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Taxonomy of Foenobethylus Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of two new species
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 16 (2013) 433–441
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Taxonomy of Foenobethylus Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of two new species Juliana R. Savergnini ⁎, Celso O. Azevedo Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Article history: Received 17 January 2013 Revised 27 May 2013 Accepted 14 June 2013 Keywords: Chrysidoidea Pristocerinae Southeastern Asia New species
a b s t r a c t The genus Foenobethylus Kieffer from Southeastern Asia is studied, and seven species are recognized. Four previously described species are analyzed and had their known distribution broadened: F. gracilis Kieffer, F. elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, and F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek. Two new species are described and illustrated, F. sharkeyi sp. nov. is characterized by having the metatrochanter without spine and the metafemur with acute proximal spine; and F. pyramidis sp. nov. is characterized by having the metatrochanter with one spine and the metafemur with two spines. The following new combination is established: F. thaianus comb. nov. from Parascleroderma because it has the metafemur with two proximal spines. An update world key to the species of genus is provided. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society.
Introduction The Oriental genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 belongs to Pristocerinae. It was originally described based on one specimen from the Philippines. Foenobethylus is promptly recognized among the other genera of Pristocerinae by having the combination of the following characters: the elongate neck-like propleuron, the profemur swollen and the metafemur with spine or small teeth (Azevedo and Lanes, 2007; Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007). The females of Foenobethylus are still unknown. Currently the genus has seven described species, all of them are restricted in Southeastern Asia. The main goal of this paper is to provide the description of two new species and propose new combination.
The terms for structures generally follow Evans (1964) and nomenclature for integument sculpture follows Harris (1979). The abbreviation of measurements used in this study are as follows: LH, length of the head; WH, width of the head; WF, width of the frons; HE, height of the eye; OOL, ocello-ocular line; WOT, width of the ocellar triangle; DAO, diameter of the anterior ocellus; VOL, vertex-ocular line; and LFW, length of the forewing. The hypopygium length was measured from the median area of posterior margin to end of the median stalk. The descriptions were elaborated in DELTA (DEscriptive Language for TAxonomy) according to Dallwitz et al. (1993). The data from specimen labels presented at the item “Material examined” were literally transcribed without any modification. When indirect information was added, it is represented by [].
Materials and methods Systematic Accounts This study is based on examination of specimens from the following institutions: PMAE — Royal Alberta Museum, Canada (Mathias Buck), QSBG — Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, Thailand (Wichai Srisuka), RMNH — Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands (Guido Keijl). The Thai material was collected under the scope of “Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research” project (grant #DEB-0542864) coordinated by Michael Sharkey from University of Kentucky (U.S.A.).
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 27 33430895. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.R. Savergnini), [email protected] (C.O. Azevedo).
Genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913, 3: 257–258. Type-species: Foenobethylus gracilis Kieffer, by original designation, by monotypy. Diagnosis Male. Body flattened and slightly elongate. Mandibles with five teeth. Eyes glabrous. Gena short. Malar space very reduced. Antennae with 11 flagellomeres Prosternum elongated neck-like, propleuron exposed in dorsal view; pronotal disk without anterior carina. Forewing with costal, median and submedian cells closed; basal vein reaching subcostal vein far from stigma. Genitalia with
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.06.004
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paramere wide with distinct thick setae; aedeagus stout. Female. Unknown. Ten Foenobethylus species were recognized as belonging to the Thai fauna included, of which seven had already been described, namely,
F. gracilis Kieffer, F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. hainanensis Liu et al., 2011, F. zhejiangensi Liu et al., 2011, F. elongates Várkonyi and Polaszek and F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek; a new combination of Parascleroderma thaiana
Figs. 1–6. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (1–2), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (3–4), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (5–6), head in dorsal view (1, 3, 5), mesosoma in dorsal view (2, 4, 6).
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Terayama to Foenobethylus; and two new species F. sharkeyi sp. nov. and F. pyramidis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–6). Key to males of Foenobethylus (modified from Azevedo and Lanes, 2007). 1. Metatrochanter without ventral spine…2. - Metatrochanter with ventral spine…7. 2(1). Metafemur with one spine (Thailand)… F. sharkeyi sp. nov. - Metafemur with two spines…3. 3(2). Metafemur with one short proximal spine and with distal protuberance with serrulate series in lateroventral edge…4. - Metafemur with two ventral spines along midline, without serrulate series…5. 4(3). Hypopygium with posterior margin concave, concavity with pair of inner calli (Philippines) …F. gracilis Kieffer. - Hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, concavity without inner calli (Zhejiang)…F. zhejiangensi Liu et al., 2011. 5(3). Aedeagus wide, 2.0 × as long as wide (Hainan)…F. hainanensis Liu et al., 2011. - Aedeagus narrower, 1.2× as long as wide…6. 6(5). Basivolsella triangular, hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, 1.2× as long as wide (Thailand)…F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek. - Basivolsella rectangular, hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, 1.4× as long as wide (Thailand)…F. thaianus comb. nov. 7(1). Metafemur with long proximal spine, 0.5× as long as metafemur width (Fig. 8)…8. - Metafemur with short proximal spine, 0.6 as long as metafemur width (Fig. 12)…9. 8(7). Metafemur with distal spine and median swelling on lateroventral edge (Thailand)…F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek. - Metafemur with proximal spine and distal short median spine (Malaysia)…F. elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek. 9(7). Hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, base of paramere with triangular protuberance on dorsal margin (Thailand)…F. pyramidis sp. nov. - Hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, base of paramere without triangular protuberance on dorsal margin (Malaysia)…F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek. Foenobethylus sharkeyi Savergnini and Azevedo, sp. nov. Diagnosis Head rectangular; notaulus incomplete and shallow; mesopleuron with shallow fovea; metatrochanter without spine; metafemur with proximal acute spine; hypopygium with posterior margin concave and strong protuberance; paramere narrower than basiparamere; aedeagus wide. Description Holotype. Male. Body 3.5 mm. LFW 1.9 mm. Colors Head and mesosoma dark castaneous; metasoma castaneous; scape light castaneous; pedicel pale castaneous; flagellum castaneous; mandible castaneous; palpi pale castaneous; tegula castaneous; wings hyaline; wing venation light castaneous; castaneous; light castaneous; forecoxa, trochanters, femora and tibiae castaneous; mesocoxa, metacoxa and tarsi light castaneous. Head Head rectangular and elongate, 1.1× as long as wide. Frons coriaceous, with punctures sparse. Malar space very reduced. Eyes glabrous, touching mandible base at upper corner. Mandible 0.28× as long as WH, with four
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sharpened teeth. Maxillary palpus with four segments. Clypeus with median lobe truncate, with median carina present. WH 0.78× LH. WF 0.55× WH. WF 1.5× HE. OOL 0.15× WOT. VOL 1.1× HE. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle obtuse. Temple divergent anterad. Corner rounded. Vertex slightly convex. First four antennal segments in ratio about 4:1:2:2, pedicel 0.5× as long as scape. Occipital carina complete. Mesosoma Mesosoma weakly coriaceous. Pronotal collar narrow. Pronotal disk coriaceous, with lateral faces strongly concave, without anterior carina. Mesoscutum coriaceous. Notaulus conspicuous, incomplete and shallow (Figs. 7–12). Parapsidal furrow conspicuous, shorter than notaulus. Scutellum coriaceous. Scutellar groove deep, with anterior margin weakly convex, with posterior margin weakly concave. Metanotum conspicuous, with posterior margin groove present with lateral fovea present. Propodeal disk polished with lateral carina present with median carina present, incomplete posteriorly. Declivity of propodeum areolate-rugose with anterior margin rugulose. Mesopleuron with mesopleural fovea shallow. Pleurosternum with acetabular carina present. Wings Forewings with stigma developed. Basal vein is reaching the costal vein far from stigma. Forming three closed cells (costal, median and submedian). Hind wings with four subsequent distal hamuli. Legs Profemur enlarged, 1.3× as long as wide. Metatrochanter without spine. Metafemur with proximal one acute spine in ventral midline (Figs. 13–21). Metasoma Metasoma 2.0× longer than wider. Seventh sternite with posterior margin concave. Hypopygium 2.5× as long as median stalk. Posterior margin strongly concave, with protuberance present, with four setae. Genitalia Paramere shorter than basiparamere. 0.28 × as long as aedeagus, narrower than aedeagus, apex with setae present. Aedeagus wide, 2.5× as long as wide, apex aedeagus in the same apex digitus height. Basivolsella triangular. Material examined Holotype, male, Thailand, Phetchabun, Nam Nao N[ational] P[ark], Checkpoint, 16°43.637′N 101°33.754′E, 924 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.iii.2007, Leng Janteab leg. T2293 (QSBG). Paratypes, Thailand (1 male), Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark], Nursey, 12°7.58′N 99°57.478′E, Malaise trap, 6–13.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg. T3035 (QSBG); (1 male), Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan N [ational] P[ark], North of well, 17°03.543′N 103°58.452′E, 312 m, Malaise trap, 17–23.i.2007, Sailom Tongbonchai leg. T1522 (QSBG); (1 male), C. VIETNAM, Thua Thien Hue, Phong Dien, N.R., nr. base camp, 12 km, W Phong My, c [= about] 60 m, 24 iii-6 iv 2001, Mal [aise] traps, C.v. Achterberg & R. de Vries (RMNH). Distribution Thailand and Vietnam. Variations Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. LFW 1.8–1.9 mm. Head 1.0–1.2× as long as wide. WH 0.8 × LH. WF 0.62 × WH. WF 1.4 × HE. VOL 0.94–1.2× HE. Profemur 1.2–1.3× as long as wide. Etymology The specific epithet is named after Michael Sharkey for his great contribution of Thai Hymenoptera Taxonomy.
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Figs. 7–12. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (7–8), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (9–10), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (11–12), mesosoma in lateral view (7, 9, 11), metaleg in lateral view (8, 10, 12).
Remarks This species is similar to F. thomascokeri by having the rectangular head, the notauli incomplete, and the metanotum with posterior margin groove. However this species has the apex of aedeagus 1.4× as long as
wide, the metatrochanter without spine and the metafemur with proximal one acute spine in ventral midline, whereas F. thomascokeri has the apex of aedeagus 1.2× as long as wide, the metatrochanter with one spine and the metafemur with proximal one acute spine, small distal
Figs. 13–21. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (13–15), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (16–18), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (19–21), hypopygium (13, 16, 19), genitalia in dorsal (14, 17, 20), genitalia in ventral view (15, 18, 21).
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serrulate series in anterior submedian line and distal swelling in the posterior submedian line.
margin with triangular protuberance. Aedeagus wide, 2.21 × as long as wide, apex aedeagus shorter than digitus. Basivolsella rectangular.
Foenobethylus pyramidis Savergnini and Azevedo, sp. nov. Diagnosis Head rectangular, fairly strongly in behind aspect; notaulus complete and deep; mesopleuron with deep fovea; metafemur with two spines, one proximal and other distal; metatrochanter with one spine; hypopygium with posterior margin concave, protuberance absent; base of dorsal margin of paramere with triangular protuberance and aedeagus wide. Description Holotype. Male. Body 3.2 mm. LFW 1.71 mm. Colors Head and mesosoma dark castaneous; metasoma castaneous; scape light castaneous; pedicel pale castaneous; flagellum light castaneous; mandible castaneous; palpi pale castaneous; tegula castaneous; wings hyaline; wing venation light castaneous; coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae castaneous; tarsi light castaneous. Head Head rectangular, 1.14× as long as wide. Frons coriaceous, with punctures sparse. Malar space very reduced. Eyes glabrous, touching mandible base at upper corner. Mandible 0.55× as long as WH, with four sharpened teeth. Maxillary palpus with four segments. Median carina present. WH 0.74× LH. WF 0.7× WH. WF 1.27× HE. OOL 1.21× WOT. VOL 0.5× HE. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle obtuse. Temple divergent anterad. Corner rounded. Vertex straight. First four antennal segments in ratio about 5:2:3:3, pedicel 0.55× as long as scape. Occipital carina complete. Mesosoma Mesosoma weakly coriaceous. Pronotal collar narrow. Pronotal disk coriaceous, with lateral faces strongly concave, without anterior carina. Mesoscutum coriaceous. Notaulus conspicuous, complete, deep. Parapsidal furrow conspicuous, shorter than notaulus. Scutellum coriaceous. Scutellar groove deep with anterior margin straight, with posterior margin concave. Metanotum conspicuous with posterior margin groove present, with lateral fovea present. Propodeal disk polished with lateral carina present, with median carina present; incomplete posteriorly. Declivity of propodeum areolate-rugose. Anterior margin rugulose. Mesopleuron with mesopleural fovea deep. Pleurosternum with acetabular carina present. Wings Forewings with stigma developed. Basal vein is reaching the costal vein far from stigma. Forming three closed cells (costal, median and submedian). Hind wings with four subsequent distal hamuli. Legs Profemur enlarged. 1.4 × as long as wide. Metatrochanter with arched spine. Metafemur with proximal one long spine, distal one short spine, both in ventral anterior submedian line and with distal serrulate series in ventral posterior submedian line. Metasoma Metasoma 2.16 × longer than wider. Seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave. Hypopygium 1.5× as long as median stalk, with posterior margin strongly concave, with five setae, without protuberance. Genitalia Paramere shorter than basiparamere, 0.54 × as long as aedeagus, narrower than aedeagus, apex with setae present, base of dorsal
Material examined Holotype, male. Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N [ational] P[ark], TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 21–28.vii.2008, Paiboon leg. T3108 (QSBG). Paratypes. Thailand, Nkahon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark], TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 14–21.vii.2008, T3106 (4 males), 21–28.vii.2008, T3108 (8 males), 28.vii-3.viii.2008, T3104 (4 males), 4–11.viii.2008, T3107 (6 males), 11–18.viii.2008, T3109 (6 males), 18–25.viii.2008, T3103 (5 males), 15–22.x.2008, T4226 (4 males), 29.x-5.xi.2008, T4245 (3 males), Paiboon leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Klong Jang waterfall, 8°16.283′N 99°38.702′E, 154 m, Malaise trap, 29.xii.2008-5.i.2009, Samnaokan; S leg. T4290 (QSBG); (1 male), Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nem499, 8°16.959′N 99°39.149′E, 499 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.vii.2008, Chamarwut C. leg. T3098 (QSBG). Distribution Thailand. Variations Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. LFW 1.71–2.5 mm. Head 1.1–1.9× as long wide. WH 0.73–0.76 × LH. WF 0.6–0.7 × WH. WF 1.2–1.3× HE. VOL 0.4–0.5× HE. Profemur 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the pyramidal aspect of the protuberance on the base of dorsal margin of paramere. Remarks This species is similar to F. thomascokeri by having the metatrochanter with one spine, the metafemur with two spines and the head rectangular. However, this species has the metafemur with serrulate series in ventral posterior submedian line, the hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, the paramere with pyramid insertion based internal region and the basivolsella rectangular, whereas F. thomascokeri has swelling in ventral posterior submedian line, the hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, the paramere without pyramid insertion based region and the basivolsella triangular. Foenobethylus bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from the Brunei. Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner rounded; LFW 1.8–1.9 mm; WH 0.72–0.8 × LH; WF 1.0–1.1 × HE; notaulus complete and shallow; parapsidal furrow shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.2–1.3 × as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; aedeagus narrower, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella triangular. Material examined Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao W[ildlife] S[anctuary] (1 male), Headquarter, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 549 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008 (1 male), and Nature trail, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 491 m, Malaise trap, 10–17.iii.2008 (1 male), Songkran & Apichart leg. 3155 (QSBG); (1 male), Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], entrance of Hnong Pak Chee Trail, 14°27.115′N 101°21.951′E, 733 m, Malaise trap, 26.v-2.vi.2007, Wirat Sukho leg. T2273 (QSBG).
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Foenobethylus elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Malaysia. Now it is recorded for the first time from Indonesia. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner rounded; LFW 1.6–1.7 mm; WH 0.72–0.8× LH; WF 1.0–1.1× HE; notaulus complete and deep; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli, hypopygium 1.1× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin concave and sinuous; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella triangular. Material examined Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (2 males), Mangole, near Buya, Mal[aise] trap 15, c[= about] 445 m, 13.x-2.xi.1993, C.v. Achterberg (RMNH); (2 males), Sula Isl[and], Mangole, Buluhaya, Mal[aise] trap 18, c[= about] 90 m, 6–23.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH). Foenobethylus emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Now it is recorded for the first time from Chaiyaphum, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Kanchanaburi and Suphanburi. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner slightly rounded; LFW 1.8–1.9 mm; WH 0.8–0.9× LH; WF 1.6–1.7× HE; notaulus incomplete and shallow; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wing with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.0× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin concave and sinuous; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned digitus; basivolsella triangular. The metafemur of this species has a small tooth placed distal to the proximal spine, however in some specimens this tooth is absent, which is a remarkable variation considering that the character states of the spines and tooth of the metaleg are the most important one to delimit the species in this genus. Material examined Thailand (1 male), Phitsanulock, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P [ark], Staff house (Gang Sopa waterfall), 16°52.677′N 100°49.257′E, 486 m, Malaise trap, 4–12.xi.2006, Pongpitak Pranee leg. T770 (QSBG); (1 male), Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark], Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°34.360′N 100°52.827′E, 725 m, Malaise trap, 16–22.i.2007, Pongpitak & Sathit, leg. T1579 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Lawn near Sab Somboon forest unit, 16°00.792′N 101°58.472′E, 648 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi.2006, Tawit Jaruphan leg T1139 (QSBG); (1 male), Near water tank, 15°58.426′N 102°02.240′E, 265 m, Malaise trap, 26.ii-2.iii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong, leg. T1735 (QSBG); (1 male), Nursey at head water area, 15°58.344′N 102°02.169′E, 257 m, 12–19.ii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong, leg. T1731 (QSBG); (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, 24–31.vii.2008, Saunbua L. leg. T3140 (QSBG); Kanchanaburi, Khuen Srinagarindra N[ational] P[ark] (2 males), Huay Mae Kamint/Tourist center, 14°38.312′N 98°59.643′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.iii.2009, Somboon & Daorueng leg. T4777 (QSBG); behind tourist center, 14°38.155′N 98°59.85′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 15– 22.viii.2008, Chatchawan leg. T3420 (1 male), 28.viii-4.ix.2008, Chatchawan leg. T3422 (1 male), and 22–28.viii.2008, Chatchawan & Boonkam leg. T3421 (1 male) (QSBG); Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark], Laem Sala beach, 12°12.234′N 100°0.767′E, Malaise trap, 29.vi-6.vii.2008, T3015 (4 males), and 6– 13.vii.2008, T3012 (2 males) Amnad & Yai leg. (QSBG); (3 males),
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200 m/S of Checkpoint1, 12°12.789′N 99°58.662′E, Malaise trap, 19–26.x.2008, Yai, Amnad leg. T4105 (QSBG); (1 male), 100 m/W of Tham-Namthip, 12°12.851′N 99°56.276′E, Malaise trap, 12–19.x.2008, Sorat, Yai, Amnad leg. T4100 (QSBG). Foenobethylus thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Malaysia. Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand and Indonesia. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner slightly rounded; LFW 1.7–1.8 mm; WH 0.8–0.85 × LH; WF 1.0–1.1 × HE; notaulus complete and shallow; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.6× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella rounded. Material examined Thailand (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, Malaise trap, 16– 23.vii.2008, Saunbua. L. leg T3145 (QSBG); Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Laem Sala beach, 12°12.234′N 100°0.767′E, Malaise trap, 6–13.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg T3012 (QSBG); (1 male), Nature education center, 12°14.48′N 99°56.023′E, Malaise trap, 13–20.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg T3026 (QSBG); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959′N 99°39.149′E, 499 m, Malaise trap, 20–27.vii.2008, Samnaokan S. leg T3097 (QSBG); (1 male), TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 18–25.viii.2008, Paiboon leg T3103 (QSBG); Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (6 males), Mangole, Buluhaya, Mal[aise] trap18, c[about] 90 m, 6–23.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH); (2 males), Sula Isl[and], Mangole, near Buya, Mal[aise] trap 13, c[= about] 465 m, 13.x-2.xi.1993, C.v. Achterberg (RMNH). Foenobethylus gracilis Kieffer, 1913 This species was known only from the holotype Philippines, which was redescribed by Azevedo and Lanes (2007). Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand. In this series, the LFW varies from 1.7 to1.8 mm; WH 0.92× LH; WF 1.2× HE. Material examined Thailand, Sakon Nakhon (1 male), Phu Phan N[ational] P[ark], Dry evergreen near house no. 1567, 16°48.627′N 103°53.511′E, 512 m, Malaise trap, 4–10.vi.2007, Winton Kongnara leg. T2492 (QSBG); (1 male), Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark], Pine forest Gang wang nam yen, 16°35.789′N 100°52.286′E, 769 m, Malaise trap, 4–11.i.2007, Pongpitak and Sathit leg. T1291 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Thung Dok Kra Jeow in Dry evergreen, 15°38.438′N 101°23.576′E, 780 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.i.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T1454 (QSBG); (1 male), Dry evergreen forest at Lan Hin Nor, 15°37.54′N 101°23.313′E, 673 m, Malaise trap, 21–27.iii.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T2335 (QSBG); (1 male), Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], secondary dry evergreen forest, 14°24.931′N 101°22.627′E, 751 m, Pan trap, 9–10.i.2007, Wirat Sookkho leg. T1408 (QSBG). Foenobethylus thaianus (Terayama, 1998) comb. nov. Parascleroderma thaiana was described by Terayama (1998) based on a series of nine Thai specimens. He did not describe any aspect of the metafemur. However we are able to examined the holotype and three paratypes, and we realized that all specimens have the
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metafemur with two spines. This feature addresses this species directly to Foenobethylus, so we considered it because Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. One additional remark worthies point out. Fernanda Gobbi (pers. comm.) in a recent visit to Royal Alberta Museum observed that one male from Khao Yai National Park collected by E. Fuller in 18–24.iv.1990 of type series is Apenesia rather than a Foenobethylus. This species was known only from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Now it is recorded for the first time from Chaiyaphum, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Kanchanaburi and Suphanburi. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: hind wing with four subsequent distal hamuli; metatrochanter without spine; metafemur with two acute ventral spines along midline, proximal one long and distal one small; seventh metasomal sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; hypopygium 1.2 × as long as median stalk; posterior margin strongly concave, with four setae, without protuberance; genitalia with paramere shorter than basiparamere; 0.45 × as long as aedeagus; narrower than aedeagus; aedeagus narrower; 2.5 × as long as wide, apex aedeagus in the same apex digitus height; basivolsella rectangular. In this series, the body length varies from 2.3 to 2.49 mm; LFW 1.49– 1.51 mm; LH 1.0–1.2× WH; WH 1–1.2× LH; WF 0.75–0.81× WH; WF 1.5–1.7× HE; VOL 0.84–0.87× HE; and the aedeagus 2.3–2.5× as long as wide. This species is similar to F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 by having the metatrochanter without spine, and the metafemur with two spines in ventral midline. However F. thaianus has the head 1.0× as long as wide, the ocellar triangle far from vertex, the posterior margin hypopygium strongly concave and the basivolsella rectangular, whereas F. bidentatus has the head 1.5 × as long as wide, the ocellar triangle near the vertex, the posterior margin hypopygium weakly concave and the basivolsella triangular. Type material examined Holotype male, Thailand, Bangkok, 180 km W. E., Khao Yai N [ational] P[ark], 780 m 10–16.iv. 1990, M[alaise] t[rap] 2, Moist Semi Evergreen Forest, B. V. Brown (PMAE); Paratype: (1 male), Bangkok, W. E. 180 km, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], 780 m, 18–24.iv.1990, M[alaise] T [rap], Moist Semi Evergreen Forest, B. V. Brown (PMAE); (1 male), Khao Yai Nat[ional] Park, 40 km S[outh] of Pak Chong Site 1, M[alaise] T[rap], Forest Edge, 10–19.xi.1898, T. W. Thormin (PMAE); (1 male), Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai National Park, 700–800, 18–24.iv.1990, Forest, M[alaise] T[rap], E. Fuller (PMAE). New material examined Thailand, Nkahon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 15–22.x.2008, Paiboon leg. T4226 (QSBG); (1 male), Klong Jang waterfall, 8°14.283′N 99°38.702′E, 154 m, Malaise trap, 23.ii2.iii.2009, Samnaokan S. leg. T4665 (QSBG); Petchaburi, Kaeng Krachan N[ational] P[ark], Panaemthung/km 27, 12°49.302′N 99°22.263′E, Malaise trap, 4–11.xii.2008, T4399 (1 male), and 4–11.ii.2009, T4412 (5 males), Sirichai leg. (QSBG); km 33/helipad, 12°50.177′N 99°.20.688′ E, 735 m, Malaise trap, 4–11.xii.2008, T4393 (3 males), and 11– 18.ii.2009, T4415 (3 males) Sirichai leg. (QSBG); Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Khao Prabaht peak/150 m S of forest base, 12°50.45′N 102°9.81′E, 875 m, Malaise trap, 27.ii-6.iii.2009, Suthida & Charoenchai leg. T4046 (QSBG); (1 male), Tung Pane unit/150 m into nature trail, 12°50.88′N 102°12.26′E, 122 m, Malaise trap, 27.xii.2008-3.i.2009, Suthida & Charoenchai leg. T3996 (QSBG); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Behind Headmasters House, 14°24.781′N 101°22.689′E, 770 m, Malaise trap, 26.vii.2.viii.2006, Pong Sandao, leg, T153 (QSBG); (1 male), Tail of Nhong Pak Chee, 14°27.167′N 101°21.850′E,
758 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.xi.2006, Pong Sandao leg. T989 (QSBG); (3 males), Dong Ngu How area, 14°28.524′N 101°22.928′E, 757 m, Malaise trap, 26.xii.2006-2.i.2007, Wirat Sook Kho leg. T1312 (QSBG); (1 male), Kanchanaburi, Khuen Srinagarinda N[ational] P[ark], Tha Thung-na/Chong Kraborg, 14°29.972′N 98°53.035′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.ii.2009, Boonnam & Phumarin leg. T4766(QSBG); (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, Malaise trap, 16–23.vii.2008, Saunbua L. leg. T3145 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Dipterocap forest, 15°38.099′N 101°23.921′E, 698 m, Malaise trap, 19– 25.ii.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T1653 (QSBG); (2 males), Dry evergreen forest (Thepana wat[e]rfall), 15°38.884′N 101°25.84′E, 605 m, Malaise trap, 7–13.x.2006, T661 (01 male) and 13–19.x.2006, T664 (01 male), Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Dry evergreen forest at Lan Hin Nau, 15°37.540′N 101°23.313′E, 673 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.ix. 2006, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T846 (QSBG); Car park at Thung Dok Kra Jeow, 15°38.391′N 101°23.609′E, 750 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.i.2007 T1453 (01 male) and 7– 13.i.2007 T1456 (01 male), Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong N[ational] P[ark], Chong Yen, 16°5.968′N 99°6.472′E, 1306 m, Malaise trap, 1–3.xii.2007, Chumpol Piluk & Aram Impuang leg. T 2822 (QSBG); Phetchabun, Khao Kho N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Mixed deciduous forest at Ta Phol river, 16°32.539′N 101°2.483′E, 242 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi. 2006, Somchai Chachumnam & Saink Singhtong leg. T972 (QSBG); Mix deciduous, 16°39.572′N 101°08.194′E, 171 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.i. 2007, T1391 (1 male), and 12–19.i.2007, T134 (1 male), Somchai Chachuman & Saink Singtong leg. (QSBG); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°34.339′N 100°53.425′E, 758 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.i.2007, Pongpitak & Sathit leg. T1584 (QSBG); Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°36.587′N 100°53.395′E, Malaise trap, 16–22.xi.2006, T1157 (1 male), 29.xi-6.xii.2006, T1164 (1 male), and 22–29.xi.2006 T1162 (1 male) (QSBG); Phetchabun, Nam Nao N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Forest check point, 16°43.687′N 101°33.754′E, 924 m, Malaise trap, 13–20.xi.2006, Noopean Hongyothi leg. T1019 (QSBG); (1 male), Checkpoint, 16°43.695′N 101°33.797′E, 921 m, Malaise trap, 1–8.iii.2007, Noopean Hongyothi leg. T2285 (QSBG); (2 males), Hell evergreen forest, 16°44.402′N 101°34.56′E, 883 m, Malaise trap, 20–27.xi.2006, Leng Jantiep leg. T1326 (QSBG); (1 male), Nong Bua Lampoo, Phu Kao-Phu Phan Kham N[ational] P[ark], tank, 16°48.400′N 102°36.893′E, 199 m, Malaise trap, 27.vii-2.viii.2006, Rakkiat Singhatip leg. T90 (QSBG); (1 male), Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan N [ational] P[ark], North of well, 17°03.543′N 103°58.452′E, 312 m, Malaise trap, 17–23.i.2007, Sailom Tongboonchai leg. T1522 (QSBG); Loei, Phu Ruea N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Subhnonghin, 17°28.772′N 101°21.308′ E, 860 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.vii.2006, Patikhom Tamtip leg. T310 (QSBG); (1 male), Hua Dong Tham Sun, 17°29.540′N 101°20.995′E, 1130 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1115 (QSBG); (2 males), Ma Kraow ditch, 17°29.652′N 101°21.020′E, 1167 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1119 (QSBG); (1 male), Nem Pitsawong, 17°29.676′N 101°21.093′E, 1168 m, Malaise trap, 19–26.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1123 (QSBG); (1 male), Nature trail, 17°30.740′N 101°20.650′E, 1353 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.ix.2006, Nukoonchai Jaroenchai leg. T825 (QSBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon N[ational] P[ark] (2 males), checkpoint 2, 18°31.559′N 98°29.941′E, 1700 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.x.2006, Y. Areeluck leg. T365 (QSBG); (3 males), Vachirathan Fall, 18°32.31′N 98°36.048′E, 700 m, Malaise trap, 23.ii-2.iii.2007, Y. Areeluck leg. T1772 (QSBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao W[ildlife] S[anctuary] (2 males), Headquarter, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 549 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008, Songkran & Apichart leg. T3150 (QSBG); Headquarter, 19°57.961′N 99°9.355′E, 569 m, Malaise trap, 7–14.ii.2008, T2936 (2 males), and 28.ii-7.iii.2008, T2939 (1 male) Seesom K. leg. (QSBG); Nature trail, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 491 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008, T3154 (3 males), and 10–17.iii.2008, T3155 (3 males), Songkran & Apichart leg. (QSBG). Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (1 male), Talibu, near Tubang, Mal
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[aise] trap 22, c[about] 50 m, 9–20.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Mathias Buck, Wichai Srisuka, Michael Sharkey, Guido Keijl and C. van Achterberg for loaning the material studied; to NSF grant #DEB-0542864 for the financial support of TIGER project (Thailand Inventory for Entomological Research); CNPq grants #301669/2010-4 and #501185/2010-0 for the fellowships provided to authors; to CNPq grants #562224/2010-6 (Programa de Taxonomia) and grant # 620068/2008-6 (Programa Casadinho), to FAPES/CNPq grant #52263010/2011 (PRONEX), and to FAPES grant #51185733/2010 (Programa Estratégico) for the financial support.
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References Azevedo, C.O., Lanes, G.O., 2007. Rediscovery of Oriental Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 with discussion of allied genus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Mitt. Int. Entomol. Ver. 32, 133–141. Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., Zurcher, E.J., 1993. User's Guide to the DELTA System: A General System for Processing Taxonomic Descriptions, 4th edition. (http:// biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/). Evans, H.E., 1964. A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 132, 1–222. Harris, R.A., 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occas. Pap. Entomol. 28, 1–31. Kieffer, J.J., 1913. Serphides des Iles Philippines. Insecta 3, 253–260. Liu, J., Chen, H., Xu, Z., 2011. Two new species of genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from China with a key to the known species. Zootaxa 2806, 53–59. Terayama, M., 1998. Discovery of the genus Parascleroderma Kieffer from Oriental region, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Entomol. Sci. 1, 129–132. Várkonyi, G., Polaszek, A., 2007. Rediscovery and revision of Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa 1546, 1–14.
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Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jape
Taxonomy of Foenobethylus Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of two new species Juliana R. Savergnini ⁎, Celso O. Azevedo Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29.040-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 17 January 2013 Revised 27 May 2013 Accepted 14 June 2013 Keywords: Chrysidoidea Pristocerinae Southeastern Asia New species
a b s t r a c t The genus Foenobethylus Kieffer from Southeastern Asia is studied, and seven species are recognized. Four previously described species are analyzed and had their known distribution broadened: F. gracilis Kieffer, F. elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, and F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek. Two new species are described and illustrated, F. sharkeyi sp. nov. is characterized by having the metatrochanter without spine and the metafemur with acute proximal spine; and F. pyramidis sp. nov. is characterized by having the metatrochanter with one spine and the metafemur with two spines. The following new combination is established: F. thaianus comb. nov. from Parascleroderma because it has the metafemur with two proximal spines. An update world key to the species of genus is provided. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society.
Introduction The Oriental genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 belongs to Pristocerinae. It was originally described based on one specimen from the Philippines. Foenobethylus is promptly recognized among the other genera of Pristocerinae by having the combination of the following characters: the elongate neck-like propleuron, the profemur swollen and the metafemur with spine or small teeth (Azevedo and Lanes, 2007; Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007). The females of Foenobethylus are still unknown. Currently the genus has seven described species, all of them are restricted in Southeastern Asia. The main goal of this paper is to provide the description of two new species and propose new combination.
The terms for structures generally follow Evans (1964) and nomenclature for integument sculpture follows Harris (1979). The abbreviation of measurements used in this study are as follows: LH, length of the head; WH, width of the head; WF, width of the frons; HE, height of the eye; OOL, ocello-ocular line; WOT, width of the ocellar triangle; DAO, diameter of the anterior ocellus; VOL, vertex-ocular line; and LFW, length of the forewing. The hypopygium length was measured from the median area of posterior margin to end of the median stalk. The descriptions were elaborated in DELTA (DEscriptive Language for TAxonomy) according to Dallwitz et al. (1993). The data from specimen labels presented at the item “Material examined” were literally transcribed without any modification. When indirect information was added, it is represented by [].
Materials and methods Systematic Accounts This study is based on examination of specimens from the following institutions: PMAE — Royal Alberta Museum, Canada (Mathias Buck), QSBG — Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, Thailand (Wichai Srisuka), RMNH — Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands (Guido Keijl). The Thai material was collected under the scope of “Thailand Inventory Group for Entomological Research” project (grant #DEB-0542864) coordinated by Michael Sharkey from University of Kentucky (U.S.A.).
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 27 33430895. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.R. Savergnini), [email protected] (C.O. Azevedo).
Genus Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913, 3: 257–258. Type-species: Foenobethylus gracilis Kieffer, by original designation, by monotypy. Diagnosis Male. Body flattened and slightly elongate. Mandibles with five teeth. Eyes glabrous. Gena short. Malar space very reduced. Antennae with 11 flagellomeres Prosternum elongated neck-like, propleuron exposed in dorsal view; pronotal disk without anterior carina. Forewing with costal, median and submedian cells closed; basal vein reaching subcostal vein far from stigma. Genitalia with
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.06.004
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paramere wide with distinct thick setae; aedeagus stout. Female. Unknown. Ten Foenobethylus species were recognized as belonging to the Thai fauna included, of which seven had already been described, namely,
F. gracilis Kieffer, F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, F. hainanensis Liu et al., 2011, F. zhejiangensi Liu et al., 2011, F. elongates Várkonyi and Polaszek and F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek; a new combination of Parascleroderma thaiana
Figs. 1–6. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (1–2), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (3–4), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (5–6), head in dorsal view (1, 3, 5), mesosoma in dorsal view (2, 4, 6).
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Terayama to Foenobethylus; and two new species F. sharkeyi sp. nov. and F. pyramidis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–6). Key to males of Foenobethylus (modified from Azevedo and Lanes, 2007). 1. Metatrochanter without ventral spine…2. - Metatrochanter with ventral spine…7. 2(1). Metafemur with one spine (Thailand)… F. sharkeyi sp. nov. - Metafemur with two spines…3. 3(2). Metafemur with one short proximal spine and with distal protuberance with serrulate series in lateroventral edge…4. - Metafemur with two ventral spines along midline, without serrulate series…5. 4(3). Hypopygium with posterior margin concave, concavity with pair of inner calli (Philippines) …F. gracilis Kieffer. - Hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, concavity without inner calli (Zhejiang)…F. zhejiangensi Liu et al., 2011. 5(3). Aedeagus wide, 2.0 × as long as wide (Hainan)…F. hainanensis Liu et al., 2011. - Aedeagus narrower, 1.2× as long as wide…6. 6(5). Basivolsella triangular, hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, 1.2× as long as wide (Thailand)…F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek. - Basivolsella rectangular, hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, 1.4× as long as wide (Thailand)…F. thaianus comb. nov. 7(1). Metafemur with long proximal spine, 0.5× as long as metafemur width (Fig. 8)…8. - Metafemur with short proximal spine, 0.6 as long as metafemur width (Fig. 12)…9. 8(7). Metafemur with distal spine and median swelling on lateroventral edge (Thailand)…F. emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek. - Metafemur with proximal spine and distal short median spine (Malaysia)…F. elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek. 9(7). Hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, base of paramere with triangular protuberance on dorsal margin (Thailand)…F. pyramidis sp. nov. - Hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, base of paramere without triangular protuberance on dorsal margin (Malaysia)…F. thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek. Foenobethylus sharkeyi Savergnini and Azevedo, sp. nov. Diagnosis Head rectangular; notaulus incomplete and shallow; mesopleuron with shallow fovea; metatrochanter without spine; metafemur with proximal acute spine; hypopygium with posterior margin concave and strong protuberance; paramere narrower than basiparamere; aedeagus wide. Description Holotype. Male. Body 3.5 mm. LFW 1.9 mm. Colors Head and mesosoma dark castaneous; metasoma castaneous; scape light castaneous; pedicel pale castaneous; flagellum castaneous; mandible castaneous; palpi pale castaneous; tegula castaneous; wings hyaline; wing venation light castaneous; castaneous; light castaneous; forecoxa, trochanters, femora and tibiae castaneous; mesocoxa, metacoxa and tarsi light castaneous. Head Head rectangular and elongate, 1.1× as long as wide. Frons coriaceous, with punctures sparse. Malar space very reduced. Eyes glabrous, touching mandible base at upper corner. Mandible 0.28× as long as WH, with four
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sharpened teeth. Maxillary palpus with four segments. Clypeus with median lobe truncate, with median carina present. WH 0.78× LH. WF 0.55× WH. WF 1.5× HE. OOL 0.15× WOT. VOL 1.1× HE. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle obtuse. Temple divergent anterad. Corner rounded. Vertex slightly convex. First four antennal segments in ratio about 4:1:2:2, pedicel 0.5× as long as scape. Occipital carina complete. Mesosoma Mesosoma weakly coriaceous. Pronotal collar narrow. Pronotal disk coriaceous, with lateral faces strongly concave, without anterior carina. Mesoscutum coriaceous. Notaulus conspicuous, incomplete and shallow (Figs. 7–12). Parapsidal furrow conspicuous, shorter than notaulus. Scutellum coriaceous. Scutellar groove deep, with anterior margin weakly convex, with posterior margin weakly concave. Metanotum conspicuous, with posterior margin groove present with lateral fovea present. Propodeal disk polished with lateral carina present with median carina present, incomplete posteriorly. Declivity of propodeum areolate-rugose with anterior margin rugulose. Mesopleuron with mesopleural fovea shallow. Pleurosternum with acetabular carina present. Wings Forewings with stigma developed. Basal vein is reaching the costal vein far from stigma. Forming three closed cells (costal, median and submedian). Hind wings with four subsequent distal hamuli. Legs Profemur enlarged, 1.3× as long as wide. Metatrochanter without spine. Metafemur with proximal one acute spine in ventral midline (Figs. 13–21). Metasoma Metasoma 2.0× longer than wider. Seventh sternite with posterior margin concave. Hypopygium 2.5× as long as median stalk. Posterior margin strongly concave, with protuberance present, with four setae. Genitalia Paramere shorter than basiparamere. 0.28 × as long as aedeagus, narrower than aedeagus, apex with setae present. Aedeagus wide, 2.5× as long as wide, apex aedeagus in the same apex digitus height. Basivolsella triangular. Material examined Holotype, male, Thailand, Phetchabun, Nam Nao N[ational] P[ark], Checkpoint, 16°43.637′N 101°33.754′E, 924 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.iii.2007, Leng Janteab leg. T2293 (QSBG). Paratypes, Thailand (1 male), Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark], Nursey, 12°7.58′N 99°57.478′E, Malaise trap, 6–13.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg. T3035 (QSBG); (1 male), Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan N [ational] P[ark], North of well, 17°03.543′N 103°58.452′E, 312 m, Malaise trap, 17–23.i.2007, Sailom Tongbonchai leg. T1522 (QSBG); (1 male), C. VIETNAM, Thua Thien Hue, Phong Dien, N.R., nr. base camp, 12 km, W Phong My, c [= about] 60 m, 24 iii-6 iv 2001, Mal [aise] traps, C.v. Achterberg & R. de Vries (RMNH). Distribution Thailand and Vietnam. Variations Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. LFW 1.8–1.9 mm. Head 1.0–1.2× as long as wide. WH 0.8 × LH. WF 0.62 × WH. WF 1.4 × HE. VOL 0.94–1.2× HE. Profemur 1.2–1.3× as long as wide. Etymology The specific epithet is named after Michael Sharkey for his great contribution of Thai Hymenoptera Taxonomy.
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Figs. 7–12. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (7–8), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (9–10), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (11–12), mesosoma in lateral view (7, 9, 11), metaleg in lateral view (8, 10, 12).
Remarks This species is similar to F. thomascokeri by having the rectangular head, the notauli incomplete, and the metanotum with posterior margin groove. However this species has the apex of aedeagus 1.4× as long as
wide, the metatrochanter without spine and the metafemur with proximal one acute spine in ventral midline, whereas F. thomascokeri has the apex of aedeagus 1.2× as long as wide, the metatrochanter with one spine and the metafemur with proximal one acute spine, small distal
Figs. 13–21. Foenobethylus sharkeyi n. sp. (13–15), Foenobethylus pyramidis n. sp. (16–18), Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. (19–21), hypopygium (13, 16, 19), genitalia in dorsal (14, 17, 20), genitalia in ventral view (15, 18, 21).
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serrulate series in anterior submedian line and distal swelling in the posterior submedian line.
margin with triangular protuberance. Aedeagus wide, 2.21 × as long as wide, apex aedeagus shorter than digitus. Basivolsella rectangular.
Foenobethylus pyramidis Savergnini and Azevedo, sp. nov. Diagnosis Head rectangular, fairly strongly in behind aspect; notaulus complete and deep; mesopleuron with deep fovea; metafemur with two spines, one proximal and other distal; metatrochanter with one spine; hypopygium with posterior margin concave, protuberance absent; base of dorsal margin of paramere with triangular protuberance and aedeagus wide. Description Holotype. Male. Body 3.2 mm. LFW 1.71 mm. Colors Head and mesosoma dark castaneous; metasoma castaneous; scape light castaneous; pedicel pale castaneous; flagellum light castaneous; mandible castaneous; palpi pale castaneous; tegula castaneous; wings hyaline; wing venation light castaneous; coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae castaneous; tarsi light castaneous. Head Head rectangular, 1.14× as long as wide. Frons coriaceous, with punctures sparse. Malar space very reduced. Eyes glabrous, touching mandible base at upper corner. Mandible 0.55× as long as WH, with four sharpened teeth. Maxillary palpus with four segments. Median carina present. WH 0.74× LH. WF 0.7× WH. WF 1.27× HE. OOL 1.21× WOT. VOL 0.5× HE. Frontal angle of ocellar triangle obtuse. Temple divergent anterad. Corner rounded. Vertex straight. First four antennal segments in ratio about 5:2:3:3, pedicel 0.55× as long as scape. Occipital carina complete. Mesosoma Mesosoma weakly coriaceous. Pronotal collar narrow. Pronotal disk coriaceous, with lateral faces strongly concave, without anterior carina. Mesoscutum coriaceous. Notaulus conspicuous, complete, deep. Parapsidal furrow conspicuous, shorter than notaulus. Scutellum coriaceous. Scutellar groove deep with anterior margin straight, with posterior margin concave. Metanotum conspicuous with posterior margin groove present, with lateral fovea present. Propodeal disk polished with lateral carina present, with median carina present; incomplete posteriorly. Declivity of propodeum areolate-rugose. Anterior margin rugulose. Mesopleuron with mesopleural fovea deep. Pleurosternum with acetabular carina present. Wings Forewings with stigma developed. Basal vein is reaching the costal vein far from stigma. Forming three closed cells (costal, median and submedian). Hind wings with four subsequent distal hamuli. Legs Profemur enlarged. 1.4 × as long as wide. Metatrochanter with arched spine. Metafemur with proximal one long spine, distal one short spine, both in ventral anterior submedian line and with distal serrulate series in ventral posterior submedian line. Metasoma Metasoma 2.16 × longer than wider. Seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave. Hypopygium 1.5× as long as median stalk, with posterior margin strongly concave, with five setae, without protuberance. Genitalia Paramere shorter than basiparamere, 0.54 × as long as aedeagus, narrower than aedeagus, apex with setae present, base of dorsal
Material examined Holotype, male. Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N [ational] P[ark], TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 21–28.vii.2008, Paiboon leg. T3108 (QSBG). Paratypes. Thailand, Nkahon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark], TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 14–21.vii.2008, T3106 (4 males), 21–28.vii.2008, T3108 (8 males), 28.vii-3.viii.2008, T3104 (4 males), 4–11.viii.2008, T3107 (6 males), 11–18.viii.2008, T3109 (6 males), 18–25.viii.2008, T3103 (5 males), 15–22.x.2008, T4226 (4 males), 29.x-5.xi.2008, T4245 (3 males), Paiboon leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Klong Jang waterfall, 8°16.283′N 99°38.702′E, 154 m, Malaise trap, 29.xii.2008-5.i.2009, Samnaokan; S leg. T4290 (QSBG); (1 male), Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nem499, 8°16.959′N 99°39.149′E, 499 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.vii.2008, Chamarwut C. leg. T3098 (QSBG). Distribution Thailand. Variations Body length 3.2–3.5 mm. LFW 1.71–2.5 mm. Head 1.1–1.9× as long wide. WH 0.73–0.76 × LH. WF 0.6–0.7 × WH. WF 1.2–1.3× HE. VOL 0.4–0.5× HE. Profemur 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the pyramidal aspect of the protuberance on the base of dorsal margin of paramere. Remarks This species is similar to F. thomascokeri by having the metatrochanter with one spine, the metafemur with two spines and the head rectangular. However, this species has the metafemur with serrulate series in ventral posterior submedian line, the hypopygium with posterior margin strongly concave, the paramere with pyramid insertion based internal region and the basivolsella rectangular, whereas F. thomascokeri has swelling in ventral posterior submedian line, the hypopygium with posterior margin weakly concave, the paramere without pyramid insertion based region and the basivolsella triangular. Foenobethylus bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from the Brunei. Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner rounded; LFW 1.8–1.9 mm; WH 0.72–0.8 × LH; WF 1.0–1.1 × HE; notaulus complete and shallow; parapsidal furrow shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.2–1.3 × as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; aedeagus narrower, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella triangular. Material examined Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao W[ildlife] S[anctuary] (1 male), Headquarter, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 549 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008 (1 male), and Nature trail, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 491 m, Malaise trap, 10–17.iii.2008 (1 male), Songkran & Apichart leg. 3155 (QSBG); (1 male), Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], entrance of Hnong Pak Chee Trail, 14°27.115′N 101°21.951′E, 733 m, Malaise trap, 26.v-2.vi.2007, Wirat Sukho leg. T2273 (QSBG).
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Foenobethylus elongatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Malaysia. Now it is recorded for the first time from Indonesia. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner rounded; LFW 1.6–1.7 mm; WH 0.72–0.8× LH; WF 1.0–1.1× HE; notaulus complete and deep; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli, hypopygium 1.1× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin concave and sinuous; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella triangular. Material examined Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (2 males), Mangole, near Buya, Mal[aise] trap 15, c[= about] 445 m, 13.x-2.xi.1993, C.v. Achterberg (RMNH); (2 males), Sula Isl[and], Mangole, Buluhaya, Mal[aise] trap 18, c[= about] 90 m, 6–23.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH). Foenobethylus emiliacasellae Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Now it is recorded for the first time from Chaiyaphum, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Kanchanaburi and Suphanburi. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner slightly rounded; LFW 1.8–1.9 mm; WH 0.8–0.9× LH; WF 1.6–1.7× HE; notaulus incomplete and shallow; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wing with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.0× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin concave and sinuous; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned digitus; basivolsella triangular. The metafemur of this species has a small tooth placed distal to the proximal spine, however in some specimens this tooth is absent, which is a remarkable variation considering that the character states of the spines and tooth of the metaleg are the most important one to delimit the species in this genus. Material examined Thailand (1 male), Phitsanulock, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P [ark], Staff house (Gang Sopa waterfall), 16°52.677′N 100°49.257′E, 486 m, Malaise trap, 4–12.xi.2006, Pongpitak Pranee leg. T770 (QSBG); (1 male), Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark], Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°34.360′N 100°52.827′E, 725 m, Malaise trap, 16–22.i.2007, Pongpitak & Sathit, leg. T1579 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Lawn near Sab Somboon forest unit, 16°00.792′N 101°58.472′E, 648 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi.2006, Tawit Jaruphan leg T1139 (QSBG); (1 male), Near water tank, 15°58.426′N 102°02.240′E, 265 m, Malaise trap, 26.ii-2.iii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong, leg. T1735 (QSBG); (1 male), Nursey at head water area, 15°58.344′N 102°02.169′E, 257 m, 12–19.ii.2007, Tawit Jaruphan & Orawan Budsawong, leg. T1731 (QSBG); (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, 24–31.vii.2008, Saunbua L. leg. T3140 (QSBG); Kanchanaburi, Khuen Srinagarindra N[ational] P[ark] (2 males), Huay Mae Kamint/Tourist center, 14°38.312′N 98°59.643′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.iii.2009, Somboon & Daorueng leg. T4777 (QSBG); behind tourist center, 14°38.155′N 98°59.85′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 15– 22.viii.2008, Chatchawan leg. T3420 (1 male), 28.viii-4.ix.2008, Chatchawan leg. T3422 (1 male), and 22–28.viii.2008, Chatchawan & Boonkam leg. T3421 (1 male) (QSBG); Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark], Laem Sala beach, 12°12.234′N 100°0.767′E, Malaise trap, 29.vi-6.vii.2008, T3015 (4 males), and 6– 13.vii.2008, T3012 (2 males) Amnad & Yai leg. (QSBG); (3 males),
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200 m/S of Checkpoint1, 12°12.789′N 99°58.662′E, Malaise trap, 19–26.x.2008, Yai, Amnad leg. T4105 (QSBG); (1 male), 100 m/W of Tham-Namthip, 12°12.851′N 99°56.276′E, Malaise trap, 12–19.x.2008, Sorat, Yai, Amnad leg. T4100 (QSBG). Foenobethylus thomascokeri Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 This species was known only from Malaysia. Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand and Indonesia. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: malar space very reduced; eye glabrous; mandible with four apical teeth; clypeus with median lobe truncate; temple divergent anterad; vertex straight with corner slightly rounded; LFW 1.7–1.8 mm; WH 0.8–0.85 × LH; WF 1.0–1.1 × HE; notaulus complete and shallow; parapsidal furrow conspicuous and shorter than notaulus; hind wings with four distal hamuli; hypopygium 1.6× as long as wide; hypopygium and seventh sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; aedeagus wide, its apex aligned with apex of digitus; basivolsella rounded. Material examined Thailand (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, Malaise trap, 16– 23.vii.2008, Saunbua. L. leg T3145 (QSBG); Prachuab Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Laem Sala beach, 12°12.234′N 100°0.767′E, Malaise trap, 6–13.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg T3012 (QSBG); (1 male), Nature education center, 12°14.48′N 99°56.023′E, Malaise trap, 13–20.vii.2008, Amnad & Yai leg T3026 (QSBG); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Road to Khao Mhen, 150 m from Nern 499, 8°16.959′N 99°39.149′E, 499 m, Malaise trap, 20–27.vii.2008, Samnaokan S. leg T3097 (QSBG); (1 male), TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 18–25.viii.2008, Paiboon leg T3103 (QSBG); Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (6 males), Mangole, Buluhaya, Mal[aise] trap18, c[about] 90 m, 6–23.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH); (2 males), Sula Isl[and], Mangole, near Buya, Mal[aise] trap 13, c[= about] 465 m, 13.x-2.xi.1993, C.v. Achterberg (RMNH). Foenobethylus gracilis Kieffer, 1913 This species was known only from the holotype Philippines, which was redescribed by Azevedo and Lanes (2007). Now it is recorded for the first time from Thailand. In this series, the LFW varies from 1.7 to1.8 mm; WH 0.92× LH; WF 1.2× HE. Material examined Thailand, Sakon Nakhon (1 male), Phu Phan N[ational] P[ark], Dry evergreen near house no. 1567, 16°48.627′N 103°53.511′E, 512 m, Malaise trap, 4–10.vi.2007, Winton Kongnara leg. T2492 (QSBG); (1 male), Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark], Pine forest Gang wang nam yen, 16°35.789′N 100°52.286′E, 769 m, Malaise trap, 4–11.i.2007, Pongpitak and Sathit leg. T1291 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Thung Dok Kra Jeow in Dry evergreen, 15°38.438′N 101°23.576′E, 780 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.i.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T1454 (QSBG); (1 male), Dry evergreen forest at Lan Hin Nor, 15°37.54′N 101°23.313′E, 673 m, Malaise trap, 21–27.iii.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T2335 (QSBG); (1 male), Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], secondary dry evergreen forest, 14°24.931′N 101°22.627′E, 751 m, Pan trap, 9–10.i.2007, Wirat Sookkho leg. T1408 (QSBG). Foenobethylus thaianus (Terayama, 1998) comb. nov. Parascleroderma thaiana was described by Terayama (1998) based on a series of nine Thai specimens. He did not describe any aspect of the metafemur. However we are able to examined the holotype and three paratypes, and we realized that all specimens have the
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metafemur with two spines. This feature addresses this species directly to Foenobethylus, so we considered it because Foenobethylus thaianus comb. nov. One additional remark worthies point out. Fernanda Gobbi (pers. comm.) in a recent visit to Royal Alberta Museum observed that one male from Khao Yai National Park collected by E. Fuller in 18–24.iv.1990 of type series is Apenesia rather than a Foenobethylus. This species was known only from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Now it is recorded for the first time from Chaiyaphum, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Kanchanaburi and Suphanburi. Here we present additional features to the original description as follows: hind wing with four subsequent distal hamuli; metatrochanter without spine; metafemur with two acute ventral spines along midline, proximal one long and distal one small; seventh metasomal sternite with posterior margin weakly concave; hypopygium 1.2 × as long as median stalk; posterior margin strongly concave, with four setae, without protuberance; genitalia with paramere shorter than basiparamere; 0.45 × as long as aedeagus; narrower than aedeagus; aedeagus narrower; 2.5 × as long as wide, apex aedeagus in the same apex digitus height; basivolsella rectangular. In this series, the body length varies from 2.3 to 2.49 mm; LFW 1.49– 1.51 mm; LH 1.0–1.2× WH; WH 1–1.2× LH; WF 0.75–0.81× WH; WF 1.5–1.7× HE; VOL 0.84–0.87× HE; and the aedeagus 2.3–2.5× as long as wide. This species is similar to F. bidentatus Várkonyi and Polaszek, 2007 by having the metatrochanter without spine, and the metafemur with two spines in ventral midline. However F. thaianus has the head 1.0× as long as wide, the ocellar triangle far from vertex, the posterior margin hypopygium strongly concave and the basivolsella rectangular, whereas F. bidentatus has the head 1.5 × as long as wide, the ocellar triangle near the vertex, the posterior margin hypopygium weakly concave and the basivolsella triangular. Type material examined Holotype male, Thailand, Bangkok, 180 km W. E., Khao Yai N [ational] P[ark], 780 m 10–16.iv. 1990, M[alaise] t[rap] 2, Moist Semi Evergreen Forest, B. V. Brown (PMAE); Paratype: (1 male), Bangkok, W. E. 180 km, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark], 780 m, 18–24.iv.1990, M[alaise] T [rap], Moist Semi Evergreen Forest, B. V. Brown (PMAE); (1 male), Khao Yai Nat[ional] Park, 40 km S[outh] of Pak Chong Site 1, M[alaise] T[rap], Forest Edge, 10–19.xi.1898, T. W. Thormin (PMAE); (1 male), Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao Yai National Park, 700–800, 18–24.iv.1990, Forest, M[alaise] T[rap], E. Fuller (PMAE). New material examined Thailand, Nkahon Si Thammarat, Namtok Yong N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), TV aerial, 8°14.262′N 99°48.289′E, 966 m, Malaise trap, 15–22.x.2008, Paiboon leg. T4226 (QSBG); (1 male), Klong Jang waterfall, 8°14.283′N 99°38.702′E, 154 m, Malaise trap, 23.ii2.iii.2009, Samnaokan S. leg. T4665 (QSBG); Petchaburi, Kaeng Krachan N[ational] P[ark], Panaemthung/km 27, 12°49.302′N 99°22.263′E, Malaise trap, 4–11.xii.2008, T4399 (1 male), and 4–11.ii.2009, T4412 (5 males), Sirichai leg. (QSBG); km 33/helipad, 12°50.177′N 99°.20.688′ E, 735 m, Malaise trap, 4–11.xii.2008, T4393 (3 males), and 11– 18.ii.2009, T4415 (3 males) Sirichai leg. (QSBG); Chanthaburi, Khao Khitchakut N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Khao Prabaht peak/150 m S of forest base, 12°50.45′N 102°9.81′E, 875 m, Malaise trap, 27.ii-6.iii.2009, Suthida & Charoenchai leg. T4046 (QSBG); (1 male), Tung Pane unit/150 m into nature trail, 12°50.88′N 102°12.26′E, 122 m, Malaise trap, 27.xii.2008-3.i.2009, Suthida & Charoenchai leg. T3996 (QSBG); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Behind Headmasters House, 14°24.781′N 101°22.689′E, 770 m, Malaise trap, 26.vii.2.viii.2006, Pong Sandao, leg, T153 (QSBG); (1 male), Tail of Nhong Pak Chee, 14°27.167′N 101°21.850′E,
758 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.xi.2006, Pong Sandao leg. T989 (QSBG); (3 males), Dong Ngu How area, 14°28.524′N 101°22.928′E, 757 m, Malaise trap, 26.xii.2006-2.i.2007, Wirat Sook Kho leg. T1312 (QSBG); (1 male), Kanchanaburi, Khuen Srinagarinda N[ational] P[ark], Tha Thung-na/Chong Kraborg, 14°29.972′N 98°53.035′E, 210 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.ii.2009, Boonnam & Phumarin leg. T4766(QSBG); (1 male), Suphanburi, Pu Toei N[ational] P[ark], Pinus merkusii forest, 14°58.4′N 99°26.017′E, 763 m, Malaise trap, 16–23.vii.2008, Saunbua L. leg. T3145 (QSBG); Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Dipterocap forest, 15°38.099′N 101°23.921′E, 698 m, Malaise trap, 19– 25.ii.2007, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T1653 (QSBG); (2 males), Dry evergreen forest (Thepana wat[e]rfall), 15°38.884′N 101°25.84′E, 605 m, Malaise trap, 7–13.x.2006, T661 (01 male) and 13–19.x.2006, T664 (01 male), Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Dry evergreen forest at Lan Hin Nau, 15°37.540′N 101°23.313′E, 673 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.ix. 2006, Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. T846 (QSBG); Car park at Thung Dok Kra Jeow, 15°38.391′N 101°23.609′E, 750 m, Malaise trap, 1–7.i.2007 T1453 (01 male) and 7– 13.i.2007 T1456 (01 male), Katae Sa-nog & Buakaw Adnafai leg. (QSBG); (1 male), Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong N[ational] P[ark], Chong Yen, 16°5.968′N 99°6.472′E, 1306 m, Malaise trap, 1–3.xii.2007, Chumpol Piluk & Aram Impuang leg. T 2822 (QSBG); Phetchabun, Khao Kho N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Mixed deciduous forest at Ta Phol river, 16°32.539′N 101°2.483′E, 242 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi. 2006, Somchai Chachumnam & Saink Singhtong leg. T972 (QSBG); Mix deciduous, 16°39.572′N 101°08.194′E, 171 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.i. 2007, T1391 (1 male), and 12–19.i.2007, T134 (1 male), Somchai Chachuman & Saink Singtong leg. (QSBG); Phetchabun, Thung Salaeng Luang N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Gang Wang Nam Yen, 16°34.339′N 100°53.425′E, 758 m, Malaise trap, 22–29.i.2007, Pongpitak & Sathit leg. T1584 (QSBG); Kaeng Wang Nam Yen, 16°36.587′N 100°53.395′E, Malaise trap, 16–22.xi.2006, T1157 (1 male), 29.xi-6.xii.2006, T1164 (1 male), and 22–29.xi.2006 T1162 (1 male) (QSBG); Phetchabun, Nam Nao N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Forest check point, 16°43.687′N 101°33.754′E, 924 m, Malaise trap, 13–20.xi.2006, Noopean Hongyothi leg. T1019 (QSBG); (1 male), Checkpoint, 16°43.695′N 101°33.797′E, 921 m, Malaise trap, 1–8.iii.2007, Noopean Hongyothi leg. T2285 (QSBG); (2 males), Hell evergreen forest, 16°44.402′N 101°34.56′E, 883 m, Malaise trap, 20–27.xi.2006, Leng Jantiep leg. T1326 (QSBG); (1 male), Nong Bua Lampoo, Phu Kao-Phu Phan Kham N[ational] P[ark], tank, 16°48.400′N 102°36.893′E, 199 m, Malaise trap, 27.vii-2.viii.2006, Rakkiat Singhatip leg. T90 (QSBG); (1 male), Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan N [ational] P[ark], North of well, 17°03.543′N 103°58.452′E, 312 m, Malaise trap, 17–23.i.2007, Sailom Tongboonchai leg. T1522 (QSBG); Loei, Phu Ruea N[ational] P[ark] (1 male), Subhnonghin, 17°28.772′N 101°21.308′ E, 860 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.vii.2006, Patikhom Tamtip leg. T310 (QSBG); (1 male), Hua Dong Tham Sun, 17°29.540′N 101°20.995′E, 1130 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1115 (QSBG); (2 males), Ma Kraow ditch, 17°29.652′N 101°21.020′E, 1167 m, Malaise trap, 12–19.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1119 (QSBG); (1 male), Nem Pitsawong, 17°29.676′N 101°21.093′E, 1168 m, Malaise trap, 19–26.xi.2006, Patikhon Tumtip leg. T1123 (QSBG); (1 male), Nature trail, 17°30.740′N 101°20.650′E, 1353 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.ix.2006, Nukoonchai Jaroenchai leg. T825 (QSBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon N[ational] P[ark] (2 males), checkpoint 2, 18°31.559′N 98°29.941′E, 1700 m, Malaise trap, 5–12.x.2006, Y. Areeluck leg. T365 (QSBG); (3 males), Vachirathan Fall, 18°32.31′N 98°36.048′E, 700 m, Malaise trap, 23.ii-2.iii.2007, Y. Areeluck leg. T1772 (QSBG); Chiang Mai, Doi Chiang Dao W[ildlife] S[anctuary] (2 males), Headquarter, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 549 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008, Songkran & Apichart leg. T3150 (QSBG); Headquarter, 19°57.961′N 99°9.355′E, 569 m, Malaise trap, 7–14.ii.2008, T2936 (2 males), and 28.ii-7.iii.2008, T2939 (1 male) Seesom K. leg. (QSBG); Nature trail, 19°24.278′N 98°55.311′E, 491 m, Malaise trap, 3–10.iii.2008, T3154 (3 males), and 10–17.iii.2008, T3155 (3 males), Songkran & Apichart leg. (QSBG). Indonesia, Sula Isl[and] (1 male), Talibu, near Tubang, Mal
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[aise] trap 22, c[about] 50 m, 9–20.iii.1995, C.v. Achterberg & Y. Yasir (RMNH).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Mathias Buck, Wichai Srisuka, Michael Sharkey, Guido Keijl and C. van Achterberg for loaning the material studied; to NSF grant #DEB-0542864 for the financial support of TIGER project (Thailand Inventory for Entomological Research); CNPq grants #301669/2010-4 and #501185/2010-0 for the fellowships provided to authors; to CNPq grants #562224/2010-6 (Programa de Taxonomia) and grant # 620068/2008-6 (Programa Casadinho), to FAPES/CNPq grant #52263010/2011 (PRONEX), and to FAPES grant #51185733/2010 (Programa Estratégico) for the financial support.
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