- Email: [email protected]
Tardive dyskinesia, glucose and lipids with conventional and atypical antipsychotics
22. Drug Side Effects & Tardive Dyskinesia with HDL-cholesterol levels; no correlation was found among these variables in the RP group. Finally, within the OLZ group, patients with metabolic syndrome features (n=17) had higher CRP (p<0.01) and TNF-~ (p<0.05) levels as well as a larger waist girth (p<0.001) compared to patients without the metabolic syndrome (n=25). Thus, OLZ patients had significantly higher cytokine levels which is in agreement with their altered metabolic risk profile compared to RP patients. Randomized trials investigating distribution of abdominal adipose tissue are needed to answer the following questions: Are OLZ patients more prone to develop an atherogenic metabofic risk profile for any given level of visceral obesity due to an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines? Does RP protect against the resulting overproduction of cytokines associated with visceral obesity? Supported by Janssen-Ortho.
ACUTE ANTIPS YCHOTIC-EMERGENT WEIGHT GAIN AND IMPROVED EMOTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN MALES AND FEMALES TREATED FOR SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS H. Ascher-Svanum,* M. Stensland, B. Kinon, Z. Zhao Outcomes Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA Background/Objective: Women have been previously identified as being more vulnerable than males to the adverse emotional and psychosocial consequences of excessive weight and weight gain. Women who are treated with ant±psychotics for their psychiatric conditions may be similarly affected by ant±psychotic-emergent weight gain. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the impact of ant±psychotic-emergent weight gain on depression, level of functioning, and symptoms of schizophrenia in men and women treated with ant±psychotics for schizophrenic disorders. Methods: Post-hoc analyses of data were conducted on 1296 male and 700 female participants in a 6-week double blind randomized multi-center trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol. The associations between changes in weight (kgs; BM1), depression level (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), total score; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), depression/anxiety score; functional status (The Medical Outcome Survey- Short Form 36 (SF36), mental and physical component scores, and symptoms of schizophrenia (BPRS total score, positive, and negative symptom score), were examined within each gender and medication group, and compared between groups. Data analysis was performed using t-tests, Pearson product moment correlations, multiple regression, and path analysis. Results: At baseline, women were significantly more likely than males to be obese, to have a poorer level of physical functioning, and to experience a higher level of depression. Olanzapine, but not haloperidol-emergent weight gain, was significantly associated with improvements in depression level, functional status, and schizophrenia symptoms for males and females. Path analysis indicated that improvements on olanzapine relative to haloperidol existed independently of weight gain. Conclusions: Unlike women in the general population, for whom weight gain tends to be associated with adverse emotional and functional consequences, women who were treated for schizophrenia with olanzapine, but not with haloperidol, experienced significant and meaningful improvements in their emotional and functional status despite weight gain. These beneficial outcomes were observed for men and women alike, suggesting that contrary to expectation, acute olanzapine-emergent weight gain is associated with improved psychological and psychosocial outcomes for males and females who are treated for schizophrenic disorders.
351 DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHT GAIN IN PATIENTS TAKING NEW GENERALTION ANTIPSYCHOTICS M. E Ball,* R. W. Buchanan, R. Conley Outpatient Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Cente~ Catonsville, MD, USA The purpose of this study is to measure changes in weight and evaluate the health consequences associated with these changes in patients taking new generation ant±psychotics. The study is a three arm multi-center randomized double-blind trial comparing quetiapine, risperidone, and fluphenazine. The following assessments are collected at the beginning and end of the 12-week treatment phase: height, weight, body fat, eating habits, insulin and leptin levels, cholesterol and trigtycerides, and hemoglobin A1C. Body fat is measured using a hand-held bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Eating habits are assessed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, a standardized self-report instrument, which provides data on the relative amount of carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet. Questionnaire results, body fat analysis, and laboratory data will be used to examine underlying mechanisms of differential weight change between the three treatment groups. To date thirteen patients (9 males, 4 females) have completed these assessments. Subjects have been divided into three groups based on treatment assignment. Subjects in group A (n=6) lost weight (mean weight loss - 4.5 pounds). Subjects in group B (n=5) and C (n=2) gained weight. Mean weight gain in group B was 2.2 pounds and in group C was 23 pounds. Based on the analysis of the Food Frequency Questionnaire, all three groups had a reduction in calories consumed, but an increase in cholesterol. However, the group that lost weight had a smaller percent increase in cholesterol. See Table. Because of the small sample size to date, t-tests would not be meaningful, but the current data indicates there may be a relationship between weight, medication assignment and changes in cholesterol. When study enrollment is complete, the total number of subjects (n=30), will enable us to examine correlations between changes in weight, calories, cholesterol, and medication assignment. Laboratory data will be used to validate the subject report of dietary habits. This work was supported in part by grant MH-4731 t from the National Institute of Mental Health and an IRC Pilot Project grant from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. Weight ±SD Week 0 Week 12
Calories±SD Week 0 Week Cllolesterol±SDWeek 0 Week 12 12
GIAuP
191.8-+39.4 187.3-+40.2
3034±t815
2520_+1570 339.7kl76.6
358.2~I56.7
GIBuP
188.0-+34.2
190.2_+32.1
3161±826
2371-+1740 348.4_+150,2
401 1±318.1
Grotlp t.
159.5-+22.0
182.5±3.5
2075-+2101
1405±52
286,7+299.3
308.6±124.5
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA, GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS N. Bark,* R. C. Smith, J. R L i n d e n m a y e r , S. B. Ali, M. S. M a l i k
Schizophrenia Research Unit, Bronx Psychiatric Center, Bronx, NY, USA The purpose of this study was to see if patients with schizophrenia on a single conventional or atypical ant±psychotic, who also have tardive dyskinesia (TD), have a greater tendency for hyperglycemia and diabetes. Earlier research suggested that TD in patients with schizo-
International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2003
352 phrenia was associated with diabetes, hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance tests. To investigate this relationship further, measures of TD (AIMS and Smith-Trims TD scale), as well as the Simpson-Angus Parkinsonism and Barnes Akathisia scales, were included in a study assessing the relative incidence of abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were being treated with either clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone or a conventional antipsychotic as their only antipsychotic drug treatment. Fasting blood levels of glucose, glycohemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, c-peptide (a measure of insulin secretory capacity), and leptin were obtained. Patients with fasting glucose >109 mg/dl had a 75 mg glucose tolerance test. Preliminary analysis on 135 patients (of the 200 anticipated) indicated no significant relationship or correlation between measures of glucose and lipid metabolism and TD scores. There was a non-significant trend for patients with no clear TD (scores < 4.5 on Smith-Trims) to have higher values of glucose, triglycerides and insulin than patients with definite TD (score >4.5, approximately 'mild' on AIMS). Patients with TD had significantly lower c-peptide levels (P<.03) than patients without TD. The relationship between glucose-tolerance test values and TD, and between glucose and lipids and EPS and akathisia scores will be examined. In conclusion there was no greater tendency for patients with TD to have diabetes or hyperglycemia. The differences in these results l¥om previous studies may be due to the fact that the majority of patients studied were on atypical antipsychotics, and these produce much lower rates of TD. The scores of TD in our patient sample were much lower than in previous studies with the Smith-Trims TD scale conducted in the early 1980's. Only a few patients in this sample had moderately severe TD. However there were suggestions of some relationships with measures related to glucose metabolism that warrant further study. Supported by an independent investigator grant from Eli Lilly and company to Dr Smith
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND USE OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS: PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT, LIPID ABNORMALITIES AND DIABETES MELLITUS D. P. Bassitt,* M. R. Louza Psychiatry, [pq-HCFMUSP Brasil, $6o Paulo, Brazil Background In 1999 Allison et al., in a literature review, concluded that after 10 weeks of treatment, there was a range of weight alteration from loss of 0,39 Kg with molindone to 4,45 kg gain with clozapine. 1 Along with weight gain caused by medication schizophrenics have a greater risk of overweight due to a sedentary life and poor diet/~ry habits.2 Overweight (body mass index above 25.0) is an important risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and arteriosclerotic alterations of cerebral vessels with myelin pallor that appear as hyperintense white matter lesions in MRI.3 Disease risk in greater when, besides increased weight, there is an excess of abdominal fat2 Even without obesity schizophrenics have already an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, due to sedentary habits, worse access to health system and increased prevalence of smoking. Objectives Measure prevalence of obesity (body mass index, abdominal circunference) and level of glucose and lipids in 41 patients with schizophrenia (DSM IV criteria). Study relation between these alterations and clinical variables, general clinical conditions, habits and type of treatment. Results There was a mean BMI of 26,9 (range between 18,7 and 26,9), 48% where above 25 and 43,9% had excess
22. Drug Side Effects & Tardive Dyskinesia of abdominal fat. 51% had abnormally high colesterol while 34% had trigricerides level above normal limits and 2,5% had increased glucose levels. Patients taking olanzapine had the highest mean BMI (29,4) and risperidone had the lowest (25,5). Patients taking olanza~ pine, clozapine and clorpromazine had higher colesterol levels than patients taking risperidone and haloperidol. One patient taking clorpromazine was diagnosed as diabetic. Smoking was more prevalence among patients taking risperidone, clorpromazine and haloperidol, We did not find any correlation between hyperintense signs in MRI and the other variables. References 1. Allison, DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, Chandler LP, Cappeleri JC, Infante MC, Wieden PJ, Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156:1686-1696, 1999 2. Aronne LJ, Epidemiology, morbidity and treatment of overweight and obesity. J Clin Psych 62(supp123): 13-22, 2001 3.Takao M, Koto A, Tanahashi N, Fukuuchi Y, Takagi M, Morinaga S Pathologic findings of silent hyperintense white matter lesions on MRI. 1 : J Neurol Sci 15;t67(2):,127-31, 1999
DIET COMPOSITION, FOOD PREFERENCES AND CRAVINGS AMONG PATIENTS TREATED WITH ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS M. Blouin,* H. Venables, R, H. B o u c h a r d , M. A. Roy, N, A l m 6 r a s
Laval Hospital Research Center, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada It is documented that atypical antipsychotics induce substantial weight gain, although mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain speculative. It is generally believe that atypical antipsychotic-treated patients appear to have poorer nutritional habits as compared to the general population, a factor which may obviously contribute to their increased body weight. The main objective of this study was to document diet composition, food preferences and reported food cravings of patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. After an overnight fast, patients had to eat a standardized breakfast (835.5 kcal). At lunch time (three hours after breakfast) patients were offered an ad libitum buffet type of meal and were instructed to eat within a 30 rain period. A 24-hour food intake recall was also performed by the study dietitian and a questionnaire about possible changes on food habits and cravings since the introduction of atypical therapy was administrated. Results were obtained on 17 men treated with the same atypical antipsychotic for at least three months (age 30.4-+8.1 years, body mass index:28.6-+5.1 kg/m2). Reported energy intake was 2795_+1412 kcal/24 hours. Macronutritional composition was similar between the 24-hour recall and during ad libitum food intake (proteins: 15.4_+6.1% vs. 18.9_+4.3%, carbohydrates:48.6_+15.4% vs. 47.7_+5.4%, lipids: 34.5_+11.8% vs. 33.4_+4.7%; respectively); and not at variance with the typical intake of the Canadian population. However, 65% of patients reported experiencing craving since they started their atypical therapy. Furthermore, in order to detail their food preferences, we classified each buffet food items in 3 categories: (1) food groups of Canada's food guidelines, (2) high-fat products, (3) high-refined sugar products. It was found that 40.6_+15.2% of the lipid intake originated from highfat products whereas 28.1_+22.5% of carbohydrate intake was derived from high-refined sugar products. These preliminary results suggest that patients treated with atypicals have a diet which is essentially similar to the average Canadian population. However, patients reported food cravings with unhealthy food choices which may influence weight gain. From a body weight management perspective, it therefore appears important to educate patients regarding nutritional choices in order to prevent weight gain and its related consequences on health.
International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2003
ACUTE ANTIPS YCHOTIC-EMERGENT WEIGHT GAIN AND IMPROVED EMOTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN MALES AND FEMALES TREATED FOR SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS H. Ascher-Svanum,* M. Stensland, B. Kinon, Z. Zhao Outcomes Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA Background/Objective: Women have been previously identified as being more vulnerable than males to the adverse emotional and psychosocial consequences of excessive weight and weight gain. Women who are treated with ant±psychotics for their psychiatric conditions may be similarly affected by ant±psychotic-emergent weight gain. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the impact of ant±psychotic-emergent weight gain on depression, level of functioning, and symptoms of schizophrenia in men and women treated with ant±psychotics for schizophrenic disorders. Methods: Post-hoc analyses of data were conducted on 1296 male and 700 female participants in a 6-week double blind randomized multi-center trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol. The associations between changes in weight (kgs; BM1), depression level (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), total score; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), depression/anxiety score; functional status (The Medical Outcome Survey- Short Form 36 (SF36), mental and physical component scores, and symptoms of schizophrenia (BPRS total score, positive, and negative symptom score), were examined within each gender and medication group, and compared between groups. Data analysis was performed using t-tests, Pearson product moment correlations, multiple regression, and path analysis. Results: At baseline, women were significantly more likely than males to be obese, to have a poorer level of physical functioning, and to experience a higher level of depression. Olanzapine, but not haloperidol-emergent weight gain, was significantly associated with improvements in depression level, functional status, and schizophrenia symptoms for males and females. Path analysis indicated that improvements on olanzapine relative to haloperidol existed independently of weight gain. Conclusions: Unlike women in the general population, for whom weight gain tends to be associated with adverse emotional and functional consequences, women who were treated for schizophrenia with olanzapine, but not with haloperidol, experienced significant and meaningful improvements in their emotional and functional status despite weight gain. These beneficial outcomes were observed for men and women alike, suggesting that contrary to expectation, acute olanzapine-emergent weight gain is associated with improved psychological and psychosocial outcomes for males and females who are treated for schizophrenic disorders.
351 DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHT GAIN IN PATIENTS TAKING NEW GENERALTION ANTIPSYCHOTICS M. E Ball,* R. W. Buchanan, R. Conley Outpatient Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Cente~ Catonsville, MD, USA The purpose of this study is to measure changes in weight and evaluate the health consequences associated with these changes in patients taking new generation ant±psychotics. The study is a three arm multi-center randomized double-blind trial comparing quetiapine, risperidone, and fluphenazine. The following assessments are collected at the beginning and end of the 12-week treatment phase: height, weight, body fat, eating habits, insulin and leptin levels, cholesterol and trigtycerides, and hemoglobin A1C. Body fat is measured using a hand-held bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Eating habits are assessed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, a standardized self-report instrument, which provides data on the relative amount of carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet. Questionnaire results, body fat analysis, and laboratory data will be used to examine underlying mechanisms of differential weight change between the three treatment groups. To date thirteen patients (9 males, 4 females) have completed these assessments. Subjects have been divided into three groups based on treatment assignment. Subjects in group A (n=6) lost weight (mean weight loss - 4.5 pounds). Subjects in group B (n=5) and C (n=2) gained weight. Mean weight gain in group B was 2.2 pounds and in group C was 23 pounds. Based on the analysis of the Food Frequency Questionnaire, all three groups had a reduction in calories consumed, but an increase in cholesterol. However, the group that lost weight had a smaller percent increase in cholesterol. See Table. Because of the small sample size to date, t-tests would not be meaningful, but the current data indicates there may be a relationship between weight, medication assignment and changes in cholesterol. When study enrollment is complete, the total number of subjects (n=30), will enable us to examine correlations between changes in weight, calories, cholesterol, and medication assignment. Laboratory data will be used to validate the subject report of dietary habits. This work was supported in part by grant MH-4731 t from the National Institute of Mental Health and an IRC Pilot Project grant from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. Weight ±SD Week 0 Week 12
Calories±SD Week 0 Week Cllolesterol±SDWeek 0 Week 12 12
GIAuP
191.8-+39.4 187.3-+40.2
3034±t815
2520_+1570 339.7kl76.6
358.2~I56.7
GIBuP
188.0-+34.2
190.2_+32.1
3161±826
2371-+1740 348.4_+150,2
401 1±318.1
Grotlp t.
159.5-+22.0
182.5±3.5
2075-+2101
1405±52
286,7+299.3
308.6±124.5
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA, GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS N. Bark,* R. C. Smith, J. R L i n d e n m a y e r , S. B. Ali, M. S. M a l i k
Schizophrenia Research Unit, Bronx Psychiatric Center, Bronx, NY, USA The purpose of this study was to see if patients with schizophrenia on a single conventional or atypical ant±psychotic, who also have tardive dyskinesia (TD), have a greater tendency for hyperglycemia and diabetes. Earlier research suggested that TD in patients with schizo-
International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2003
352 phrenia was associated with diabetes, hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance tests. To investigate this relationship further, measures of TD (AIMS and Smith-Trims TD scale), as well as the Simpson-Angus Parkinsonism and Barnes Akathisia scales, were included in a study assessing the relative incidence of abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were being treated with either clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone or a conventional antipsychotic as their only antipsychotic drug treatment. Fasting blood levels of glucose, glycohemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, c-peptide (a measure of insulin secretory capacity), and leptin were obtained. Patients with fasting glucose >109 mg/dl had a 75 mg glucose tolerance test. Preliminary analysis on 135 patients (of the 200 anticipated) indicated no significant relationship or correlation between measures of glucose and lipid metabolism and TD scores. There was a non-significant trend for patients with no clear TD (scores < 4.5 on Smith-Trims) to have higher values of glucose, triglycerides and insulin than patients with definite TD (score >4.5, approximately 'mild' on AIMS). Patients with TD had significantly lower c-peptide levels (P<.03) than patients without TD. The relationship between glucose-tolerance test values and TD, and between glucose and lipids and EPS and akathisia scores will be examined. In conclusion there was no greater tendency for patients with TD to have diabetes or hyperglycemia. The differences in these results l¥om previous studies may be due to the fact that the majority of patients studied were on atypical antipsychotics, and these produce much lower rates of TD. The scores of TD in our patient sample were much lower than in previous studies with the Smith-Trims TD scale conducted in the early 1980's. Only a few patients in this sample had moderately severe TD. However there were suggestions of some relationships with measures related to glucose metabolism that warrant further study. Supported by an independent investigator grant from Eli Lilly and company to Dr Smith
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND USE OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS: PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT, LIPID ABNORMALITIES AND DIABETES MELLITUS D. P. Bassitt,* M. R. Louza Psychiatry, [pq-HCFMUSP Brasil, $6o Paulo, Brazil Background In 1999 Allison et al., in a literature review, concluded that after 10 weeks of treatment, there was a range of weight alteration from loss of 0,39 Kg with molindone to 4,45 kg gain with clozapine. 1 Along with weight gain caused by medication schizophrenics have a greater risk of overweight due to a sedentary life and poor diet/~ry habits.2 Overweight (body mass index above 25.0) is an important risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and arteriosclerotic alterations of cerebral vessels with myelin pallor that appear as hyperintense white matter lesions in MRI.3 Disease risk in greater when, besides increased weight, there is an excess of abdominal fat2 Even without obesity schizophrenics have already an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, due to sedentary habits, worse access to health system and increased prevalence of smoking. Objectives Measure prevalence of obesity (body mass index, abdominal circunference) and level of glucose and lipids in 41 patients with schizophrenia (DSM IV criteria). Study relation between these alterations and clinical variables, general clinical conditions, habits and type of treatment. Results There was a mean BMI of 26,9 (range between 18,7 and 26,9), 48% where above 25 and 43,9% had excess
22. Drug Side Effects & Tardive Dyskinesia of abdominal fat. 51% had abnormally high colesterol while 34% had trigricerides level above normal limits and 2,5% had increased glucose levels. Patients taking olanzapine had the highest mean BMI (29,4) and risperidone had the lowest (25,5). Patients taking olanza~ pine, clozapine and clorpromazine had higher colesterol levels than patients taking risperidone and haloperidol. One patient taking clorpromazine was diagnosed as diabetic. Smoking was more prevalence among patients taking risperidone, clorpromazine and haloperidol, We did not find any correlation between hyperintense signs in MRI and the other variables. References 1. Allison, DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, Chandler LP, Cappeleri JC, Infante MC, Wieden PJ, Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 156:1686-1696, 1999 2. Aronne LJ, Epidemiology, morbidity and treatment of overweight and obesity. J Clin Psych 62(supp123): 13-22, 2001 3.Takao M, Koto A, Tanahashi N, Fukuuchi Y, Takagi M, Morinaga S Pathologic findings of silent hyperintense white matter lesions on MRI. 1 : J Neurol Sci 15;t67(2):,127-31, 1999
DIET COMPOSITION, FOOD PREFERENCES AND CRAVINGS AMONG PATIENTS TREATED WITH ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS M. Blouin,* H. Venables, R, H. B o u c h a r d , M. A. Roy, N, A l m 6 r a s
Laval Hospital Research Center, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada It is documented that atypical antipsychotics induce substantial weight gain, although mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain speculative. It is generally believe that atypical antipsychotic-treated patients appear to have poorer nutritional habits as compared to the general population, a factor which may obviously contribute to their increased body weight. The main objective of this study was to document diet composition, food preferences and reported food cravings of patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. After an overnight fast, patients had to eat a standardized breakfast (835.5 kcal). At lunch time (three hours after breakfast) patients were offered an ad libitum buffet type of meal and were instructed to eat within a 30 rain period. A 24-hour food intake recall was also performed by the study dietitian and a questionnaire about possible changes on food habits and cravings since the introduction of atypical therapy was administrated. Results were obtained on 17 men treated with the same atypical antipsychotic for at least three months (age 30.4-+8.1 years, body mass index:28.6-+5.1 kg/m2). Reported energy intake was 2795_+1412 kcal/24 hours. Macronutritional composition was similar between the 24-hour recall and during ad libitum food intake (proteins: 15.4_+6.1% vs. 18.9_+4.3%, carbohydrates:48.6_+15.4% vs. 47.7_+5.4%, lipids: 34.5_+11.8% vs. 33.4_+4.7%; respectively); and not at variance with the typical intake of the Canadian population. However, 65% of patients reported experiencing craving since they started their atypical therapy. Furthermore, in order to detail their food preferences, we classified each buffet food items in 3 categories: (1) food groups of Canada's food guidelines, (2) high-fat products, (3) high-refined sugar products. It was found that 40.6_+15.2% of the lipid intake originated from highfat products whereas 28.1_+22.5% of carbohydrate intake was derived from high-refined sugar products. These preliminary results suggest that patients treated with atypicals have a diet which is essentially similar to the average Canadian population. However, patients reported food cravings with unhealthy food choices which may influence weight gain. From a body weight management perspective, it therefore appears important to educate patients regarding nutritional choices in order to prevent weight gain and its related consequences on health.
International Congress on Schizophrenia Research 2003