Taxonomy of Levels of Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Product Development

9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and 9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and Control Available online at www.sciencedirect.com 9th Conference on Modelling, Management and 9th IFAC IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Manufacturing Modelling, Management and Control 9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Control Control Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Control Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Germany, August August 28-30, 28-30, 2019 2019

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Taxonomy of Levels of Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Taxonomy of Levels of Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Taxonomy Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Taxonomy of Levels of Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Product Development Taxonomy of of Levels Levels of of Sensing, Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to support New Product Development Product Development Product Development Development Product J. Miranda* P. Ponce*, J. M. Molina* A. Molina*

J. Miranda* P. Ponce*, J. M. Molina* A. Molina* J. Miranda* P. Ponce*, J. M. Molina* A. Molina* J. P. J. A. J. Miranda* Miranda* P. Ponce*, Ponce*, J. M. M.deMolina* Molina* A. Molina* Molina* * School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Mexico. * School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Mexico. (Tel: +52 (55) 54832020 Ext. 8281; e-mail: {jhonattan.miranda, pedro.ponce, jose.molina, armolina}@tec.mx). ** School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Mexico. of and Tecnologico Mexico City Mexico. (Tel: +52 (55) 54832020 Ext. 8281; e-mail: {jhonattan.miranda, pedro.ponce, jose.molina, armolina}@tec.mx). * School School of Engineering Engineering and Sciences, Sciences, Tecnologico de de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Campus, Mexico. (Tel: +52 (55) 54832020 Ext. 8281; e-mail: {jhonattan.miranda, pedro.ponce, jose.molina, armolina}@tec.mx). (Tel: +52 (55) 54832020 Ext. 8281; e-mail: {jhonattan.miranda, pedro.ponce, jose.molina, armolina}@tec.mx). (Tel: +52 (55) 54832020 Ext. 8281; e-mail: {jhonattan.miranda, pedro.ponce, jose.molina, armolina}@tec.mx). Abstract: Abstract: Abstract: Abstract: Abstract: Nowadays, there is a tendency to provide products not only with high sensing and smart capacities and Nowadays, there is a tendency to provide products not only with high sensing and smart capacities and capabilities but also with highto sustainable impactnot considering social, economic and environmental Nowadays, is provide only sensing and capacities Nowadays, there there is aaa tendency tendency to sustainable provide products products notconsidering only with with high high sensing and smart smart capacities and and capabilities but also with highto impactnot social, economic and environmental Nowadays, there is tendency provide products only with high sensing and smart capacities and factors. Therefore, companies must offer products that can be competitive in the market and solve social capabilities but also with high sustainable impact considering social, economic and environmental capabilities but also also with high high sustainable impact considering social, economic economic andand environmental factors. Therefore, companies must offer products thatconsidering can be competitive in the market solve social capabilities but with sustainable impact social, and environmental problemsTherefore, through the use of emerging technologies and can practices that allowinhigh and social better factors. companies must offer offer products that that be competitive competitive the customisation market and and solve solve factors. companies must products be the market problemsTherefore, through the use of emerging technologies and can practices that allowin high and social better factors. Therefore, companies must offer products that can be competitive in the customisation market social 3 and solve performance of products. Accordingly, the sensing, smart and sustainable product ‘S Product’ concept problems through through the the use use of of emerging emerging technologies technologies and and practices practices that that allow allow high high customisation customisation and better better problems and performance of products. Accordingly, the sensing,and smart and sustainable ‘S333 Product’ concept problems through the usethese of emerging practices allow product high customisation and better to has emerged to products. define types oftechnologies products. In this work, athat taxonomy of levels S333 Products 3of performance of Accordingly, the sensing, smart and sustainable product ‘S Product’ concept 3 performance of products. Accordingly, the sensing, smart and sustainable product ‘S Product’ concept has emerged of to products. define these types of products. In this work, a taxonomyproduct of levels ofProduct’ S3 Products to performance Accordingly, the sensing, smart and sustainable ‘S concept support New Product Development (NPD) is presented. Thus, the information generated using the 3by has emerged to define these types of products. In this work, a taxonomy of levels of S Products to 3by has emerged define these types of products. In this work, taxonomy of levels of S Products to support New to Product Development (NPD) is presented. Thus, aathe information generated using the has emerged to define these types of products. In this work, taxonomy of levels of S Products to proposed taxonomy will support the design process and obtain an early identification of the value support New Product Development (NPD) is presented. Thus, the information generated by using the support New Product Development (NPD) is presented. Thus, the information generated by using the proposed taxonomy will support the design process and obtain an early identification of the value support New Product Development (NPD) is presented. Thus, the information generated by using the proposition of products to be developed. Copyright © 2019 IFAC. proposed taxonomy will support the design process and obtain an early identification of the value proposed will support the process and obtain proposition of products to be developed. Copyright © 2019 proposed taxonomy taxonomy will support the design design process and IFAC. obtain an an early early identification identification of of the the value value proposition of products to be developed. Copyright © 2019 IFAC. proposition of products to be developed. Copyright © 2019 IFAC. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. proposition of products to be developed. Copyright © 2019Products, IFAC. New Product Development, Product Keywords: Sensing Products, Smart Products, Sustainable Keywords: Sensing Products, Smart Products, Sustainable Products, New Product Development, Product Design Keywords: Keywords: Sensing Sensing Products, Products, Smart Smart Products, Products, Sustainable Sustainable Products, Products, New New Product Product Development, Development, Product Product Design Keywords: Sensing Products, Smart Products, Sustainable Products, New Product Development, Product Design Design Design be complex or even simple systems with enough precision, 1. INTRODUCTION be complex or even simple systems with enough precision, accuracy andor data processing. The sustainable solutions are 1. INTRODUCTION be complex even simple systems with enough precision, be complex even simple systems with precision, accuracy andor processing. The sustainable solutions are 1. INTRODUCTION be complex ordata even simple systems with enough enough precision, 1. INTRODUCTION solutions focused on providing social, economic and and data processing. The sustainable solutions are The dynamics and1. INTRODUCTION social complexity of today have accuracy accuracy and data processing. The sustainable solutions are solutions focused on providing social, economic and and data processing. The sustainable solutions are The dynamics and social complexity of today have accuracy environmental positive impacts. These solutions consider the solutions focused on providing social, economic and significantly influenced the behaviour of consumers and The dynamics dynamics and and social social complexity complexity of of today today have have solutions solutions focused focused on impacts. providing social, economic and environmental positive These solutions consider the The on providing social, economic and The dynamics and social complexity of today have significantly influenced the behaviour of consumers and product lifecycle stages. Then, the manufacturing, use and environmental positive impacts. These solutions consider the users. Therefore, companies are redesigning their processes significantly influenced the behaviour of consumers and environmental positive impacts. These solutions consider the significantly influenced the behaviour of consumers and environmental positive impacts. These solutions consider the product lifecycle stages. Then, the use and users. Therefore, companies are redesigning their processes significantly influenced theand behaviour of consumers and end-of-life stages of products can manufacturing, be assessed, and the product lifecycle stages. Then, the manufacturing, use and by adopting new strategies practices that allow them to users. Therefore, companies are redesigning their processes product lifecycle stages. Then, the manufacturing, use and end-of-life of products can and users. Therefore, companies are redesigning their processes product lifecycle stages. Then, the manufacturing, use and stages be assessed, the users. Therefore, companies are redesigning their processes by adopting new strategies and practices that allow them to obtained results can be part of these solutions. Since there is end-of-life stages stages of of products can can be be assessed, assessed, and and the the be ready tonew react to these phenomena and to them remain by adopting strategies and practices that allow to end-of-life obtained results canofbe products part of these solutions. Since and therethe is by adopting strategies and practices that allow to end-of-life stages products can be assessed, be ready tonew react to these phenomena and to them remain by adopting new strategies and practices that allow them to much possible combination of solutions that could be obtained results can be part of these solutions. Since there is competitive in react the marketplace (Weichhart and et al.to 2016). In obtained be ready to to these phenomena remain results can be part of these solutions. Since there is much possible combination of solutions be ready to react to these phenomena and to remain obtained results can be part of these solutions. Since there is that could be 3 competitive in the marketplace (Weichhart et al. 2016). In be ready to react to these phenomena and to remain proposed in an S Product development process, in this work, much possible combination of solutions that could be this sense, they have begun to use new tools that allow them 3 competitive in the marketplace (Weichhart et al. 2016). In much possible combination of solutions that could be 3 competitive in the the marketplace (Weichhart et al.allow 2016). In much possible combination of solutions that could be proposed in an S Product development process, in this work, 3 this sense, they havemarketplace begun to use new tools et thatal. them 3 competitive in (Weichhart 2016). In it is proposed taxonomy of levels of Sprocess, Products to support 3 Product development in anaS in this work, to user’s behaviour be able to proposed 3 thisanalyse sense, the theyconsumer’s have begun begunand to use use new tools that thattoallow allow them 3 Product development proposed in in this work, 3 Products it is proposed of levels of Sprocess, to support this sense, they have to new tools them proposed in an anaS Staxonomy Product development process, inbe this work, analyse the 3 this sense, theyconsumer’s havethat begun tothe use new tools thattoallow them to and user’s behaviour be able to NPD. Therefore, the generated information can used to 3 it is proposed a taxonomy of levels of S Products to support offer new products meet desirable characteristics and to analyse the consumer’s and user’s behaviour to be able to 3 Products it is proposed a taxonomy of levels of S to support NPD. Therefore, the generated information can be used to to analyse the consumer’s and user’s behaviour to be able to it is proposed a taxonomy of levels of 3S Products to support offer new products that meet the desirable characteristics and to analyse the consumer’s and user’s behaviour to be able to provide insights to be considered in S Product development NPD. Therefore, the generated information can be used to needs that currently exist in society. In consequence, 3 offer new products that meet the desirable characteristics and NPD. Therefore, the generated information can be used to 3 Product provide insights to be considered in S development offer new products that meet the desirable characteristics and NPD. Therefore, the generated information can be used to In consequence, offer new products that exist meet the desirable characteristics and process. needs that currently in society. The rest to of be thisconsidered paper is structured as follow. Section provide insights insights to be considered in S S333 Product Product development companies are increasingly developing technology-based needs that currently exist in society. In consequence, provide in development process. of this paper is structured as follow. Section needs that currently exist in society. In consequence, provide insights to be considered in S Product development The rest 3 companies are increasingly developing needs thatusing currently exist technologies in society. technology-based In consequence, presents S33 paper Product concept isas to provide Thehow rest the of this this paper is structured structured asused follow. Section products emerging and considering 2process. companies are increasingly developing technology-based The rest of is follow. Section 2 presents how the S3 paper Product used to provide companies are increasingly developing technology-based process. The restand of this is structured asIn follow. Section concept is products using emerging technologies and considering process. companies are increasingly developing technology-based sensing, smart sustainable solutions. Section 3 is 3 2 presents presents how how the the S S3 Product Product concept concept is is used used to to provide provide current social, consumer and technology megatrends (Retief products using emerging technologies and considering 2 sensing, smart and sustainable In Section 3 is products using emerging technologies and considering 2 presents how the S Product concept is used to provide solutions. 3 current social, consumer and technology megatrends (Retief products using emerging technologies and considering summarised the design and development of S Products sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. In Section 33 by is et al. 2016.). Hence, companies are applying the concept of sensing, 3 current social, consumer and technology megatrends (Retief smart and sustainable solutions. In is 3Section summarised the design and development of S Products current social, consumer and technology megatrends (Retief sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. In Section 3 by is 3 et al. 2016.). Hence, companies are applying the concept of 3 current social, consumer and technology megatrends (Retief 3 using the S Products reference framework. Section 4 3 summarised the design and development of S Products by 'sensing, smart and sustainable (S )' not only in their 3 et al. 2016.). Hence, companies are applying the concept of 3 3 summarised the design and development of S Products by 3 et al. al. 2016.). 2016.). Hence, companies are(Sapplying applying concept of summarised 3)' not the the design and development of S by using the S Products reference framework. Section 44 3 Products 'sensing, smart and companies sustainableare only in their 3 et Hence, the concept of presents the proposed taxonomy of levels of S Products. In 3 3 using the S Products reference framework. Section operational and management functions but also in their 3 'sensing, smart and sustainable (S not only in 3 Products using the reference framework. Section 44 presents theS proposed taxonomy of levels of S333 Products. In 3)' 'sensing, smart and sustainable (S )' not using the S Products reference framework. Section functions but only also in in their 'sensing, smart and sustainable (S )' not only in their operational and management section 5,the it proposed is presented an example of how proposed 3the taxonomy of levels of S Products. In process of developing new products (Mauricio-Moreno et al. presents operational and management functions but also in their 3the presents the proposed taxonomy of levels of S Products. In section 5, it is presented an example of how proposed operational and management functions but also in their the proposed levels of S Products.and In process of developing new products (Mauricio-Moreno et al. presents operational and management but also their taxonomy use. taxonomy Finally, inofsection 6 conclusion section it presented an of the 2015, Chavarría-Barrientos et al.functions 2017, Miranda et al.in2017). process of developing new products (Mauricio-Moreno et al. section 5, 5, can it is is be presented an example example of how how the proposed proposed taxonomy can be use. Finally, in section 6 conclusion and process of developing new products (Mauricio-Moreno et al. section 5, it is presented an example of how the proposed 2015, Chavarría-Barrientos et al. 2017, Miranda et al. process of developing new products (Mauricio-Moreno et al. 3 2017). results are given. taxonomy can can be be use. Finally, Finally, in section section 6 conclusion and and To support New Product Development (NPD), anet Sal. Product 2015, Chavarría-Barrientos et al. 2017, Miranda 2017). taxonomy 3 2015, Chavarría-Barrientos et Miranda et 2017). results are given. 3 Product taxonomy can be use. use. Finally, in in section 66 conclusion conclusion and To support New Product Development 2015, Chavarría-Barrientos et al. al. 2017, 2017, (NPD), Miranda etSal. al. 2017). an 3 results are are given. given. Development Reference Framework was proposed by 3 Product To support New Product Development (NPD), an S results To support Product Development an are given. Development Reference Framework (NPD), was proposed by results To supportetNew New Product Development (NPD), an S S3 Product Product 2. SENSING, SMART AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS Miranda al.Reference 2017. Then, companies, designers, and Development Framework was proposed by Development Reference Framework was proposed by 2. SENSING, SMART SUSTAINABLE Miranda et al. 2017. Then, companies, designers, and Development Reference Framework was proposed by CONCEPTS 2. SENSING, SENSING, SMART SMART AND AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS PRODUCTS -communities of practice are guided by using a systematic Miranda et al. 2017. Then, companies, designers, and 2. AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS Miranda et al. 2017. Then, companies, designers, and CONCEPTS 2. SENSING, SMART AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS communities of practice are guided by using a systematic Miranda et al.provides 2017. Then, companies, designers, and CONCEPTS process which activities, tools design communities of practice are by a and systematic communities ofprovides practice specific are guided guided by using using systematic CONCEPTS emerged of the necessity to define process whichof specific activities, toolsaa and design The ‘S333 Product’ conceptCONCEPTS communities practice are guided by using systematic techniques to ensure thatspecific the product to betools developed will The ‘S3 Product’ concept emerged of the necessity to define process which provides activities, and design process which provides specific activities, and technology-based productsemerged that provide sensing and smart to betools developed will The 3 Product’ concept ‘S of the necessity to define process which provides specific activities, tools and design design techniques to ensure that the product ‘S concept of the necessity to provide sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. technology-based productsemerged that provide sensing and smart techniques to ensure that the product to be developed will The The ‘S3 Product’ Product’ concept emerged of theconsider necessitysustainable to define define techniques to that the product to capacities and capabilities and that also products that provide sensing and smart techniques to ensure ensure that the productsolutions. to be be developed developed will will technology-based provide sensing, smart and sustainable technology-based products that provide sensing and smart capacities and capabilities that also consider sustainable provide sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. technology-based that provide sensing and smart 3 productsand provide sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. objectives. An S Product is characterised by its functions, its and capabilities and that also consider sustainable provide sensing, smart the and development sustainable solutions. This work promotes of technology-based capacities 3 capacities and capabilities that also consider sustainable 3 Product isand objectives. An S characterised by its functions, its and capabilities and that also consider sustainable This work promotes the development of technology-based capacities 3 solutions, its physical composition and its interaction with the 3 Product objectives. An S is characterised by its functions, its products, so then, emerging technologies are used to get This work promotes the development of technology-based 3 Product objectives. An S is characterised by its functions, its This work promotes the development of technology-based solutions, its physical composition and its interaction with the objectives. An S Product is characterised by its functions, its products, sopromotes then, emerging technologies are used to get users This workdegrees the development of technology-based (human). In this composition work, the S333 and Product concept iswith usedthe to solutions, its physical composition and its interaction with the different of autonomy and connectivity in new products, so then, emerging technologies are used to get solutions, its physical its interaction products, so then, emerging technologies are used to get users In this work, the S Product concept is used to solutions, its physical composition and its interaction with the (human). different degrees ofemerging autonomy and connectivity into new 3 products, so then, technologies are used get analyse and identify the levels of sensing, smartness and 3 users (human). (human). In In this this work, work, the the S S3 Product Product concept concept is is used used to to products. Consequently, sensing and smart solutions in cannew be users different degrees of autonomy and connectivity different degrees of autonomy and connectivity in new analyse sensing, smartness and users (human). In this work, the S Product concept is used to and identify the levels of products. Consequently, sensing and smart solutions can be different degrees of autonomy and connectivitywhich in new sustainability in products. Then, the information obtained and are analyse and identify the levels of sensing, smartness and implemented by using a plurality of components can products. Consequently, sensing and smart solutions can be analyse and identify the levels of sensing, smartness products. Consequently, sensing and smart solutions can be sustainability in products. Then, the information obtained analyse and identify the levels of sensing, smartness and are implemented by using a plurality of components which can products. Consequently, sensing and smart solutions can be sustainability in products. Then, the information obtained are implemented implemented by by using using aaa plurality plurality of of components components which which can can sustainability sustainability in in products. products. Then, Then, the the information information obtained obtained are are implemented by using plurality of components which can

2405-8963 © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright 2019 responsibility IFAC 2434Control. Peer review© of International Federation of Automatic Copyright ©under 2019 IFAC 2434 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.563 Copyright © 2019 IFAC 2434 Copyright 2434 Copyright © © 2019 2019 IFAC IFAC 2434

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becoming valuable design insights that will be considered in an NPD.

promote the birth of enterprises, employment generation, profitability among others. (Gupta et al. 2015).

2.1 Sensing solutions in S3 Products

3. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SENSING, SMART AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS

Sensing solutions are composed of sensing systems which can be comprised of a plurality of sensors or even the human sense to detect events, acquire data, and measure changes that occur in a physical or virtual environment, so then the data collected is the primary input to the control system, then the functionality of the product will depend on the information collected by the sensing system. Some of the most common sensing solutions are applied in monitoring applications, autonomy systems, and optimisation systems (Porter and Heppelmann 2014). Currently, these solutions can use advanced sensing systems such as ‘sensor fusion’, ‘multi-sensor fusion’, ‘virtual sensors’ and ‘sensorless’ (Hofer and Schrodl 2009, Gan et al. 2016, Urbanski 2017). Another significant advance in sensing systems is the development of ‘smart sensors’, which are characterised to take place in a physical embedded system. Other technologies for interconnected application are ‘sensor networks’ and ‘wireless sensor networks’ (Miranda et al. 2017). 2.2 Smart solutions in S3 Products Smart solutions enable products which take advantage of current information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) (Miranda et al. 2018). The ‘smart’ concept connotes products that provide efficient decision-making processes and communication abilities. This type of products could use artificial intelligence control algorithms such as fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, among others, which play a crucial role in data processing. According to Porter and Heppelmann (2014) a smart product is composed of three core elements (i) physical components, which include mechanical and electrical/electronic parts, (ii) smart components, which include control systems, sensing systems, microprocessors, data storage, software and user interfaces and (iii) connectivity components including a plurality of ports, antennas and wired/wireless communication protocols. Also, ‘smart connected products’, ‘cyber-physical systems (CPS)’, ‘products based on smart materials’ can be considered as smart products. 2.3 Sustainable solutions in S3 Products Sustainable solutions consider environmental, social and economic factors. Therefore, sustainable products pursue reduced environmental impacts through the efficient use of materials, energy and manufacturing processes. The social factor is related to the contribution of products to people’s quality of life, considering priority areas such as health & well-being, education, culture and housing, at the level of an employee, a customer and community (Chavarría-Barrientos et al. 2017). Finally, the economic factor is related to provide products that enhance productivity and cost feasibility,

By applying the ‘S3’ concept for the design and development of new products, designers can carry out not only a systematic design process but also a conscious design process where sensing, smart and sustainable features and objectives are considered during all the design process. To create S3 products, the authors propose to use the “S3 product development reference framework” introduced in 2017 by Miranda et al. This reference framework guides designers to carry out a systematic design process where the activities to be performed are given, and the tools/techniques to be used are recommended. This reference framework is based on the Product Development Lifecycle; then it consists of four design stages (i) Product Ideation, (ii) Concept Design and Target Specification, (iii) Detailed Design and (iv) Prototyping. This reference framework provides a set of guidelines for the S3 Product design through the sensing, smart and sustainable domains. Therefore, specific activities and tools/techniques are recommended by following this reference framework. Examples of implementations using this reference framework have been presented in different sectors such as education, health & well-being and industry (Miranda et al. 2018). 4. TAXONOMY OF LEVELS OF SENSING, SMART AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS 4.1 Why define a taxonomy of levels of S3 Products? Currently, the S3 Product reference framework has been used to develop S3 Products. Nevertheless, this reference framework does not provide information on the levels of sensing, smartness, and sustainability of products. Therefore, in this work, the authors argue that it is necessary to offer references on the levels of sensing, smartness and sustainability of the products to get additional information to the designers and to better understand the needs of consumers and users. This information will be used to identify design insights to provide desirable features and solutions to consider during an S3 Product development process. Thus, the findings for why define a taxonomy of levels of S3 Products are listed below: (i) Improve product with the lowest levels of S3 solutions. (ii) Get products with different levels of S3 solutions. Then, designers could improve some of those levels. For example, increase the level of one of the solutions and remain the rest of the solutions in their same levels. (iii) Define scalability features in the products to be developed. Therefore, they could extend their product lifecycle. With the information provided, it is possible to visualise, how products after a time of being used, they could adopt emerging technologies in order to obtain an update. This update will provoke that products could be used for a longer time. Therefore, scalability can be related to updating any of the S3 solutions.

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(iv) Use the information provided by this taxonomy as a reference to identify different alternatives of S3 solutions to be applied in an NPD. (v) Make best decisions about the types of solutions to be implemented in an NPD. Therefore, designers have to identify which are the levels of S 3 to reach. (vi) Be focused on improving some specific features within an S3 Product level. And (vii) Make efficient use of the components that are incorporated into S3 Products.

Level 1 (Basic sensing). The use of basic physical sensing systems with separate analogue and digital circuitry within the product. At this level, the sensing system can be composed of a plurality of sensors with the separate data transmission system and a data acquisition module. The primary function of the sensors is to detect the presence of a stimulus and transmit it in an analogue or digital way to a control system.

The proposed taxonomy of levels of S3 Products was defined according to an analysis of existing product functionalities, types of technologies used on them and existing data of product lifecycle assessments. Also, a literature review was carried out to validate the findings obtained (Vagia et al. 2016, Jayal, et al. 2010). The proposed taxonomy of levels of S3 Products is presented in Fig. 1.

Level 2 (Partial sensing and sensor fusion). The fusion of sensors is considered at this level. Here the fusion sensor technique is implemented to combine multiple physical sensors with the objective to produce accurate data. These types of implementations are used when it is necessary to process a large amount of data that must be merged. Therefore, different fusion sensor techniques can be used (e.g. Central limit theorem, Kalman filter, Bayesian networks, Dempster-Shafer). Level 3 (Sensing based product). The product is designed to use smart sensors to perform intelligent functions as part of its task or duty. This type of sensors has embedded their sensing components. A smart sensor can self-adapt, self-test, self-validate and as well as self-identify. These sensors understand the environment they are put into, and they can manage a wide range of conditions. Also, at this level, it is considered the implementation of fusion sensor techniques. Level 4. (Advanced sensing system). At this level, the smart sensors powered with the IoT are used. The smart sensor networks incorporate software-defined elements that provide functions such as data conversion, digital processing and communication to external devices. Wired and wireless sensors are considered at this level. Therefore, remote sensors and WSN sensors are examples used at this level. Table 1. Levels of sensing solutions in S3 Products Levels

3

Fig. 1. The Taxonomy of S Products which define different levels of sensing, smart and sustainable solutions in products.

Level 0

Characteristic

Human Sensing

4.2 Levels of sensing solutions in S3 Products Level 1

The five levels (0 - 4) of sensing solutions defined in this work vary across a continuum of intermediate levels, between a human sense and an advanced sensing system. The five levels proposed are described below, and Table 1 shows the main characteristics, the associated technologies and the user/product roles related to each level proposed. Level 0 (Human sense). The product has no self-awareness. Thus, the user is responsible for detecting and generating the necessary information to ensure the proper functionality of the product through the interaction of the human sensory system with the product. Therefore, at this level, the use of devices with physical/virtual sensing systems are not considered. The primary function of the user is to detect the presence of a stimulus (physical quantity) and transmit that measure manually to a control system.

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Basic Sensing System

Partial Sensing System and Sensor Fusion Sensing based product Advanced Sensing System

Associated technologies • No sensors • Conventional sensors are used (analogue, digital and inverse) • Sensor fusion • Real-time communication • Smart sensors • IoT • WSNs

User/Product Role User (human senses the product environment and use that data to make a decision related to the product functionalities) User & Product (Both the human and sensors generate valuable information) Product (the human mainly monitors the sensing system and intervenes if necessary) Product (the smart module executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human) Product (the human is completely out of the sensing system

4.3 Levels of Smartness solutions in S3 products The five levels (0 - 4) of smartness solutions defined in this work vary across a continuum of intermediate levels, between human control and autonomous conditions. Therefore, the five levels proposed are described below, and Table 2 shows

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the main characteristics, associated technologies and the user/product roles related to each level proposed.

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optimisation, and adaptive behaviour the sphere of influence at this level involves multiple devices functioning jointly in order to obtain the desired system state.

Table 2. Levels of smartness solutions in S3 Products Levels

Characteristics •

Level 0

Human Control

Level 1

Basic control System

Level 2

Partial Automation

• • • •

Level 3

High Automation

• • •

Level 4

Full automation

• •

Associated technologies On/Off controllers (hardware and software) Open-loop control system Close-loop control system Real-time communication Automated systems controls Artificial Intelligence IoT Semantic technologies Machine learning Distributed control systems

4.4 Levels of Sustainability solutions in S3 products

User/Product Role User (human must make all decisions and actions)

The levels of sustainability are based on different influencing aspects related to environmental, social and economic factors. The definition of the levels of sustainability is based on the sustainability design emphasis that will be incorporated into the NPD. The five levels (0 - 4) defined vary across a continuum of intermediate levels of sustainability product design emphasis. The five levels are described below, and Table 3 shows the main characteristics, associated technologies and the user/product roles related to each level proposed.

User (human with product assistance) Product (human mainly monitors the system/product and intervenes if necessary) Product (human is out of the operation, but intervenes if necessary)

Product (human is completely out of the control loop and cannot intervene. When users are interacting with the product, the product can learn from user experiences)

Level 0 (Zero sustainability). At this level, the sustainability aspects are not considered during the product development process. Therefore, the products to be developed will be focused on fulfilling the stated solution without considering the sustainability aspects.

Level 0 (Human control). The product has no self-awareness of its operating state and all monitoring, control, and actuation are externally provided by the user. Therefore, the user has the responsibility to control the product and to apply the necessary actions to get the best product functionalities. In other words, any signalling that requires a direct human presence to interpret is considered at this level. Level 1 (Basic control system). The product has local state awareness using an open-loop control system. This means that the system does not observe the output of the processes it is controlling. Therefore, these type of products uses basic control systems (e.g. On/Off controller, a phase controller, a timing controller). Level 2 (Advanced control system). The closed-loop control system is considered at this level. The product has selfactuation and basic automation by applying closed-loop control systems. Simple closed-loop controllers are examples of this level (e.g. PID controllers, adaptive control, and robust control). Level 3 (High automation). Intelligent decision-making, selfoptimisation, and adaptive behaviour. The product is aware of some desired operating state. It will pursue actions to adjust their performance concerning that state. Independent local decision-making characterises this level as the device reconfigures itself in order to obtain its optimal performance parameters. Intelligent control algorithms are used at this level (e.g. neural network control, fuzzy control, genetic control, intelligent agents, neuro-fuzzy control, neuro-genetic control and artificial organic networks). Level 4 (Full automation). The product can exchange data with other systems. Therefore, they need a ‘common semantic framework’. This level implies the notion of hierarchical operating states and introduces networked intelligence. Beyond intelligent decision-making, self-

Level 1 (Minimal sustainability). The aspects of sustainability are taken into account in a minimal way. Therefore, at this level, Ad-Hoc sustainability objectives and practices with little consistency are considered. Level 2 (Essential sustainability). At this level, the social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainability are modestly taken into account. Therefore, at this level is mainly promoted aspect related to the health & well-being, to improve profitability and be eco-friendly. Level 3 (Strong sustainability emphasis). The product development process has a strong sustainability emphasis. Therefore, at this level design principles and values towards are aligned to a sustainable model and opportunities to improve products are proposed. Level 4 (Sustainability focus). The process of developing new products focuses on aspects of sustainability. Therefore, at this level, all decisions about the creation of value are based on improving society, the economy and the environment. Table 3. Levels of sustainability functions in S3 Products Levels

Characteristics

Description

Level 0

Zero Sustainability

Level 1

Minimal Sustainability

Level 2

Essential Sustainability

Level 3

Strong Sustainability

Level 4

Sustainability Focused

• Ignore environmental and social regulations • Has Ad-Hoc sustainability objectives and practices with little consistency • Make proactive efforts to promote health & wellbeing, improve profitability and be eco-friendly • Aligns design principles and values towards a sustainable model. Seeks out opportunities to improve products/services • Bases decisions on value creation to improve the society, the economy and the environment

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User/Product Role • User • User/Product

• User/Product

• Product

• Product

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5. ANALYSIS OF S3 PRODUCTS USING THE PROPOSED TAXONOMY: THE RECONFIGURABLE MICRO-MACHINE TOOL AS AN EXAMPLE

Users

Findings 1. Complex manufacturing 2. High manufacturing cost 3. Expensive actuators 4. Actuators technology left over 5. Long conversion/process time between its functional configurations 6. The 1G RmMT is too heavy 7. Interconnection with a mobile device 8. The 1G RmMT is expensive 9. Difficult accesses for maintenance 10. Difficult to install 11. Reduction of the environmental impact 12. Monitoring of the cutting tool

Design Insights ▪ Be easy to manufacture ▪ Reduce cost of manufacturing processes ▪ Reduce the cost of materials ▪ Use adapted actuators ▪ Improve time of conversion ▪ Be lightweight and compact ▪ Be interconnected for monitoring purposes ▪ Be cheaper ▪ Be easy for maintenance ▪ Be easy to install ▪ Be environment-friendly ▪ Provide a monitoring system

Table 5. Sensing, Smart and Sustainable solutions to be implemented in the G2-RmMT Defined design objectives

Monitoring

• Implement tool condition monitoring

Control

• Collect and analyse a large amount of data in real time - Optimise the consumption of energy Optimise of cutting parameters

Use End-of-life

Sustainability

Manufacturing

Sensing

Solution

To identify the design findings and insights, prototype evaluations were carried out; these evaluations consisted of virtual prototyping (VP) and functional prototype (FP) of the 1G-RmMT. The participants in these evaluations were designers, users and consumers. The VP was based on Computer-Aided software such as CAD/CAM/CAE, and the FP was based on the analysis of the physical system that was undertaken in accordance with its original specifications (size, actuators, sensors, mechanisms, and so on). With these data, an analysis to identify the levels of sensing, smartness and sustainability of the 1G-RmMT was carried out. Fig. 2 presents the results obtained from this analysis, and there were assigned the (1,1,1) S3 levels. The evaluation of the FP was implemented in high schools and universities on potential customers and users through an advanced manufacturing workshop that was attended by about 100 students. During the workshop, the students could interact with the 1G RmMT. Table 4 shows the identification of the design insights by applying these prototype evaluations and using the proposed taxonomy (adapted from Miranda et al. 2017). By considering the design insights obtained were defined in Table 5 the sensing, smart and sustainable solutions to be incorporated in the new version of the machine-tool (adapted from Miranda et al. 2017). Hence, it was defined that the new levels for the machine-tool will be (2, 3, 3). In Fig. 3 is shown the 2G-RMmT obtained and its definition according to the defined levels of sensing, smartness and sustainability. The presented graph shows that this new version of the machine was improved in the levels of sensing (+1), smartness (+2) and sustainability (+2).

Smart

This section presents how the proposed taxonomy can be used to support the development of products. The development of a second generation (2G) reconfigurable micro-machine tool (RmMT) is presented as an example; this particular NPD corresponds to a redesign of the first generation (1G) RmMT (Granted Patent in 2018). Therefore, the sensing, smart and sustainable solutions of the 1G-RmMT must be improved by using the S3 Product development reference framework and the proposed taxonomy. The 1GRmMT is a CNC multifunctional machine-tool that offers three technological processes of machining. Thus, it has a collection of parts that can be configured into drilling and milling machines, and lathes (Pérez-Rodríguez et al. 2014).

Designers

Table 4. Identification of the design insights

Customers

2019 IFAC MIM 2388 Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019

Economic: • Reduce the manufacturing cost Environmental: • Reduce the CO2 footprint - Reduce the number of components - Reduce product weight and packaging as much as possible Social: • Reduce assembly time Economic: • Reduce maintenance cost - Reduce repair cost Environmental: • Reduce CO2 emissions - Reduce damage to human health - Reduce electricity consumption Social: • Reduce product price Economic: • Reduce the recycling cost Environmental: • Easy disassembly for recycling Social: • Increase the re-use of components

Fig. 3. Results of the Level of sensing, smartness and sustainability of the 2G-RMmT

Fig. 2. Results of the Level of sensing, smartness and sustainability of the 1G-RMmT

The information provided by the taxonomy to the designers will allow identifying and analysing existing competitors. Therefore, the taxonomy also has to be a guide to know how 2438

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to move in the space (Fig. 4) to propose different value propositions and be able to provide products that can be competitive in the marketplace. With this information, the designers will be able to monitor the existing solutions and thus make decisions regarding value proposals. The proposed taxonomy is a valuable tool in the process of designing a product.

Fig. 4. The taxonomy used to monitor competitors; therefore value propositions can be identified by analysing different levels of S3 Products existing in the market. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this work was presented a taxonomy of levels of S3 Products to support new product development (NPD). The proposed taxonomy is comprised of five levels for sensing, smart and sustainable solutions. The proposed levels vary across a continuum of intermediate levels between simple solutions to complex solutions. Therefore, the sensing, smart and sustainable solutions to be defined in products can be classified according to its S3 capabilities and capacities. By using the proposed taxonomy, it is demonstrated that it can be obtained valuable information that can be used to generate design insights to be considered in a product development process. To illustrate the proposed contribution, an example of the development of the second generation of a machinetool is presented. The related future work is focused on implement a machine-learning technique to automate the definition and classification process, so then solutions and value propositions can be quickly and better obtained. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is a product of the Project 266632 “Laboratorio Binacional para la Gestión Inteligente de la Sustentabilidad Energética y la Formación Tecnológica” [“Bi-National Laboratory on Smart Sustainable Energy Management and Technology Training”], funded by the CONACYT SENER Fund for Energy Sustainability (Agreement: S0019201401).

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