards-^
Mesh"^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
0.085 0.085 0.075 0.075
200
200
0.074
0.063 0.063
250
230
0.062
0.053 0.053
270 325
270 325
0.053 0.044
400
400
0.037
Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
British Standard^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
200 240
0.076 0.066
300
0.053
German Standard
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
80
0.075
100
0.060
0.042 0.042 1
Wire grid screens for the abrasives industries (cost = All-Union State Standard); of openings per linear inch; ^ US National Bureau of Standards, mesh = number of -11; ^ British standard BS 410:1943; ^ Common standard — LS-584 and ASME
Appendix IV Table IV. 3 Velocities Generally Used in Boilers
Nature of Service
Range of Velocity (m/s)
Air Air heater Coal and air lines, pulverized coal Compressed air lines Forced draft ducts Forced draft ducts, entrance to burners Register grills Ventilating ducts
5-25 15-23 7.5-10 7.5-18 7.5-10 1.5-3 5-15
Pneumatic transport of sorbent (100-400/im)
22-36
Flue gas Air heater Boiler back-pass Induced draft flues and breeching Stacks and chimneys
5-25 12-25 10-18 10-25
Steam Steam lines High pressure Low pressure Vacuum Superheater tubes
40-60 60-75 100-200 10-25
Water Boiler circulation Economizer tubes Water lines, general
0.35-3.5 0.75-1.5 2.5-4.0
[Adapted with permission from Babcock and Wilcox, Steam, 1972, Β «& W, p.3.7.
321
m/s
cm/s
0.634 1.095 1.775 2.550 .9937
0.792 1.202 1.963 2.707 .9936
1.583 1.603 2.686 3.495 .9936
2.372 1.898 3.226 4.281 .9936
4.739 2.532 4.413 6.637 .9936
6.315 2.854 5.026 8.207 .9936
0.639 0.71
0.998
3.960
8.727
14.95
29.79
45.09
59.24
111.5
147.0
175.2
199.1
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
17.96 6.118 11.50 19.92 304.0
16.06 5.576 10.40 17.85 .9934
13.86 4.947 9.135 15.72 .9934
11.31 4.179 7.605 13.18 .9935
7.890 3.132 5.559 9.774 .9936
3.162 2.139 3.674 5.067 .9936
0.476 0.971 1.558 2.392 .9937
0.359 0.53
60
0.029 0.615 0.948 1.953 .9936
m/s
0.317 0.821 1.297 2.239 .9936
0.36
m/s
0.159 0.72
0.04
m/s
kg/m^
m/s
m/s
Group
14.90 21.57 Group D
16.36 8.537
20.38 34.83 Group D 22.54 38.32 Group D
29.65 11.39
17.89 29.71 Group D
10.89 13.41 Group D
8.190 6.399 24.33 10.10
9.847 11.26 Group D
6.558 5.138
8.646 9.628 Group Β
6.321 7.175 Group Β 7.198 7.993 Group Β
2.464 3.877 3.284 4.370 4.922 5.174
5.262 6.357 Group Β
3.847 4.955 Group A
3.477 4.869 Group A
3.053 4.802 Group A
2.542 4.754 Group A
1.858 4.725 Group A
m/s
1.644 3.276
0.239 2.455
0.153 2.237
0.086 1.985
0.038 1.677
.0096 1.257
m/s
33.15 12.49
248.3
182.3
105.2
31.30
20.37
11.56
5.16
2.911
1.290
0.323 0.55
0.207 0.44
0.116 0.33
0.051 0.45
0.013 0.23
cm/s
p^ = 0.338 kg/m^; μ = 5.68 χ 10"^ N.s/m^
( CO2 - 13.7%, N2 - 76.4%, O2 - 3.3%, SO2 - 0.23 %, H2O -
800°C (in a Typical Flue Gas from Coal Firing)
40
^0
micron cm/s cm/s
Pg = 1.16 kg/m^; μ = 1.84 χ 10"^ N.s./m^
27°C (in Air)
Table IV.4 Calculated Values of Transition Velocities for a Spherical Solid Particle with a Density of 2500 in Air at 27°C and Flue Gas at 800°C
6.3%)
322 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
effect on the powder classińcation.
8. Taken from Figure II.2. Since the gas density is much smaller than the solid density, the temperature did not have much
6. Choking velocity calculated using Eq. (2.12 and 2.13) and based on bed diameter 0.2 m, circulation rate, 30 kg/m .s.
5. Transport velocity for fastfluidization.Calculated from Eq. (2.14).
4. Onset velocity for turbulentfluidization.Calculated from Eqs. (2.10-2.11).
3. Terminal velocity. Calculated from Eq. (1.13-15).
2. Minimum bubbling velocity. Calculated from Eq. (2.4) and used for Group A particles.
1. Minimumfluidizationvelocity. Calculated from Eq. (2.3).
Table IV. 4 continued
Appendix IV 323
Formula
(kg/kmol)
Molecular weight a
b
c
Temperature d (K)
Average Range (%)
Error
Nitrogen Ñ2 28 28.90 -0.1571 χ 10-2 0.8081 χ 10-5 -2.873 χ 10-9 273-1800 034 Oxygen O2 32 25.48 1.520x 10-2 -0.7155 x 10-5 1.312x 10-9 273-1800 0.28 Air 28.97 28.11 0.1967x 10-2 0.4802x 10-5 -1.966x 10-9 273-1800 0.33 Hydrogen H2 2 29.11 -0.1916x 10-2 0.4003x 10-5 -0.8704x 10-9 273-1800 0.26 Carbon monoxide CO 28 28.16 0.1675x 10-2 0.5372x 10-5 -2.222x 10-9 273-1800 0.37 Carbon dioxide CO2 44 22.26 5.981 x 10-2 -3.501 x 10-5 7.469x 10-9 273-1800 Water vapor H2O 18 32.24 0.1923x 10-2 1.055x 10-5 -3.595x 10-9 273-1800 0.24 Nitric oxide NO 30 29.34 -0.09395x 10-2 0.9747x 10-5 -4.187x 10-9 273-1500 0.36 Nitrous oxide N2O 44 24.11 5.8632x 10-2 -3.562x 10-5 10.58x 10-9 273-1500 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 46 22.9 5.715 x 10-2 -3.52x 10-5 7.87x 10-9 273-1500 Ammonia NH3 17 27.56 2.5630 χ 10-2 0.99072 χ 10-5 -6.6909 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.36 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64 25.78 5.795 x 10-2 -3.812x 10-5 8.612x 10-9 273-1800 0.24 Acetylene C2H2 26 21.8 9.2143x 10-2 -6.527x 10-5 18.21 x 10-9 273-1500 Benzene C^H^ 78 36.22 48.475x 10-2 -31.57x 10-5 77.62x 10-9 273-1500 0.20 Methanol CH4O 3.2 19.0 9.152x 10-2 -1.22x 10-5 -8.039x 10-9 273-1000 Ethanol C2H^ 30 19.9 20.96 χ 10-2 -10.38 χ 10-5 20.05 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.22 Methane CH4 16 19.89 5.024x 10-2 1.269x 10-5 -11.01 x 10-9 273-1500 0.57 Ethane C2H^ 30 6.900 17.27 χ 10-2 -6.406 χ 10-5 7.285 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.28
Substance
Temperature Cp = a + b Τ + c T^ + d T^ [T in K, Cp in kJ/(kmol.K)]
Table IV. 5 Ideal-Gas Specific Heats at Atmospheric Pressure for Various Coimnon Gases as a Function of
0.08
0.59
0.26 0.18
0.22
324 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
30.48 χ 10-2
-15.72 χ 10-5
31.74 χ 10-9
Error
^β^14 C2H4
28
^'^^^
3.95
35.00x 10-9
= [ I
(%) ÖT^
0.20 0.13
0.21
0.24
(28.11 + 0.1967 χ 10-2 Τ + 0.4802 χ 10-5Τ^ - 1.966 χ 10-9Τ^) żT]/28.97 = 308.6 kJ/kg Κ.
J 300
[From B.G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics, © 1984, p. 495. Adapted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.]
= [2δ.11 + 0.1967 X 10-2 χ 450 + 0.4802 χ 10-5 χ 450^ - 1.966 χ 10-9 χ 450^) χ (600 - 300)/28.97]/28.97. = 308.47 kJ/kg.K
Through averaging: q = [C at (300 + 600)/2] χ (600-300)/28.97
q
273-1500
"^^-^^ ^ ^^'^ ^'^•^^ ^ ^^"^ 273-1500 ^^-^^ ^ ^^"2 15.64x 10-2 -8.344x 10-5 17.67x 10-9 273-1500
-18.34x 10-5
Heat required to preheat air (molecular weight 28.97 kg/kmol) from 300 Κ to 600 K, q. Through integration:/. 600
EXAMPLE
n-Hexane Ethane
37.15 x 10-2
273-1500
(K)
Temperature Average d Range
^4^\0 '^'^^^ 41.60x 10-2 -23.01 x 10-5 49.91 x 10-9 273-1500 0.13 <^5^\2 '^^ 6.774 45.43 x 10-2 -22.46x 10-5 42.29x 10-9 273-1500
3.96
^4^04
c
i-Butane n-Pentane
^8
44
b
^4^\0
a
CˇHˇ
(kg/kmol)
Molecular weight
Propane
Formula
η-Butane
Substance
Table IV. 5 continued
Appendix IV 325
326
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV. 6 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at 1 atm Pressure for O2-N2, CO2-N2 Diffusion Coefficients, (cm^/s) Temperature (°K)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
O2-N2
CO2-N2
0.207 0.343 0.503 0.685 0.888 1.11 1.35 1.61 1.88 2.17 2.47 2.79 3.13 3.49
0.154 0.258 0.381 0.522 0.678 0.851 1.04 1.24 1.45 1.68 1.92 2.17 2.42 2.69
[From Field, M. Α., et al., (1967) Combustion of Pulverized coaly British Coal Utilization research Association, p. 347. Used with permission from British Coal]
Appendix IV Table IV. 7 Conversion Factors MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
acre ampere/centimeter ampere/inch ampere/pound (mass) ampere/square foot ampere/square inch ampere/square meter ampere/volt ampere/volt inch ampere/weber ampere turn ampere turn/inch ampere turn/meter atmosphere (kilogram (force)/cm ) atmosphere (760 torr)
4046.86 2.54000 39,3701 2.20462 10.7639 1550.00 0.092903 1.00000 39.3701 1.00000 1.25664 39.3701 0.012566 98.0665 101.325
square meter ampere/inch ampere/meter ampere/kilogram ampere/square meter ampere/square meter ampere/square foot Siemens siemens/meter unit/henry gilbert ampere turn/meter Oersted Kilopascal Kilopascal
bar barrel (42 U.S. gallons) barrel/ton (U.K.) barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/hour barrel/million std cubic feet British thermal unit Btu (mean) Btu (thermochemical) Btu (39^F) Btu (60^F) Btu (I.T.) Btu (I.T.)/brake horsepower hour Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F/foot
100.000 0.158987 0.156476 0.175254 0.044163 0.133010 0.251996 1.05587 1.05435 1.05967 1,05680 1.05506 0.000393 37.2589 0,293017 0,010349 0.018629 3,15459 5.67826 1,73074
kilopascal cubic meter cubic meter/metric ton cubic meter/metric ton cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeters/kilomol kilogram calorie kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilowatt/kilowatt kilojoule/cubic meter watt kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin watt/square meter watt/square meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin
327
328
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
Btu (I.T.)/minute Btu (I.T.)/pound mol Btu (I.T.)/pound mol Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) ^F Btu (I.T.)/second Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot ° F Btu (I.T.)/second square foot Btu (I.T.)/second square foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S.)
0.017581 2.32600 4.18680 0.555555 2.32600 4.18680 1.05487 37.2590 67.0661 11.3565 20.4418 232.080 278.716
kilowatt joule/mol kilojoule/kilomol kelvin kilocalorie/kilogram kilojoulet/kilogram kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilowatt kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kelvin kilojoules/cubic meter kilojoules/cubic meter
calorie (I.T.) calorie (mean) calorie (15^C) calorie (TC) calorie (TC) calorie (20^C) calorie (TC)/gram k calorie (TC)/hour cm"^ calorie (TC)/hour cm^ calorie (TC)/milliliter calorie (TC)/pound (mass) calorific heat hour calorific value calorific heat unit candela/square meter candela/square meter centimeter water (4°C) centipoise centistoke chain coulomb/cubic foot
4.18680 4.19002 4.18580 4.18400 0.003966 4.18190 4.18400 1.16222 0.011622 4.18400 9.22414 2.64778 0.735500 1.89910 0.291864 0.000314 0.098064 0.001000 1.00000 20.1168 35.3146
joule joule joule joule Btu (I.T.) joule kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/square meter megajoule/cubic meter joule/kilogram megajoule kilowatt kilojoules foot lambert lambert kilopascals pascal second square millimeter/second meter coulomb/cubic meter
TC = Thermochemical
Appendix IV
329
Table rv.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
coulomb/foot coulomb/inch coulomb meter coulomb/square foot coulomb/square meter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic foot cubic foot cubic foot/foot cubic foot/hour cubic foot/minute cubic foot/minute square foot cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/second cubic inch cubic kilometer cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter/kilogram cubic meter/meter cubic meter/meter cubic meter/second meter cubic meter/second meter cubic meter/second meter
3.28084 39.3701 0.025400 10.7639 0.092930 0.035195 0.038140 0.034972 0.042000 1.00000 2.11888 0.035315 0.005706 0.006391 0.268411 0.239653 0.028317 28.3169 0.092903 0.007866 0.471947 0.005080 62.4280 0.062428 28.3169 0.016387 0.239913 6.28976 35.3147 1.30795 219.969 264.172 16.0185 10.7639 80.5196 289870. 4022.80 4831.18
coulomb/meter coulomb/meter coulomb/inch coulomb/square meter coulomb/square foot ounce fluid (U.K.) ounce fluid (U.S.) gallon (U.K.)/1000 barrels gallon (U.S.)/1000 barrels volume parts/million cubic foot/minute cubic foot/second barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.S.) cubic meter cubic decimeter cubic meter/meter cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/second cubic meter/second square meter cubic decimeter/kilogram cubic meter/kilogram cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter cubic mile barrel (42 U. S. gallons) cubic foot cubic yard gallon (U.K.) gallon (U.S.) cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.K.)/minute foot gallon (U.S.)/minute foot
330
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic
20114.0 24155.9 88352.6 3.28084 196.850 510.895 613.560 5.70602 6.39074 4.16818 0.764555
gallon (U.K.)/hour inch gallon (U.S.)/hour inch gallon (U.S.)/hour square foot cubic foot/second square foot cubic foot/minute square foot gallon (U.K.)/hour square inch gallon (U.S.)/hour square inch barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/ton (U.K) cubic kilometer cubic meter
degree Celsius (difference) degree Celsium (traditional) degree Fahrenheit/100 feet degree Fahrenheit (difference) degree Fahrenheit (traditional) degree Rankine degree (angle) dyne dyne/square centimeter dyne second/square centimeter
(9/5) (9/5)^C + 32 0.018227 (5/9) (5/9)^F-32 (5/9) 0.017453 0.000010 0.100000 0.100000
degree Fahrenheit (difference) degree Fahrenheit (traditional kelvin/meter degree Celsius (difference) degree Celsius (traditional) kelvin radian newton pascal pascal second
farad/inch farad/meter fathom (U.S.) foot foot lambert foot/degree F foot/gallon (U.S.) foot/barrel foot/cubic foot foot/day foot/hour foot/mile foot/minute foot/second
39.3701 0.025400 1.82880 304.800 3.42626 0.548640 80.5196 1.91713 10.7639 0.003528 0.084667 0.189394 0.005080 0.304800
farad/meter farad/inch meter millimeter candel/square meter meter/kelvin meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter millimeter/second millimeter/second meter/kilometer meter/second meter/second
meter/second meter meter/second meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/metric ton meter/metric ton mile yard
Appendix IV
331
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
foot poundal foot pound (force) foot pound (force)/gallon (U.S.) foot pound (force)/second foot pound (force)/square inch footcandle
0.042140 1.35582 0.358169 1.35582 0.210152 10.7639
joule joule kilojoule/cubic meter watt joule/square centimeter lux
gallon (U.K.) gallon (U.K.)/hour foot gallon (U.K.)/hour square foot gallon (U.K.).minute gallon (U.K.)/minute foot gallon (U.K.)/minute square foot gallon (U.K.)/pound (mass) gallon (U.K.)/1000 barrels gallon (U.S.) gallon (U.S.)/cubic foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.S.)/hour foot gallon (U.S.)/hour square foot gallon (U.S.)/minute gallon (U.S.)/minute foot gallon (U.S.)/minute square foot gallon (U.S.)/pound (mass) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/1000 barrels gauss gauss/Oersted gilbert gilbert/maxwell grain grain/cubic foot grain/100 cubic feet gram gram gram mol gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter
0.004546 cubic meter 4.14306x 10"^ cubic meter/second meter 1.35927x10'^ cubic meter/second . πΤ 0.075768 cubic decimeter/second 0.000249 cubic meter/second meter 0.000816 cubic meter/second square meter 10.0224 cubic decimeter/kilogram 28.5940 cubic centimeter/cubic meter 0.003785 cubic meter 133.681 cubic decimeter/cubic meter 0.012419 cubic meter/meter 3.44981x10"^ cubic meter/second meter 1.13183x10' cubic meter/second square meter 0.063090 cubic decimeter/second 0.000207 cubic meter/second meter 0.000679 cubic meter/second square meter 8.34540 cubic decimeter/kilogram 3.72563 cubic decimeter/metric ton 23.8095 cubic centimeter/cubic meter 0.000100 tesla 1.25664X10'^ henry/meter 0.795775 ampere turn 7.95775x10^ unit/henry 64.7989 milligram 2.28835 milligram/cubic decimeter 22.8835 milligram/cubic meter 0.035274 ounce (avoirdupois) 0.032151 ounce (troy) 0.001000 kilomol 3.78541 milligram/gallon (U.S.) 0.058418 grains/gallon (U.S.)
332
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter grams/cubic meter grams/gallon (U.K.) grams/gallon (U.S.) gray
0.350507 0.008345 0.010022 0.219969 0.264172 100.000
pound (mass)/1000 barrels pound (mass)/1000 gallons (U.S.) pound (mass)/1000 gallons (U.K.) kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter rad
henry henry henry henry/meter henry/meter horsepower (electric) horsepower (hydraulic) horsepower (U.S.) horsepower (U.S.) horsepower hour (U.S.) horsepower hour (U.S.) horsepower/cubic foot hundred weight (U.K.) hundred weight (U.S.)
7.95775x10'^ 1.00000 1.00000x10^ 795775 2.54000x10^ 0.746000 0.746043 0.745702 42.4150 2.68452 2544.99 26.3341 50.8024 45.3592
maxwell/gilbert weber/ampere line/ampere gauss/Oersted lines/ampere inch kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt Btu/minute megajoule Btu (I.T.) kilowatt/cubic meter kilogram kilogram
inch inch water (39.2^F) inch mercury (32^F) inches/minute inches/second
25.4000 0.249082 3.38639 0.423333 25.4000
millimeter kilopascal kilopascal millimeter/second millimeter/second
joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule/kilogram
0.737562 23.7304 1.00000 0.239126 0.238903 0.238662 0.238846 0.239006 0.108411
foot pound (force) foot poundal watt second calorie (20%) calorie (15^C) calorie (mean) calorie (I.T.) calorie (TC) calorie (TC)/pound (mass)
Appendix IV
333
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
joule/mol joule/square centimeter joule/square centimeter
0.429923 4.75846 0.101972
Btu (I.T.)/pound mol foot pound (force)/square inch kilogram meter/cm
kelvin (degree) kelvin (degree) (minus) kilocalorie (TC) kilcalorie (TC)/hour «2 kilocalorie (TC)/hour m^ ^c kilocalorie (TC)/kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram meter/second kilogram meter/square centimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/meter kilogram/mol kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second meter kilogram/second meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/square meter kilojoule TC = Thermochemical
(9/5) -273.16 4.18400 1.16222 1.16222 4.18400 0.196841 0.220462 2.20462 7.23301 9.80665 8.34541 10.0224 0.062428 0.350507 3.78541 4.54609 0.671969 2.20462 7936.64 2.20462 0.059052 0.066139 3.54314 3.96832 31037.9 34762.5 0.671969 2419.09 0.204816 737.338 0.204816 0.947817
degree Rankine degree centigrade kilojoule watt watt/square meter kilojoule/kilogram hundred weight (U.K.) hundred weight (U.S.) pound (avoirdupois) pound (mass) foot/second joule/square centimeter pound (mass)/gallon (U.S.) pound (mass)/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/cubic foot pound (mass)/barrel grams/gallon (U.S.) grams/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/foot pound (mass)/mol pound (mass)/hour pound (mass)/second ton (mass)(U.K.)/minute ton (mass)(U.S.)/minute ton (mass)(U.K.)/hour ton (mass)(U.S.)/hour ton (mass)(U.K.)/year ton (mass)(U.S.)/year pound (mass)/second foot pound (mass) /hour foot pound (mass)/second square foot pound (mass)/hour square foot pound (mass)/square foot Btu (I.T.)
334
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/kilogram kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/mol kilometer kilometer kilometer/cubic decimeter kilometer/hour kilometer/hour kilomol kilomol kilomol
0.943690 0.948155 0.947086 0.948452 0.026884 0.004309 0.003588 2.79198 0.429923 0.238846 0.238846 0.239006 0.239006 0.239006 0.000278 0.239006 0.621371 0.539957 2.35215 0.539957 0.621371 1000.00 2.20462 836.610
kilomol
22.4136
kilomol
23.6445
Btu (39^F) Btu (60^F) Btu (mean) Btu (TC) Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S.) footpound (force)/gallon (U.S.) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) ^F Btu (I.T.)/pound mol ^F calorie (TC)/gram kelvin calorie (TC)/gram mol ^C kilocalorie (TC)/kilogram ^C kilowatt hour/kilogram ^C kilocalorie (TC)/gram mol mile nautical mile mile/gallon (U.S.) knot miles/hour gram mol pound mol standard cubic foot (60^F, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (O^C, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (15^C, 1 atmosphere) pound mol/cubic foot pound mol/gallon (U.K.) pound mol/gallon (U.S.) standard ft^barrel (60^F, 1 atmosphere) pound mol/second pound mol/hour kip (1000 foot pound) ton (force) (U.K.)
kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic
meter meter meter meter
kilomol/second kilomol/second kilonewton kilonewton
0.0624280 0.010022 0.008345 133.010 2.20462 7936.64 0.224809 0.100361
Appendix IV
335
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
kilonewton kilonewton meter kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal/meter kilopascal second kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt hour kilowatt hour/kilogram kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/kilowatt kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kelvin kip (1000 foot pounds) kip/square inch knot
0.112405 0.368781 0.010197 0.009869 0.01000 10.1974 4.01474 0.295300 0.296134 7.50062 20.8854 0.145038 0.044208 0.145038 56.8690 0.947817 1.35962 1.34048 1.34102 1.34045 0.284345 3.60000 3600.00 96,6211 0.026839 0.860421 0.037974 53.6784 0.014911 2544.43 0.088055 86.0421 0.048919 4.44822 6.89476 1.85325
ton (force) (U.S.) ton force (U.S.) foot atmosphere (kilogram/cm ) atmosphere (760 torr) bar centimeter water (4^C) inch water (39.2^F) inch mercury (32^F) inch mercury (60^F) millimeter mercury (O^C) pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (force)/square inch/foot pound (force)/square inch Btu (I.T.)/minute Btu (I.T.)/second calorific value horsepower (electric) horsepower (550 foot pound/second) horsepower (hydraulic) ton of refrigeration megajoule kilojoule/kilogram kelvin Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot calorie (TC)/hour cm"^ horsepower/cubic foot But (I.T.)/hour cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/brake horsepower hour Btu (I.T.)/second square foot calorie (TC)/h6ur cm Btu (I.T.)/second square foot ^F kilonewton megapascal kilometer/hour
336
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
lambert line line lines/ampere lines/ampere inch lines/square inch link lumen/square foot lumen/square inch lux lux lux lux second
3183.10 candela/square meter 1.00000 maxwell 1.00000x 10"^ weber 1.00000x 10"^ henry 3.93701 X 10"^ henry/meter 1.55000 tesla 0.201168 meter 10.7639 lux 1550.00 lux 0.092903 footcandle 0.092903 lumen/square foot 0.000645 lumen/square inch 0.092903 foot candle second
maxwell maxwell maxwell/gilbert megagram megagram megagram megagram/square meter megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/meter megapascal megapascal megapascal megapascal megawatt meter
1.00000 line 1.00000x 10"^ weber 1.25664x 10"^ henry 1.00000 ton (mass) (metric) 0.984206 ton (mass) (U.K.) 1.10231 ton (mass) (U.S.) 0.102408 ton (mass) (U.S.)/square foot 947.817 Btu (I.T.) 0.377675 calorific value hour 0.372506 horsepower hour 0.277778 kilowatt hour 0.009478 therm 0.102408 ton (mass) (U.S.) mile 4.30886 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) 3.58788 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) 0.239006 calorie (TC)/milliliter 0.021289 ton (force) (U.S.) mile/foot 0.145038 kip/square inch 145.038 pound/square inch 10.4427 ton (force) (U.S.)/square foot 0.072519 ton (force) (U.S.)/square inch 3.41214 million Btu (I.T.)/hour 0.049710 chain
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
meter meter meter meter meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/kelvin meter/kilometer meter/second meter/second microbar micrometer micrometer micron microsecond/foot microsecond/meter mil mile mile mile/gallon (U.S.) mile/hour milligram milligram/cubic decimeter milligram/cubic meter milligram/gallon (U.S.) millimeter millimeter millimeter mercury (O^C) millimeter mercury (O^C) millimeter/second millimeter/second millimeter/second millimeter/second million Btu (I.T.)/hour million electron volt million pound (mass)/year
0.546807 3.28084 4.97097 0.198839 1.09361 0.521612 0.092903 0.012419 1.82269 5.28000 3.28084 196.850 0.100000 0.039370 1.00000 1.00000 3.28084 0.304800 25.4000 5280.00 1.60934 0.425144 1.60934 0.015432 0.436996 0.043700 0.264172 0.039370 0.003281 133.322 0.133322 283.465 11.8110 2.36221 0.039370 0.293071 0.160219 0.014383
fathom feet link rod yard foot/barrel foot/cubic foot foot/gallon (U.S.) foot/^F foot/mile foot/second foot/minute pascal mil micron micrometer microsecond/meter microsecond/foot micrometer foot kilometer kilometer/cubic decimeter kilometer/hour grain grain/cubic foot grain/100 cubic foot gram/cubic meter inch foot pascal kilopascal foot/day foot/hour inch/minute inch/second megawatt picojoule kilogram/second
337
338
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
minute (angle) mol/foot mol/kilogram mol/meter mol/pound (mass) mol/square foot mol/square meter
0.000291 3.28084 0.453592 0.304800 2.20462 10.7639 0.092903
radian mol/meter mol/pound (mass) mol/foot mol/kilogram mol/square meter mol/square foot
nautical mile newton newton newton newton meter newton meter newton meter newton meter/meter newton meter/meter newton/meter newton/meter
1.85325 kilometer 1.00000 X 10^ dyne 0.224809 pound (force) poundal 7.23301 0.737562 pound (force) foot 8.85075 pound (force) inch 23.7304 poundal foot 0.018734 pound (force) foot/inch 0.224809 pound (force) inch/inch pound (force)/foot 0.068522 0.005710 pound (force)/inch
Oersted ohm circular mil/foot ohm foot ohm inch ohm square meter/meter ohm square meter/meter ohm square meter/meter ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (troy) ounce (fluid) (U.K.) ounce (fluid) (U.S.)
79.5775 ampere turn/meter 1.66243 X 10' ohm square meter/meter 0.304800 ohm square meter/meter 0.025400 ohm square meter/meter 6.01531 X 10 ohm circular mil/foot 3.28084 ohm foot 39.3701 ohm inch 28.3495 gram 31.1035 gram cubic centimeter 28.4131 29.5735 cubic centimeter
pascal pascal pascal pascal second pascal second pascal second
10.0000 10.0000 0.007501 1000.00 10.0000 0.020885
dyne/square centimeter microbar millimeter mercury (O^C) centipoise dyne second/square centimeter pound (force) second/square foot
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
pascal second pascal second
2419.09 0.671969
pound (mass)/foot hour pound (mass)/foot second
picojoule pint (liquid) (U.K.) pint (liquid) (U.S.) pint (U.K.)/1000 barrels pound mol pound mol/cubic foot pound mol/gallon (U.K.) pound mol/gallon (U.S.) pound mol/hour pound mol/second poundal poundal poundal foot pound (force) pound (force) foot pound (force) foot/inch pound (force) inch pound (force)/foot pound (force)/inch pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (force)/square inch/foot pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (mass) pound (mass) pound (mass) pound (mass)/barrel pound (mass)/Btu pound (mass)/cubic foot pound (mass)/foot pound (mass)/foot hour pound (mass)/foot second pound (mass)/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/gallon (U.S.)
6.24145 0.568262 0.473167 3.57425 0.453592 16.0185 99.7763 119.826 0.000126 0.453592 0.138255 0.031083 0.042140 4.44822 1.35582 53.3787 0.112985 14.5939 175.127 0.047880 6.89476 22.6206 47.8803 6.89476 32.1740 0.453592 1.21528 2.85301 1.80018 16.0185 1.48816 0.000413 1.48816 0.099776 0.138255
million electron volt cubic decimeter cubic decimeter cubic decimeter/cubic meter kilomol kilomol/cubic meter kilomol/cubic meter kilmol/cubic meter kilomol/second kilomol/second newton pound (force) newton/meter newton newton/meter newton meter/meter newton/meter newton/meter newton/meter kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal/meter pascal second kilopascal second poundal kilogram pound (troy) kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/kilogram calorie kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/meter pascal second pascal second kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter
339
340
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
pound pound pound pound
(mass)/1000 gallons (U.K.) (mass)/1000 gallons (U.S.) (mass)/hour (mass)/hour foot
99.7763 119.826 0.000126 0.000413
gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter kilogram/second kilogram/second meter
pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound
(mass)/hour square foot (mass)/minute (mass)/mol (niass)/second (mass)/second foot (mass)/second square foot (mass)/square foot (mass)/second (mass) square foot
0.001356 0.007560 0.453592 0.453592 L48816 4.88243 4.88243 0.138255 0.042140
kilogram/second m^ kilogram/second kilogram/mol kilogram/second kilogram/second meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/square meter kilogram meter/second kilogram square meter
(dry) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.S.) (liquid) (U.S.)
1.03200 1.136523 1.136523 1.20030 0.946331 0.859370
quart (dry) (U.S.) cubic decimeter liter quart (liquid) (U.S.) liter quart (dry) (U.S.)
rad radian radian radian radian/second radian/second radian/second squared radian/second squared revolutions/minute revolutions/minute squared revolutions/second revolutions/second squared rod
0.010000 2.06265 3437.75 57.2958 0.159155 9.54930 0.159155 572.958 0.104720 0.001745 6.28319 6.28319 5.02920
gray second (angle) minute (angle) degree (angle) revolutions/second revolutions/minute revolutions/second squared revolutions/minute squared radian/second radian/second squared radian/second radian/second squared meter
second (angle) section
4.84814 X 10 radian 2.58999 square kilometer
quart quart quart quart quart quart
Appendix IV 341 Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
Siemens
1.00000 0.025400 0.092903 5669.29 25.8064 0.2048lö 9290.30
siemens/meter square foot square foot/cubic square
inch
foot/hour
square foot/pound square
(mass)
foot/second
square foot pound
(mass)/second squared
square inch square kilometer square kilometer square meter square meter square meter square meter/cubic square
meter
meter/kilogram
square mile square
millimeter
square
millimeter/second
square
millimeter/second
square
millimeter/second
square yard standard cubic (60 °F,
foot/barrel
TO OBTAIN
ampere/volt ampere/volt
inch
square meter square meter/cubic square square
meter/kilogram
square
millimeter/second
0.042140 j o u l e
645.160 0.386102 0.386102 10.7639 0.000247 1.19599 0.000176 4.88243 2.58999 0.001550 1.07639 X 10 0.038750 1.00000 0.836137 0.007518
kilomol/cubic
0.001195
kilomol
0.044616
kilomol
0.042293
kilomol
square
millimeter
section square mile square foot acre square yard square foot/cubic square foot/poimd
foot
mete
square square
foot/second
foot/hour
centistoke square meter meter
(60^F, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) standard cubic
meter
(15^C, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) tesla tesla therm
t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.K.) t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.S.) t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.S.) f o o t
10000.0 64516.0 105.506 9.96402 8.89644 2.71164
(mass)
square inch
(60^F, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) standard cubic
inch
square kilometer
1 atmosphere)
standard cubic
meter
millimeter/second
gauss lines/square
inch
megajoule kilonewton kilonewton kilonewton
meter
342
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton
14.3174 46.9732 0.095761 13.7895 1.01605 1.01605 1.12000 0.907185 0.907185 0.892857 1.00000 0.011760 0.010500 0.282235 0.251996 16.9341 15.1197 9.76486 3.51685
megajoule megajoule/meter megapascal megapascal megagram metric ton ton (mass) (U.S.) megagram metric ton ton (mass) (U.K.) megagram kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second megagram/sqare meter kilowatt
(force) (U.S.) mile (force) (U.S.) mile/foot (force) (U.S.)/square foot (force) (U.S.)/square inch (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.S.) (mass) (U.S.) (mass) (U.S.) (metric) (mass) (U.K.)/day (mass) (U.S.)/day (mass) (U.K.)/hour (mass) (U.S.)/hour (mass) (U.K.)/minute (mass) (U.S.)/minute (mass) (U.S.)/square foot refrigeration
unit/foot unit/henry unit/henry unit/meter
3.28084 unit/meter 1.00000 ampere/weber 1.25664 X 10"^ gilbert/maxwell 3.28084 volt/meter
volt/foot volt/inch volume parts per million watt watt watt watt watt hour watt/inch watt/meter watt/meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin
3.28084 39.3701 1.00000 3.41280 44.2537 0.737562 0.860421 3.60000 39.3701 0.025400 0.577789 6.93347 8.60421
volt/meter volt/meter cubic centimeter/m Btu (I.T.)/hour foot pound (force)/minute foot pound (force)/second kilocalorie (TC)/hour kilojoule watt/meter watt/inch Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F/foot Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot °F/inch calorie (TC)/hour cm^^C/cm
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
watt/meter kelvin watt/square meter watt/square meter kelvin watt/square meter kelvin watt second weber weber weber/ampere yard
0.002390 calorie (TC)/second cm C/cm 0.316998 Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot 0.176110 Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot kilocalorie (TC)/hour cm^^C 0.860421 ^oule 1.00000 1.00000x 10° lines 1.00000x 10^ maxwell 1.00000 henry 0.914402 meter
343
344
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.8 Density (p), Dynamic Viscosity (μ), Kinematic Viscosity (r), Thermal Conductivity (K), Thermal Diffusivity (a) and Prandtl Number (Pr) of Air at Atmospheric Pressure and at Different Temperatures (T) Τ (Κ)
Ρ 3 (kg/m^)
Μ·10^ ^ (N.s/m^^)
(m'^/s)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
3.5562 2.3364 1.7458 1.3947 1.1614 0.9950 0.8711 0.7740
71.1 103.4 132.5 159.6 184.6 208.2 230.1 250.7
2.00 4.426 7.590 11.44 15.89 20.92 26.41 32.39
500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950
0.6964 0.6329 0.5804 0.5356 0.4975 0.4643 0.4354 0.4097 0.3868 0.3666
270.1 288.4 305.8 322.5 338.8 354.6 369.8 384.3 398.1 411.3
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.3482 0.3166 0.2902 0.2679 0.2488 0.2322 0.2177
424.4 449.0 473.0 496.0 530 557 584
Κ 10^ (WTm.K)
a. 10^
(nr/s)
Pr
9.34 13.8 18.1 22.3 26.3 30.0 33.8 37.3
2.54 5.84 10.3 15.9 22.5 29.9 38.3 47.2
0,786 0.758 0.737 0.720 0.707 0.700 0.690 0.686
38.79 45.57 52.69 60.21 68.10 76.37 84.93 93.80 102.9 112.2
40.7 43.9 46.9 49.7 52.4 54.9 57.3 59.6 62.0 64.3
56.7 66.7 76.9 87.3 98.0 109 120 131 143 155
0.684 0.683 0.685 0.690 0.695 0.702 0.709 0.716 0.720 0.723
121.9 141.8 162.9 185.1 213 240 268
66.7 71.5 76.3 82 91 100 106
168 195 224 238 303 350 390
0.726 0.728 0.728 0.719 0.703 0.685 0.688
[Adapted from Incropera, F. P. and D. P. De Witt (1989). Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, New York.]
molecules/mol
Boltzmann's constant = 1.380 χ 10"^"^ J/K.molecule Blackbody radiation constants: Cj = 3.7420 χ 10^ W./xm'^/m^ C 2 = 1.4388 X lO'^/im.K C 3 = 2897.7 μτη,Κ Gravitational acceleration (sea level), g = 9.807 m/s^ Planck's constant
= 6.625 χ 10"^^ J.s/molecule
Speed of light in vacuum
= 2.998 χ 10^ m/s
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.670 χ 10"^ W/m^.K^
Universal Gas Constant, R = = = = = =
8.205 χ 10"^ m^.atm/kmol.K 8.314 X 10'^ m^.bar/kmol.K 8.314 kJ/kmol.K 282 N.m/kg.K 8.314 kPa.m^/kmol.K 1.98kCal/kmol.K
317
318
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.2 System of Screen Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
1
6.00
5
5.00
4
4.00
3.3
3.30
Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau of Standards"^
Mesh"^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
3.5
3.25
5.66
4 5 6
4 5 6
4.76 4.00 3.36
7 2.8
7
British Standard^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
5
3.353
6
2.812
7
2.411
2.83
German Standard^
No
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
2
3.00
2.5
2.40
3
2.00
4
1.50
5
1.20
6
1.02
2.80
2.3
2.30
2 1.7
2.00 1.70
8
8
2.38
9
10
2.00
10
12
1.68
10
1.676
12
14
1.41
12
1.405
14
16
1.19
14
1.204
16
18
1.00
16 18
1.003 0.853
20 24
20 25
0.84 0.71
8
1.4 1.2
1.40 1.20
1 0.85
1.00 0.85
2.057
Appendix IV 3 1 9 Table IV. 2 continued Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
0.7 0.6
0.70 0.60
0.5
0.42
0.50
0.42
Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau of Standards'^
Mesh^
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
No.
28
30
0.59
32
35
0.50
35
40
0.42
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
22 25
0.699 0.599
30
0.500
36
German Standard^
British Standard"*
No
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
8
0.75
10
0.60
11
0.54
12 14
0.49 0.43
16
0.385
20 24
0.300 0.25
30
0.20
40
0.150
50 60 70
0.120 0.102 0.088
0.422
0.355 0.355 0.3 0.25 0.21
0.30 0.25 0.21
0.18 0.15 0.125 0.105
0.18 0.15 0.125 0.105
42 48 60 65
45 50 60 70
0.35 0.297 0.25 0.21
44 52 60 72
0.353 0.295 0.251 0.211
80 100 115 150 170
80 100 120 140 170
0.177 0.149 0.125 0.105 0.088
85 100 120 150 170
0.178 0.152 0.124 0.104 0.089
320
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV. 2 continued Taylor Screens
U.S. Bureau ureau of Standards-^
Mesh"^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
0.085 0.085 0.075 0.075
200
200
0.074
0.063 0.063
250
230
0.062
0.053 0.053
270 325
270 325
0.053 0.044
400
400
0.037
Cost 2584-50^ Wire Screens
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
British Standard^
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
200 240
0.076 0.066
300
0.053
German Standard
No.
Side of Opening in Screen (mm)
80
0.075
100
0.060
0.042 0.042 1
Wire grid screens for the abrasives industries (cost = All-Union State Standard); of openings per linear inch; ^ US National Bureau of Standards, mesh = number of -11; ^ British standard BS 410:1943; ^ Common standard — LS-584 and ASME
Appendix IV Table IV. 3 Velocities Generally Used in Boilers
Nature of Service
Range of Velocity (m/s)
Air Air heater Coal and air lines, pulverized coal Compressed air lines Forced draft ducts Forced draft ducts, entrance to burners Register grills Ventilating ducts
5-25 15-23 7.5-10 7.5-18 7.5-10 1.5-3 5-15
Pneumatic transport of sorbent (100-400/im)
22-36
Flue gas Air heater Boiler back-pass Induced draft flues and breeching Stacks and chimneys
5-25 12-25 10-18 10-25
Steam Steam lines High pressure Low pressure Vacuum Superheater tubes
40-60 60-75 100-200 10-25
Water Boiler circulation Economizer tubes Water lines, general
0.35-3.5 0.75-1.5 2.5-4.0
[Adapted with permission from Babcock and Wilcox, Steam, 1972, Β «& W, p.3.7.
321
m/s
cm/s
0.634 1.095 1.775 2.550 .9937
0.792 1.202 1.963 2.707 .9936
1.583 1.603 2.686 3.495 .9936
2.372 1.898 3.226 4.281 .9936
4.739 2.532 4.413 6.637 .9936
6.315 2.854 5.026 8.207 .9936
0.639 0.71
0.998
3.960
8.727
14.95
29.79
45.09
59.24
111.5
147.0
175.2
199.1
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
17.96 6.118 11.50 19.92 304.0
16.06 5.576 10.40 17.85 .9934
13.86 4.947 9.135 15.72 .9934
11.31 4.179 7.605 13.18 .9935
7.890 3.132 5.559 9.774 .9936
3.162 2.139 3.674 5.067 .9936
0.476 0.971 1.558 2.392 .9937
0.359 0.53
60
0.029 0.615 0.948 1.953 .9936
m/s
0.317 0.821 1.297 2.239 .9936
0.36
m/s
0.159 0.72
0.04
m/s
kg/m^
m/s
m/s
Group
14.90 21.57 Group D
16.36 8.537
20.38 34.83 Group D 22.54 38.32 Group D
29.65 11.39
17.89 29.71 Group D
10.89 13.41 Group D
8.190 6.399 24.33 10.10
9.847 11.26 Group D
6.558 5.138
8.646 9.628 Group Β
6.321 7.175 Group Β 7.198 7.993 Group Β
2.464 3.877 3.284 4.370 4.922 5.174
5.262 6.357 Group Β
3.847 4.955 Group A
3.477 4.869 Group A
3.053 4.802 Group A
2.542 4.754 Group A
1.858 4.725 Group A
m/s
1.644 3.276
0.239 2.455
0.153 2.237
0.086 1.985
0.038 1.677
.0096 1.257
m/s
33.15 12.49
248.3
182.3
105.2
31.30
20.37
11.56
5.16
2.911
1.290
0.323 0.55
0.207 0.44
0.116 0.33
0.051 0.45
0.013 0.23
cm/s
p^ = 0.338 kg/m^; μ = 5.68 χ 10"^ N.s/m^
( CO2 - 13.7%, N2 - 76.4%, O2 - 3.3%, SO2 - 0.23 %, H2O -
800°C (in a Typical Flue Gas from Coal Firing)
40
^0
micron cm/s cm/s
Pg = 1.16 kg/m^; μ = 1.84 χ 10"^ N.s./m^
27°C (in Air)
Table IV.4 Calculated Values of Transition Velocities for a Spherical Solid Particle with a Density of 2500 in Air at 27°C and Flue Gas at 800°C
6.3%)
322 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
effect on the powder classińcation.
8. Taken from Figure II.2. Since the gas density is much smaller than the solid density, the temperature did not have much
6. Choking velocity calculated using Eq. (2.12 and 2.13) and based on bed diameter 0.2 m, circulation rate, 30 kg/m .s.
5. Transport velocity for fastfluidization.Calculated from Eq. (2.14).
4. Onset velocity for turbulentfluidization.Calculated from Eqs. (2.10-2.11).
3. Terminal velocity. Calculated from Eq. (1.13-15).
2. Minimum bubbling velocity. Calculated from Eq. (2.4) and used for Group A particles.
1. Minimumfluidizationvelocity. Calculated from Eq. (2.3).
Table IV. 4 continued
Appendix IV 323
Formula
(kg/kmol)
Molecular weight a
b
c
Temperature d (K)
Average Range (%)
Error
Nitrogen Ñ2 28 28.90 -0.1571 χ 10-2 0.8081 χ 10-5 -2.873 χ 10-9 273-1800 034 Oxygen O2 32 25.48 1.520x 10-2 -0.7155 x 10-5 1.312x 10-9 273-1800 0.28 Air 28.97 28.11 0.1967x 10-2 0.4802x 10-5 -1.966x 10-9 273-1800 0.33 Hydrogen H2 2 29.11 -0.1916x 10-2 0.4003x 10-5 -0.8704x 10-9 273-1800 0.26 Carbon monoxide CO 28 28.16 0.1675x 10-2 0.5372x 10-5 -2.222x 10-9 273-1800 0.37 Carbon dioxide CO2 44 22.26 5.981 x 10-2 -3.501 x 10-5 7.469x 10-9 273-1800 Water vapor H2O 18 32.24 0.1923x 10-2 1.055x 10-5 -3.595x 10-9 273-1800 0.24 Nitric oxide NO 30 29.34 -0.09395x 10-2 0.9747x 10-5 -4.187x 10-9 273-1500 0.36 Nitrous oxide N2O 44 24.11 5.8632x 10-2 -3.562x 10-5 10.58x 10-9 273-1500 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 46 22.9 5.715 x 10-2 -3.52x 10-5 7.87x 10-9 273-1500 Ammonia NH3 17 27.56 2.5630 χ 10-2 0.99072 χ 10-5 -6.6909 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.36 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64 25.78 5.795 x 10-2 -3.812x 10-5 8.612x 10-9 273-1800 0.24 Acetylene C2H2 26 21.8 9.2143x 10-2 -6.527x 10-5 18.21 x 10-9 273-1500 Benzene C^H^ 78 36.22 48.475x 10-2 -31.57x 10-5 77.62x 10-9 273-1500 0.20 Methanol CH4O 3.2 19.0 9.152x 10-2 -1.22x 10-5 -8.039x 10-9 273-1000 Ethanol C2H^ 30 19.9 20.96 χ 10-2 -10.38 χ 10-5 20.05 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.22 Methane CH4 16 19.89 5.024x 10-2 1.269x 10-5 -11.01 x 10-9 273-1500 0.57 Ethane C2H^ 30 6.900 17.27 χ 10-2 -6.406 χ 10-5 7.285 χ 10-9 273-1500 0.28
Substance
Temperature Cp = a + b Τ + c T^ + d T^ [T in K, Cp in kJ/(kmol.K)]
Table IV. 5 Ideal-Gas Specific Heats at Atmospheric Pressure for Various Coimnon Gases as a Function of
0.08
0.59
0.26 0.18
0.22
324 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
30.48 χ 10-2
-15.72 χ 10-5
31.74 χ 10-9
Error
^β^14 C2H4
28
^'^^^
3.95
35.00x 10-9
= [ I
(%) ÖT^
0.20 0.13
0.21
0.24
(28.11 + 0.1967 χ 10-2 Τ + 0.4802 χ 10-5Τ^ - 1.966 χ 10-9Τ^) żT]/28.97 = 308.6 kJ/kg Κ.
J 300
[From B.G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics, © 1984, p. 495. Adapted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.]
= [2δ.11 + 0.1967 X 10-2 χ 450 + 0.4802 χ 10-5 χ 450^ - 1.966 χ 10-9 χ 450^) χ (600 - 300)/28.97]/28.97. = 308.47 kJ/kg.K
Through averaging: q = [C at (300 + 600)/2] χ (600-300)/28.97
q
273-1500
"^^-^^ ^ ^^'^ ^'^•^^ ^ ^^"^ 273-1500 ^^-^^ ^ ^^"2 15.64x 10-2 -8.344x 10-5 17.67x 10-9 273-1500
-18.34x 10-5
Heat required to preheat air (molecular weight 28.97 kg/kmol) from 300 Κ to 600 K, q. Through integration:/. 600
EXAMPLE
n-Hexane Ethane
37.15 x 10-2
273-1500
(K)
Temperature Average d Range
^4^\0 '^'^^^ 41.60x 10-2 -23.01 x 10-5 49.91 x 10-9 273-1500 0.13 <^5^\2 '^^ 6.774 45.43 x 10-2 -22.46x 10-5 42.29x 10-9 273-1500
3.96
^4^04
c
i-Butane n-Pentane
^8
44
b
^4^\0
a
CˇHˇ
(kg/kmol)
Molecular weight
Propane
Formula
η-Butane
Substance
Table IV. 5 continued
Appendix IV 325
326
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV. 6 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at 1 atm Pressure for O2-N2, CO2-N2 Diffusion Coefficients, (cm^/s) Temperature (°K)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
O2-N2
CO2-N2
0.207 0.343 0.503 0.685 0.888 1.11 1.35 1.61 1.88 2.17 2.47 2.79 3.13 3.49
0.154 0.258 0.381 0.522 0.678 0.851 1.04 1.24 1.45 1.68 1.92 2.17 2.42 2.69
[From Field, M. Α., et al., (1967) Combustion of Pulverized coaly British Coal Utilization research Association, p. 347. Used with permission from British Coal]
Appendix IV Table IV. 7 Conversion Factors MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
acre ampere/centimeter ampere/inch ampere/pound (mass) ampere/square foot ampere/square inch ampere/square meter ampere/volt ampere/volt inch ampere/weber ampere turn ampere turn/inch ampere turn/meter atmosphere (kilogram (force)/cm ) atmosphere (760 torr)
4046.86 2.54000 39,3701 2.20462 10.7639 1550.00 0.092903 1.00000 39.3701 1.00000 1.25664 39.3701 0.012566 98.0665 101.325
square meter ampere/inch ampere/meter ampere/kilogram ampere/square meter ampere/square meter ampere/square foot Siemens siemens/meter unit/henry gilbert ampere turn/meter Oersted Kilopascal Kilopascal
bar barrel (42 U.S. gallons) barrel/ton (U.K.) barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/hour barrel/million std cubic feet British thermal unit Btu (mean) Btu (thermochemical) Btu (39^F) Btu (60^F) Btu (I.T.) Btu (I.T.)/brake horsepower hour Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F/foot
100.000 0.158987 0.156476 0.175254 0.044163 0.133010 0.251996 1.05587 1.05435 1.05967 1,05680 1.05506 0.000393 37.2589 0,293017 0,010349 0.018629 3,15459 5.67826 1,73074
kilopascal cubic meter cubic meter/metric ton cubic meter/metric ton cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeters/kilomol kilogram calorie kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilowatt/kilowatt kilojoule/cubic meter watt kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin watt/square meter watt/square meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin
327
328
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
Btu (I.T.)/minute Btu (I.T.)/pound mol Btu (I.T.)/pound mol Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) ^F Btu (I.T.)/second Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot ° F Btu (I.T.)/second square foot Btu (I.T.)/second square foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S.)
0.017581 2.32600 4.18680 0.555555 2.32600 4.18680 1.05487 37.2590 67.0661 11.3565 20.4418 232.080 278.716
kilowatt joule/mol kilojoule/kilomol kelvin kilocalorie/kilogram kilojoulet/kilogram kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilowatt kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kelvin kilojoules/cubic meter kilojoules/cubic meter
calorie (I.T.) calorie (mean) calorie (15^C) calorie (TC) calorie (TC) calorie (20^C) calorie (TC)/gram k calorie (TC)/hour cm"^ calorie (TC)/hour cm^ calorie (TC)/milliliter calorie (TC)/pound (mass) calorific heat hour calorific value calorific heat unit candela/square meter candela/square meter centimeter water (4°C) centipoise centistoke chain coulomb/cubic foot
4.18680 4.19002 4.18580 4.18400 0.003966 4.18190 4.18400 1.16222 0.011622 4.18400 9.22414 2.64778 0.735500 1.89910 0.291864 0.000314 0.098064 0.001000 1.00000 20.1168 35.3146
joule joule joule joule Btu (I.T.) joule kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/square meter megajoule/cubic meter joule/kilogram megajoule kilowatt kilojoules foot lambert lambert kilopascals pascal second square millimeter/second meter coulomb/cubic meter
TC = Thermochemical
Appendix IV
329
Table rv.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
coulomb/foot coulomb/inch coulomb meter coulomb/square foot coulomb/square meter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic centimeter/cubic meter cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic decimeter/metric ton cubic foot cubic foot cubic foot/foot cubic foot/hour cubic foot/minute cubic foot/minute square foot cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/second cubic inch cubic kilometer cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter/kilogram cubic meter/meter cubic meter/meter cubic meter/second meter cubic meter/second meter cubic meter/second meter
3.28084 39.3701 0.025400 10.7639 0.092930 0.035195 0.038140 0.034972 0.042000 1.00000 2.11888 0.035315 0.005706 0.006391 0.268411 0.239653 0.028317 28.3169 0.092903 0.007866 0.471947 0.005080 62.4280 0.062428 28.3169 0.016387 0.239913 6.28976 35.3147 1.30795 219.969 264.172 16.0185 10.7639 80.5196 289870. 4022.80 4831.18
coulomb/meter coulomb/meter coulomb/inch coulomb/square meter coulomb/square foot ounce fluid (U.K.) ounce fluid (U.S.) gallon (U.K.)/1000 barrels gallon (U.S.)/1000 barrels volume parts/million cubic foot/minute cubic foot/second barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.S.) cubic meter cubic decimeter cubic meter/meter cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter/second cubic meter/second square meter cubic decimeter/kilogram cubic meter/kilogram cubic decimeter/second cubic decimeter cubic mile barrel (42 U. S. gallons) cubic foot cubic yard gallon (U.K.) gallon (U.S.) cubic foot/pound (mass) cubic foot/foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.K.)/minute foot gallon (U.S.)/minute foot
330
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic
20114.0 24155.9 88352.6 3.28084 196.850 510.895 613.560 5.70602 6.39074 4.16818 0.764555
gallon (U.K.)/hour inch gallon (U.S.)/hour inch gallon (U.S.)/hour square foot cubic foot/second square foot cubic foot/minute square foot gallon (U.K.)/hour square inch gallon (U.S.)/hour square inch barrel/ton (U.S.) barrel/ton (U.K) cubic kilometer cubic meter
degree Celsius (difference) degree Celsium (traditional) degree Fahrenheit/100 feet degree Fahrenheit (difference) degree Fahrenheit (traditional) degree Rankine degree (angle) dyne dyne/square centimeter dyne second/square centimeter
(9/5) (9/5)^C + 32 0.018227 (5/9) (5/9)^F-32 (5/9) 0.017453 0.000010 0.100000 0.100000
degree Fahrenheit (difference) degree Fahrenheit (traditional kelvin/meter degree Celsius (difference) degree Celsius (traditional) kelvin radian newton pascal pascal second
farad/inch farad/meter fathom (U.S.) foot foot lambert foot/degree F foot/gallon (U.S.) foot/barrel foot/cubic foot foot/day foot/hour foot/mile foot/minute foot/second
39.3701 0.025400 1.82880 304.800 3.42626 0.548640 80.5196 1.91713 10.7639 0.003528 0.084667 0.189394 0.005080 0.304800
farad/meter farad/inch meter millimeter candel/square meter meter/kelvin meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter millimeter/second millimeter/second meter/kilometer meter/second meter/second
meter/second meter meter/second meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/square meter meter/metric ton meter/metric ton mile yard
Appendix IV
331
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
foot poundal foot pound (force) foot pound (force)/gallon (U.S.) foot pound (force)/second foot pound (force)/square inch footcandle
0.042140 1.35582 0.358169 1.35582 0.210152 10.7639
joule joule kilojoule/cubic meter watt joule/square centimeter lux
gallon (U.K.) gallon (U.K.)/hour foot gallon (U.K.)/hour square foot gallon (U.K.).minute gallon (U.K.)/minute foot gallon (U.K.)/minute square foot gallon (U.K.)/pound (mass) gallon (U.K.)/1000 barrels gallon (U.S.) gallon (U.S.)/cubic foot gallon (U.S.)/foot gallon (U.S.)/hour foot gallon (U.S.)/hour square foot gallon (U.S.)/minute gallon (U.S.)/minute foot gallon (U.S.)/minute square foot gallon (U.S.)/pound (mass) gallon (U.S.)/ton (U.K.) gallon (U.S.)/1000 barrels gauss gauss/Oersted gilbert gilbert/maxwell grain grain/cubic foot grain/100 cubic feet gram gram gram mol gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter
0.004546 cubic meter 4.14306x 10"^ cubic meter/second meter 1.35927x10'^ cubic meter/second . πΤ 0.075768 cubic decimeter/second 0.000249 cubic meter/second meter 0.000816 cubic meter/second square meter 10.0224 cubic decimeter/kilogram 28.5940 cubic centimeter/cubic meter 0.003785 cubic meter 133.681 cubic decimeter/cubic meter 0.012419 cubic meter/meter 3.44981x10"^ cubic meter/second meter 1.13183x10' cubic meter/second square meter 0.063090 cubic decimeter/second 0.000207 cubic meter/second meter 0.000679 cubic meter/second square meter 8.34540 cubic decimeter/kilogram 3.72563 cubic decimeter/metric ton 23.8095 cubic centimeter/cubic meter 0.000100 tesla 1.25664X10'^ henry/meter 0.795775 ampere turn 7.95775x10^ unit/henry 64.7989 milligram 2.28835 milligram/cubic decimeter 22.8835 milligram/cubic meter 0.035274 ounce (avoirdupois) 0.032151 ounce (troy) 0.001000 kilomol 3.78541 milligram/gallon (U.S.) 0.058418 grains/gallon (U.S.)
332
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter grams/cubic meter grams/gallon (U.K.) grams/gallon (U.S.) gray
0.350507 0.008345 0.010022 0.219969 0.264172 100.000
pound (mass)/1000 barrels pound (mass)/1000 gallons (U.S.) pound (mass)/1000 gallons (U.K.) kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter rad
henry henry henry henry/meter henry/meter horsepower (electric) horsepower (hydraulic) horsepower (U.S.) horsepower (U.S.) horsepower hour (U.S.) horsepower hour (U.S.) horsepower/cubic foot hundred weight (U.K.) hundred weight (U.S.)
7.95775x10'^ 1.00000 1.00000x10^ 795775 2.54000x10^ 0.746000 0.746043 0.745702 42.4150 2.68452 2544.99 26.3341 50.8024 45.3592
maxwell/gilbert weber/ampere line/ampere gauss/Oersted lines/ampere inch kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt Btu/minute megajoule Btu (I.T.) kilowatt/cubic meter kilogram kilogram
inch inch water (39.2^F) inch mercury (32^F) inches/minute inches/second
25.4000 0.249082 3.38639 0.423333 25.4000
millimeter kilopascal kilopascal millimeter/second millimeter/second
joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule/kilogram
0.737562 23.7304 1.00000 0.239126 0.238903 0.238662 0.238846 0.239006 0.108411
foot pound (force) foot poundal watt second calorie (20%) calorie (15^C) calorie (mean) calorie (I.T.) calorie (TC) calorie (TC)/pound (mass)
Appendix IV
333
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
joule/mol joule/square centimeter joule/square centimeter
0.429923 4.75846 0.101972
Btu (I.T.)/pound mol foot pound (force)/square inch kilogram meter/cm
kelvin (degree) kelvin (degree) (minus) kilocalorie (TC) kilcalorie (TC)/hour «2 kilocalorie (TC)/hour m^ ^c kilocalorie (TC)/kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram meter/second kilogram meter/square centimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/meter kilogram/mol kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second meter kilogram/second meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/square meter kilojoule TC = Thermochemical
(9/5) -273.16 4.18400 1.16222 1.16222 4.18400 0.196841 0.220462 2.20462 7.23301 9.80665 8.34541 10.0224 0.062428 0.350507 3.78541 4.54609 0.671969 2.20462 7936.64 2.20462 0.059052 0.066139 3.54314 3.96832 31037.9 34762.5 0.671969 2419.09 0.204816 737.338 0.204816 0.947817
degree Rankine degree centigrade kilojoule watt watt/square meter kilojoule/kilogram hundred weight (U.K.) hundred weight (U.S.) pound (avoirdupois) pound (mass) foot/second joule/square centimeter pound (mass)/gallon (U.S.) pound (mass)/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/cubic foot pound (mass)/barrel grams/gallon (U.S.) grams/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/foot pound (mass)/mol pound (mass)/hour pound (mass)/second ton (mass)(U.K.)/minute ton (mass)(U.S.)/minute ton (mass)(U.K.)/hour ton (mass)(U.S.)/hour ton (mass)(U.K.)/year ton (mass)(U.S.)/year pound (mass)/second foot pound (mass) /hour foot pound (mass)/second square foot pound (mass)/hour square foot pound (mass)/square foot Btu (I.T.)
334
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/cubic meter kilojoule/kilogram kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/kilogram kelvin kilojoule/mol kilometer kilometer kilometer/cubic decimeter kilometer/hour kilometer/hour kilomol kilomol kilomol
0.943690 0.948155 0.947086 0.948452 0.026884 0.004309 0.003588 2.79198 0.429923 0.238846 0.238846 0.239006 0.239006 0.239006 0.000278 0.239006 0.621371 0.539957 2.35215 0.539957 0.621371 1000.00 2.20462 836.610
kilomol
22.4136
kilomol
23.6445
Btu (39^F) Btu (60^F) Btu (mean) Btu (TC) Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S.) footpound (force)/gallon (U.S.) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) Btu (I.T.)/pound (mass) ^F Btu (I.T.)/pound mol ^F calorie (TC)/gram kelvin calorie (TC)/gram mol ^C kilocalorie (TC)/kilogram ^C kilowatt hour/kilogram ^C kilocalorie (TC)/gram mol mile nautical mile mile/gallon (U.S.) knot miles/hour gram mol pound mol standard cubic foot (60^F, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (O^C, 1 atmosphere) standard cubic meter (15^C, 1 atmosphere) pound mol/cubic foot pound mol/gallon (U.K.) pound mol/gallon (U.S.) standard ft^barrel (60^F, 1 atmosphere) pound mol/second pound mol/hour kip (1000 foot pound) ton (force) (U.K.)
kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic kilomol/cubic
meter meter meter meter
kilomol/second kilomol/second kilonewton kilonewton
0.0624280 0.010022 0.008345 133.010 2.20462 7936.64 0.224809 0.100361
Appendix IV
335
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
kilonewton kilonewton meter kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal/meter kilopascal second kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt kilowatt hour kilowatt hour/kilogram kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin kilowatt/kilowatt kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kilowatt/square meter kelvin kip (1000 foot pounds) kip/square inch knot
0.112405 0.368781 0.010197 0.009869 0.01000 10.1974 4.01474 0.295300 0.296134 7.50062 20.8854 0.145038 0.044208 0.145038 56.8690 0.947817 1.35962 1.34048 1.34102 1.34045 0.284345 3.60000 3600.00 96,6211 0.026839 0.860421 0.037974 53.6784 0.014911 2544.43 0.088055 86.0421 0.048919 4.44822 6.89476 1.85325
ton (force) (U.S.) ton force (U.S.) foot atmosphere (kilogram/cm ) atmosphere (760 torr) bar centimeter water (4^C) inch water (39.2^F) inch mercury (32^F) inch mercury (60^F) millimeter mercury (O^C) pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (force)/square inch/foot pound (force)/square inch Btu (I.T.)/minute Btu (I.T.)/second calorific value horsepower (electric) horsepower (550 foot pound/second) horsepower (hydraulic) ton of refrigeration megajoule kilojoule/kilogram kelvin Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot calorie (TC)/hour cm"^ horsepower/cubic foot But (I.T.)/hour cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot ^F Btu (I.T.)/brake horsepower hour Btu (I.T.)/second square foot calorie (TC)/h6ur cm Btu (I.T.)/second square foot ^F kilonewton megapascal kilometer/hour
336
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
lambert line line lines/ampere lines/ampere inch lines/square inch link lumen/square foot lumen/square inch lux lux lux lux second
3183.10 candela/square meter 1.00000 maxwell 1.00000x 10"^ weber 1.00000x 10"^ henry 3.93701 X 10"^ henry/meter 1.55000 tesla 0.201168 meter 10.7639 lux 1550.00 lux 0.092903 footcandle 0.092903 lumen/square foot 0.000645 lumen/square inch 0.092903 foot candle second
maxwell maxwell maxwell/gilbert megagram megagram megagram megagram/square meter megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/cubic meter megajoule/meter megapascal megapascal megapascal megapascal megawatt meter
1.00000 line 1.00000x 10"^ weber 1.25664x 10"^ henry 1.00000 ton (mass) (metric) 0.984206 ton (mass) (U.K.) 1.10231 ton (mass) (U.S.) 0.102408 ton (mass) (U.S.)/square foot 947.817 Btu (I.T.) 0.377675 calorific value hour 0.372506 horsepower hour 0.277778 kilowatt hour 0.009478 therm 0.102408 ton (mass) (U.S.) mile 4.30886 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) 3.58788 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K.) 0.239006 calorie (TC)/milliliter 0.021289 ton (force) (U.S.) mile/foot 0.145038 kip/square inch 145.038 pound/square inch 10.4427 ton (force) (U.S.)/square foot 0.072519 ton (force) (U.S.)/square inch 3.41214 million Btu (I.T.)/hour 0.049710 chain
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
meter meter meter meter meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/cubic meter meter/kelvin meter/kilometer meter/second meter/second microbar micrometer micrometer micron microsecond/foot microsecond/meter mil mile mile mile/gallon (U.S.) mile/hour milligram milligram/cubic decimeter milligram/cubic meter milligram/gallon (U.S.) millimeter millimeter millimeter mercury (O^C) millimeter mercury (O^C) millimeter/second millimeter/second millimeter/second millimeter/second million Btu (I.T.)/hour million electron volt million pound (mass)/year
0.546807 3.28084 4.97097 0.198839 1.09361 0.521612 0.092903 0.012419 1.82269 5.28000 3.28084 196.850 0.100000 0.039370 1.00000 1.00000 3.28084 0.304800 25.4000 5280.00 1.60934 0.425144 1.60934 0.015432 0.436996 0.043700 0.264172 0.039370 0.003281 133.322 0.133322 283.465 11.8110 2.36221 0.039370 0.293071 0.160219 0.014383
fathom feet link rod yard foot/barrel foot/cubic foot foot/gallon (U.S.) foot/^F foot/mile foot/second foot/minute pascal mil micron micrometer microsecond/meter microsecond/foot micrometer foot kilometer kilometer/cubic decimeter kilometer/hour grain grain/cubic foot grain/100 cubic foot gram/cubic meter inch foot pascal kilopascal foot/day foot/hour inch/minute inch/second megawatt picojoule kilogram/second
337
338
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
minute (angle) mol/foot mol/kilogram mol/meter mol/pound (mass) mol/square foot mol/square meter
0.000291 3.28084 0.453592 0.304800 2.20462 10.7639 0.092903
radian mol/meter mol/pound (mass) mol/foot mol/kilogram mol/square meter mol/square foot
nautical mile newton newton newton newton meter newton meter newton meter newton meter/meter newton meter/meter newton/meter newton/meter
1.85325 kilometer 1.00000 X 10^ dyne 0.224809 pound (force) poundal 7.23301 0.737562 pound (force) foot 8.85075 pound (force) inch 23.7304 poundal foot 0.018734 pound (force) foot/inch 0.224809 pound (force) inch/inch pound (force)/foot 0.068522 0.005710 pound (force)/inch
Oersted ohm circular mil/foot ohm foot ohm inch ohm square meter/meter ohm square meter/meter ohm square meter/meter ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (troy) ounce (fluid) (U.K.) ounce (fluid) (U.S.)
79.5775 ampere turn/meter 1.66243 X 10' ohm square meter/meter 0.304800 ohm square meter/meter 0.025400 ohm square meter/meter 6.01531 X 10 ohm circular mil/foot 3.28084 ohm foot 39.3701 ohm inch 28.3495 gram 31.1035 gram cubic centimeter 28.4131 29.5735 cubic centimeter
pascal pascal pascal pascal second pascal second pascal second
10.0000 10.0000 0.007501 1000.00 10.0000 0.020885
dyne/square centimeter microbar millimeter mercury (O^C) centipoise dyne second/square centimeter pound (force) second/square foot
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
pascal second pascal second
2419.09 0.671969
pound (mass)/foot hour pound (mass)/foot second
picojoule pint (liquid) (U.K.) pint (liquid) (U.S.) pint (U.K.)/1000 barrels pound mol pound mol/cubic foot pound mol/gallon (U.K.) pound mol/gallon (U.S.) pound mol/hour pound mol/second poundal poundal poundal foot pound (force) pound (force) foot pound (force) foot/inch pound (force) inch pound (force)/foot pound (force)/inch pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (force)/square inch/foot pound (force)/square foot pound (force)/square inch pound (mass) pound (mass) pound (mass) pound (mass)/barrel pound (mass)/Btu pound (mass)/cubic foot pound (mass)/foot pound (mass)/foot hour pound (mass)/foot second pound (mass)/gallon (U.K.) pound (mass)/gallon (U.S.)
6.24145 0.568262 0.473167 3.57425 0.453592 16.0185 99.7763 119.826 0.000126 0.453592 0.138255 0.031083 0.042140 4.44822 1.35582 53.3787 0.112985 14.5939 175.127 0.047880 6.89476 22.6206 47.8803 6.89476 32.1740 0.453592 1.21528 2.85301 1.80018 16.0185 1.48816 0.000413 1.48816 0.099776 0.138255
million electron volt cubic decimeter cubic decimeter cubic decimeter/cubic meter kilomol kilomol/cubic meter kilomol/cubic meter kilmol/cubic meter kilomol/second kilomol/second newton pound (force) newton/meter newton newton/meter newton meter/meter newton/meter newton/meter newton/meter kilopascal kilopascal kilopascal/meter pascal second kilopascal second poundal kilogram pound (troy) kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/kilogram calorie kilogram/cubic meter kilogram/meter pascal second pascal second kilogram/cubic decimeter kilogram/cubic decimeter
339
340
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
pound pound pound pound
(mass)/1000 gallons (U.K.) (mass)/1000 gallons (U.S.) (mass)/hour (mass)/hour foot
99.7763 119.826 0.000126 0.000413
gram/cubic meter gram/cubic meter kilogram/second kilogram/second meter
pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound
(mass)/hour square foot (mass)/minute (mass)/mol (niass)/second (mass)/second foot (mass)/second square foot (mass)/square foot (mass)/second (mass) square foot
0.001356 0.007560 0.453592 0.453592 L48816 4.88243 4.88243 0.138255 0.042140
kilogram/second m^ kilogram/second kilogram/mol kilogram/second kilogram/second meter kilogram/second square meter kilogram/square meter kilogram meter/second kilogram square meter
(dry) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.K.) (liquid) (U.S.) (liquid) (U.S.)
1.03200 1.136523 1.136523 1.20030 0.946331 0.859370
quart (dry) (U.S.) cubic decimeter liter quart (liquid) (U.S.) liter quart (dry) (U.S.)
rad radian radian radian radian/second radian/second radian/second squared radian/second squared revolutions/minute revolutions/minute squared revolutions/second revolutions/second squared rod
0.010000 2.06265 3437.75 57.2958 0.159155 9.54930 0.159155 572.958 0.104720 0.001745 6.28319 6.28319 5.02920
gray second (angle) minute (angle) degree (angle) revolutions/second revolutions/minute revolutions/second squared revolutions/minute squared radian/second radian/second squared radian/second radian/second squared meter
second (angle) section
4.84814 X 10 radian 2.58999 square kilometer
quart quart quart quart quart quart
Appendix IV 341 Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
Siemens
1.00000 0.025400 0.092903 5669.29 25.8064 0.2048lö 9290.30
siemens/meter square foot square foot/cubic square
inch
foot/hour
square foot/pound square
(mass)
foot/second
square foot pound
(mass)/second squared
square inch square kilometer square kilometer square meter square meter square meter square meter/cubic square
meter
meter/kilogram
square mile square
millimeter
square
millimeter/second
square
millimeter/second
square
millimeter/second
square yard standard cubic (60 °F,
foot/barrel
TO OBTAIN
ampere/volt ampere/volt
inch
square meter square meter/cubic square square
meter/kilogram
square
millimeter/second
0.042140 j o u l e
645.160 0.386102 0.386102 10.7639 0.000247 1.19599 0.000176 4.88243 2.58999 0.001550 1.07639 X 10 0.038750 1.00000 0.836137 0.007518
kilomol/cubic
0.001195
kilomol
0.044616
kilomol
0.042293
kilomol
square
millimeter
section square mile square foot acre square yard square foot/cubic square foot/poimd
foot
mete
square square
foot/second
foot/hour
centistoke square meter meter
(60^F, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) standard cubic
meter
(15^C, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) tesla tesla therm
t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.K.) t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.S.) t o n ( f o r c e ) (U.S.) f o o t
10000.0 64516.0 105.506 9.96402 8.89644 2.71164
(mass)
square inch
(60^F, 1 a t m o s p h e r e ) standard cubic
inch
square kilometer
1 atmosphere)
standard cubic
meter
millimeter/second
gauss lines/square
inch
megajoule kilonewton kilonewton kilonewton
meter
342
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton
14.3174 46.9732 0.095761 13.7895 1.01605 1.01605 1.12000 0.907185 0.907185 0.892857 1.00000 0.011760 0.010500 0.282235 0.251996 16.9341 15.1197 9.76486 3.51685
megajoule megajoule/meter megapascal megapascal megagram metric ton ton (mass) (U.S.) megagram metric ton ton (mass) (U.K.) megagram kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second kilogram/second megagram/sqare meter kilowatt
(force) (U.S.) mile (force) (U.S.) mile/foot (force) (U.S.)/square foot (force) (U.S.)/square inch (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.K.) (mass) (U.S.) (mass) (U.S.) (mass) (U.S.) (metric) (mass) (U.K.)/day (mass) (U.S.)/day (mass) (U.K.)/hour (mass) (U.S.)/hour (mass) (U.K.)/minute (mass) (U.S.)/minute (mass) (U.S.)/square foot refrigeration
unit/foot unit/henry unit/henry unit/meter
3.28084 unit/meter 1.00000 ampere/weber 1.25664 X 10"^ gilbert/maxwell 3.28084 volt/meter
volt/foot volt/inch volume parts per million watt watt watt watt watt hour watt/inch watt/meter watt/meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin watt/meter kelvin
3.28084 39.3701 1.00000 3.41280 44.2537 0.737562 0.860421 3.60000 39.3701 0.025400 0.577789 6.93347 8.60421
volt/meter volt/meter cubic centimeter/m Btu (I.T.)/hour foot pound (force)/minute foot pound (force)/second kilocalorie (TC)/hour kilojoule watt/meter watt/inch Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot ^F/foot Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot °F/inch calorie (TC)/hour cm^^C/cm
Appendix IV Table IV.7 continued MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
watt/meter kelvin watt/square meter watt/square meter kelvin watt/square meter kelvin watt second weber weber weber/ampere yard
0.002390 calorie (TC)/second cm C/cm 0.316998 Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot 0.176110 Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot kilocalorie (TC)/hour cm^^C 0.860421 ^oule 1.00000 1.00000x 10° lines 1.00000x 10^ maxwell 1.00000 henry 0.914402 meter
343
344
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Table IV.8 Density (p), Dynamic Viscosity (μ), Kinematic Viscosity (r), Thermal Conductivity (K), Thermal Diffusivity (a) and Prandtl Number (Pr) of Air at Atmospheric Pressure and at Different Temperatures (T) Τ (Κ)
Ρ 3 (kg/m^)
Μ·10^ ^ (N.s/m^^)
(m'^/s)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
3.5562 2.3364 1.7458 1.3947 1.1614 0.9950 0.8711 0.7740
71.1 103.4 132.5 159.6 184.6 208.2 230.1 250.7
2.00 4.426 7.590 11.44 15.89 20.92 26.41 32.39
500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950
0.6964 0.6329 0.5804 0.5356 0.4975 0.4643 0.4354 0.4097 0.3868 0.3666
270.1 288.4 305.8 322.5 338.8 354.6 369.8 384.3 398.1 411.3
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0.3482 0.3166 0.2902 0.2679 0.2488 0.2322 0.2177
424.4 449.0 473.0 496.0 530 557 584
Κ 10^ (WTm.K)
a. 10^
(nr/s)
Pr
9.34 13.8 18.1 22.3 26.3 30.0 33.8 37.3
2.54 5.84 10.3 15.9 22.5 29.9 38.3 47.2
0,786 0.758 0.737 0.720 0.707 0.700 0.690 0.686
38.79 45.57 52.69 60.21 68.10 76.37 84.93 93.80 102.9 112.2
40.7 43.9 46.9 49.7 52.4 54.9 57.3 59.6 62.0 64.3
56.7 66.7 76.9 87.3 98.0 109 120 131 143 155
0.684 0.683 0.685 0.690 0.695 0.702 0.709 0.716 0.720 0.723
121.9 141.8 162.9 185.1 213 240 268
66.7 71.5 76.3 82 91 100 106
168 195 224 238 303 350 390
0.726 0.728 0.728 0.719 0.703 0.685 0.688
[Adapted from Incropera, F. P. and D. P. De Witt (1989). Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, New York.]