- Email: [email protected]
Team-Teaching and Team Work: Perceptions Amongst Students and Staff (A Case Study)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH('8:25/'(GXFDWLRQ)DFLQJ&RQWHPSRUDU\:RUOG ,VVXHV
7HDP7HDFKLQJDQG7HDP:RUN 3HUFHSWLRQVDPRQJVW6WXGHQWV DQG6WDII DFDVHVWXG\ &DWDOLQD8OULFK$QFD1HGHOFX DE8QLYHUVLW\RI%XFKDUHVW)DFXOW\RI3V\FKRORJ\DQG(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFHV%XFKDUHVW5RPDQLD
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¶V G\QDPLFV 6WXGHQWV GHYHORSHG PRQLWRULQJ HYDOXDWLRQ DQG UHIOHFWLRQ LQVWUXPHQWVWRUHIOHFWRQWKHLVVXHVSURFHVVHVDQGFULWLFDOHOHPHQWVRIWHDPV¶G\QDPLFVDQGHIIHFWLYHQHVV*URXQGHGRQFDVH VWXGLHV VWXGHQWV¶ WHDPV GHVLJQHG DQG GHOLYHUHG WUDLQLQJ VHVVLRQV LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKH WHDPV WKH\ VWXGLHG DV FDVHV RU WR UHSOLFDWHSRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVWKH\KDYHLQYHVWLJDWHG
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3LWHVWL5RPDQLD Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the University of Pitesti, Romania .H\ZRUGV WHDP WHDPWHDFKLQJ FDVHVWXG\
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHLPDJHRIWZRWHDFKHUVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHULQRQHURRPVKDULQJQRWRQO\VSDFHEXWSRZHUDQGLQVWUXFWLRQDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\UHSUHVHQWVDQH[FHSWLRQQRWDUXOHZLWKLQ5RPDQLDQDFDGHPLFFRQWH[W'HVSLWHWKHULFKUHZDUGLQJ SRWHQWLDO RI VXFK DQ DSSURDFK WHDP WHDFKLQJ UHPDLQV DQ XQH[SORUHG WHUULWRU\ IRU XQLYHUVLW\ VWDII PRUH D FRQYHUVDWLRQWRSLFWKDQDSUDFWLFH7HDFKHUV¶UHOXFWDQFHWRWHDPWDXJKWFRXUVHVPLJKWEHFDXVHGE\GLIILFXOWLHVLQ FURVVLQJWKHERXQGDULHVRIWKHLURZQGLVFLSOLQHLQDFFRPPRGDWLQJGLIIHUHQWWHDFKLQJ VW\OHVRUE\ PDQDJHPHQW ODFN RI VXSSRUW %XW HYHQ WHDPLQJ LV ERXQG WR FKDOOHQJH URXWLQHV DQG FRPIRUW ]RQHV LW FHUWDLQO\ UHPDLQV DQ XVHIXOPHGLXPWRFUHDWHDQHZVHQVHRIOHDUQLQJERWKIRUWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV(TXDOO\LWRIIHUVDSURPLVHRI FKDQJHWRWKRVHZKRGHVLUHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKHLUWHDFKLQJOLYHV>S@
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUV 7HO ID[ (PDLODGGUHVV FDWDOLQDXOULFK#ISVHXQLEXFURDQFDQHGHOFX#ISVHXQLEXFUR
1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the University of Pitesti, Romania doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.219
854
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
7KDW LV ZK\ WKH FRWHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH GHYHORSHG LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI 7UDLQLQJ RI 7UDLQHUV PDVWHU GHJUHH SURJUDP RUJDQL]HG DW )DFXOW\ RI 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG (GXFDWLRQ 6FLHQFHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %XFKDUHVW UHSUHVHQWV D YDOXDEOHFDVHIRUEHLQJFULWLFDOO\DQDO\VHGZLWKLQWKHSUHVHQWSDSHU$V'DYLVZURWHLQ DW8QLYHUVLW\OHYHO PRVWWHDPWDXJKWFRXUVHVKDYHWRILQGDKRPH,QWKHSUHVHQWFDVHWKH³KRPH´LVFRQVLGHUHGWKHWZRLQWHUOLQNHG FRXUVHV ³%XLOGLQJ DQG /HDGLQJ 7HDPV´ DQG ³7UDLQLQJ 3UDFWLFH´ WKLV FRPELQDWLRQ DOORZHG WKH WZR WHDFKHUV HQJDJHGLQWKLVMRLQWDFDGHPLFHIIRUWWRLQYROYHVWXGHQWVLQDPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJZRUWKZKLOHDQGPXWXDOEHQHILFLDO H[SHULHQFH%HVLGHWKLVUHDVRQLWZDVFRQVLGHUHGWKDWDOHDUQLQJGLVFLSOLQHIRFXVHGRQFRQGXFWLQJWHDPVFDQQRW EHDSSURDFKHGPRUHHIILFLHQWO\LQRWKHUZD\WKDQFROODERUDWLYHO\,QD³WHDFKZKDW\RXSUHDFK´DSSURDFKWKHFR WHDFKHUV FRQVLGHUHG WKHLU MRLQW DFWLYLW\ DV D YLYLG DQG RXW VSHDNLQJ H[DPSOH RI VXFFHVVIXO LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FROODERUDWLYHPHWKRGVLQOHDUQLQJ7KLVRSWLRQLVLQOLQHZLWKZKDW5RELQVRQDQG6FKDLEOH XQGHUOLQHG WKH VXFFHVVRIFROODERUDWLYHSHGDJRJ\±WKH\KLJKOLJKWHGGHSHQGVRQKRZHIIHFWLYHO\WHDPPHPEHUVSUDFWLFHLW,Q WKHLU ZRUGV ³LI ZH SUHDFK FROODERUDWLRQ EXW SUDFWLFH LQ LVRODWLRQ« VWXGHQWV JHW D FRQIXVHG PHVVDJH 7KURXJK OHDUQLQJ WR ZDON WKH WDON ZH FDQ UHDFK WKH GRXEOH DGYDQWDJH RI LPSURYLQJ RXU WHDFKLQJ DV ZHOO DV VWXGHQWV OHDUQLQJ´>S @ &RPSOHPHQWDU\ WR WKLV DSSURDFK VWXGHQWV¶ DVVLJQPHQW ZDV WR H[SORUH GLIIHUHQW WHDPV DFWLYDWLQJ LQ YDULRXV RUJDQLVDWLRQVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\ WRGHOLYHUWUDLQLQJVHVVLRQVDGGUHVVLQJWKHVLJQLILFDQWDVSHFWVQRWLFHG%\GRLQJ WKLV VWXGHQWV ZHUH RUJDQLVHG LQ WHDPV LQ WKLV ZD\ WKH\ EHFRPH UROH PRGHOV IRU HDFK RWKHU ZLWKLQ WKLV FROODERUDWLYHO\FRQVWUXFWHGOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLW\ 2XUWHDPGHILQLWLRQRI³WHDPWHDFKLQJ´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³DOO DUUDQJHPHQWVWKDWLQFOXGHWZRRUPRUHWHDFKHUVLQVRPHOHYHORIFROODERUDWLRQLQWKHSODQQLQJDQGGHOLYHU\RID FRXUVH´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x XQSDLGRYHUORDG RQHSURIHVVRUUHFHLYHVIXOOFUHGLWIRUWKHFRXUVHZKLOHDVHFRQGGRQDWHVKLVKHUWLPHWR WKHFRXUVHHYHQWKRXJKERWKDUHWHDFKLQJHTXDOO\ x JXHVWOHFWXUHVRQHSURIHVVRULVDOZD\VSUHVHQWDQGWKHRWKHUSURIHVVRUVPDNHRQHWLPHDSSHDUDQFHVLW FDQVWLOOEHDZRUWKZKLOHDSSURDFKWRFROODERUDWLRQ
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
855
x
6KDUHG $VVLJQPHQWV DSSURDFK ± LW HQDEOHV WZR RU PRUH IDFXOW\ WR VKDUH VLJQLILFDQW DVVLJQPHQWV EHWZHHQWZRFRXUVHVDQGWRWHDPWHDFKRQVHOHFWHGUHDGLQJVDVVLJQPHQWVDQGWRSLFVIXOO\SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQHDFKRWKHU VFODVVHVRQDOLPLWHGEDVLV x 7KH%ORFN&RXUVHIXOOWHDPWHDFKLQJZLWKWZRSURIHVVRUVFROODERUDWLQJRQWHDFKLQJWZRFRXUVHVLQ RQH FRPELQHG IRUPDW HDFK SURIHVVRU UHFHLYHV FUHGLW IRU WHDFKLQJ RQH FODVV EXW WKH WZR FRXUVHV DUH LQWHJUDWHGLQWRRQHQHZEORFNFRXUVH x -RLQW0HHWLQJVWZRRUWKUHHFRXUVHVPHHWWRJHWKHUDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOVWRGLVFXVVVKDUHGUHDGLQJV 1R PDWWHU WKH GHILQLWLRQV WHDP WHDFKLQJ UHSUHVHQWV D XVHIXO RSWLRQ IRU FRQGXFWLQJ VWXGHQWV OHDUQLQJ ,W FDQ VHUYHDVDPRGHOIRULQWHUDFWLRQSURPRWHVLWSURPRWHVGLYHUVLW\DQGPXOWLSHUVSHFWLYLW\,QVXFKDFROODERUDWLYH FRQWH[WVWXGHQWVOHDUQEHWWHUDQGWHDFKHUVSHUIRUPEHWWHUDVZHOORUDV(LVHQDQG7LVGHOO VDLG³DWWKHLUEHVW WHDFKLQJWHDPVDUHPRGHOOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLWLHVWKDWJHQHUDWHV\QHUJ\WKURXJKFROODERUDWLRQ´>S@ 5HVHDUFKGHVLJQ 8VLQJ5REHUW6WDNH¶VLQVWUXPHQWDOFDVHVWXG\DSSURDFK>S@UHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQLVVXHVOLNH SHUFHSWLRQV RQ WHDP VWXGHQWV GLYHUVLW\ OHDUQLQJ RXWFRPHV JURXS SURFHVV SHUIRUPDQFH DVVHVVPHQW 6SHFLILF LQIRUPDWLYH TXHVWLRQV HPSKDVL]HG WKH LQGLFDWRUV RI VXFFHVV PRWLYDWLRQDO SDWWHUQV RI VWXGHQWV DQG WHDFKLQJ VWDII XQLYHUVLW\ SURIHVVRUV¶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¶ FRPPHQWVDQGQDUUDWLYHV 7KHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJWKHILUVWVHPHVWHUVRIDFDGHPLF\HDUVDQG RQJRLQJ 5HVHDUFKLQYROYHGVHFRQG \HDUVWXGHQWVDVIROORZLQJ VWXGHQWVLQ VWXGHQWVLQ VWXGHQWVLQ(DFK\HDUVWXGHQWVKDYHEHHQDVVLJQHGWRZRUNLQWHDPV(DFKWHDPKDGPHPEHUVDQGLQD IHZFDVHVPHPEHUV 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV +DOIRIWKHFRXUVHVIRUWKH7UDLQLQJRIWUDLQHUVPDVWHUGHJUHHSURJUDP RQHH[WUDLVHOHFWLYH UHTXLUHVVWXGHQWV WRZRUNLQWHDPV([FHSWIRUWZRFRXUVHVWHDPVDUHVHOIVHOHFWHGDQGVWXGHQWVKDYHWKHIUHHGRPRIFKRVLQJWKHLU FRZRUNHUV ,Q FDVH RI WKH WHDPWHDFKLQJ FDVH SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU SURIHVVRUV GHFLGH WKH WHDP FRPSRVLWLRQ 0DQGDWRU\DOORFDWLRQRIWHDPVWUXFWXUHUDLVHGGLIIHUHQWUHDFWLRQVIURPVWXGHQWV¶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
856
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
:KDWLQIOXHQFHGWKHPRVWWHDPIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGVXFFHVVIXODFFRPSOLVPHQWVRIWDVNV" 7HDPV¶ GLDULHV UHIOHFWHG VWXGHQWV¶ RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH PDLQ IHDWXUHV RI D VXFFHVVIXO WHDP 2XW RI WKH NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDWHDP>S@VWXGHQWVPHQWLRQHGWKHILUVWOD\HURIWKHILJXUHEHOORZ DLPVUROHVTXDOLW\RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ DQGVHFRQGOD\HU SDUWLFLSDWLRQGLYHUVLW\DVDUHVRXUFH $ERXWRQHWKLUGRIWKH VWXGHQWV UHSRUWHG SRVLWLYH FOLPDWH DQG FROODERUDWLRQ DV NH\ LQJUHGLHQFH RI WKHLU H[SHULHQFH ZRUNLQJ LQ WHDPV /HDGHUVKLS LV QRW SDUW RI VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQV JLYHQ WKH WLPH IUDPH ZLWKLQ RQH VHPHVWHU DSUR[LPDWHO\ HLJKW ZHHNVZRUNLQJLQDWHDPVWUXFWXUH )LJXUH6WXGHQWVSHUFHSWLRQVRQVXFFHVVIXOWHDPZRUN OHDGHUVKLS
SRVLWLYHFOLPDWH EDODQFHG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FOHDUDLPV
FROODERUDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLSV
YDOXHGGLYHUVLW\
ZHOOGHILQHGUROHV
PDQDJHDEOH FRQIOLFWV
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
HIIHFWLYHGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ
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¶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
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
857
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¶G\QDPLFWRVXSSRUWVWXGHQWVWR PRQLWRUDQGHYDOXDWHWKHSURFHVVLQUHDOWLPH$VHYLGHQFHIRULPSDFWZHQRWLFHGWKDWDERXWRIWRWDOQXPEHU RIVWXGHQWVGRDSSURDFKLQWKHILQDOGLVVHUWDWLRQVWRSLFVUHODWHGWRÄWHDPV´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ÄRXW RI WKH ER[´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
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH('8:25/'(GXFDWLRQ)DFLQJ&RQWHPSRUDU\:RUOG ,VVXHV
7HDP7HDFKLQJDQG7HDP:RUN 3HUFHSWLRQVDPRQJVW6WXGHQWV DQG6WDII DFDVHVWXG\ &DWDOLQD8OULFK$QFD1HGHOFX DE8QLYHUVLW\RI%XFKDUHVW)DFXOW\RI3V\FKRORJ\DQG(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFHV%XFKDUHVW5RPDQLD
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¶V G\QDPLFV 6WXGHQWV GHYHORSHG PRQLWRULQJ HYDOXDWLRQ DQG UHIOHFWLRQ LQVWUXPHQWVWRUHIOHFWRQWKHLVVXHVSURFHVVHVDQGFULWLFDOHOHPHQWVRIWHDPV¶G\QDPLFVDQGHIIHFWLYHQHVV*URXQGHGRQFDVH VWXGLHV VWXGHQWV¶ WHDPV GHVLJQHG DQG GHOLYHUHG WUDLQLQJ VHVVLRQV LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKH WHDPV WKH\ VWXGLHG DV FDVHV RU WR UHSOLFDWHSRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVWKH\KDYHLQYHVWLJDWHG
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3LWHVWL5RPDQLD Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the University of Pitesti, Romania .H\ZRUGV WHDP WHDPWHDFKLQJ FDVHVWXG\
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHLPDJHRIWZRWHDFKHUVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHULQRQHURRPVKDULQJQRWRQO\VSDFHEXWSRZHUDQGLQVWUXFWLRQDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\UHSUHVHQWVDQH[FHSWLRQQRWDUXOHZLWKLQ5RPDQLDQDFDGHPLFFRQWH[W'HVSLWHWKHULFKUHZDUGLQJ SRWHQWLDO RI VXFK DQ DSSURDFK WHDP WHDFKLQJ UHPDLQV DQ XQH[SORUHG WHUULWRU\ IRU XQLYHUVLW\ VWDII PRUH D FRQYHUVDWLRQWRSLFWKDQDSUDFWLFH7HDFKHUV¶UHOXFWDQFHWRWHDPWDXJKWFRXUVHVPLJKWEHFDXVHGE\GLIILFXOWLHVLQ FURVVLQJWKHERXQGDULHVRIWKHLURZQGLVFLSOLQHLQDFFRPPRGDWLQJGLIIHUHQWWHDFKLQJ VW\OHVRUE\ PDQDJHPHQW ODFN RI VXSSRUW %XW HYHQ WHDPLQJ LV ERXQG WR FKDOOHQJH URXWLQHV DQG FRPIRUW ]RQHV LW FHUWDLQO\ UHPDLQV DQ XVHIXOPHGLXPWRFUHDWHDQHZVHQVHRIOHDUQLQJERWKIRUWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV(TXDOO\LWRIIHUVDSURPLVHRI FKDQJHWRWKRVHZKRGHVLUHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKHLUWHDFKLQJOLYHV>S@
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUV 7HO ID[ (PDLODGGUHVV FDWDOLQDXOULFK#ISVHXQLEXFURDQFDQHGHOFX#ISVHXQLEXFUR
1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the University of Pitesti, Romania doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.219
854
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
7KDW LV ZK\ WKH FRWHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH GHYHORSHG LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI 7UDLQLQJ RI 7UDLQHUV PDVWHU GHJUHH SURJUDP RUJDQL]HG DW )DFXOW\ RI 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG (GXFDWLRQ 6FLHQFHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %XFKDUHVW UHSUHVHQWV D YDOXDEOHFDVHIRUEHLQJFULWLFDOO\DQDO\VHGZLWKLQWKHSUHVHQWSDSHU$V'DYLVZURWHLQ DW8QLYHUVLW\OHYHO PRVWWHDPWDXJKWFRXUVHVKDYHWRILQGDKRPH,QWKHSUHVHQWFDVHWKH³KRPH´LVFRQVLGHUHGWKHWZRLQWHUOLQNHG FRXUVHV ³%XLOGLQJ DQG /HDGLQJ 7HDPV´ DQG ³7UDLQLQJ 3UDFWLFH´ WKLV FRPELQDWLRQ DOORZHG WKH WZR WHDFKHUV HQJDJHGLQWKLVMRLQWDFDGHPLFHIIRUWWRLQYROYHVWXGHQWVLQDPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJZRUWKZKLOHDQGPXWXDOEHQHILFLDO H[SHULHQFH%HVLGHWKLVUHDVRQLWZDVFRQVLGHUHGWKDWDOHDUQLQJGLVFLSOLQHIRFXVHGRQFRQGXFWLQJWHDPVFDQQRW EHDSSURDFKHGPRUHHIILFLHQWO\LQRWKHUZD\WKDQFROODERUDWLYHO\,QD³WHDFKZKDW\RXSUHDFK´DSSURDFKWKHFR WHDFKHUV FRQVLGHUHG WKHLU MRLQW DFWLYLW\ DV D YLYLG DQG RXW VSHDNLQJ H[DPSOH RI VXFFHVVIXO LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FROODERUDWLYHPHWKRGVLQOHDUQLQJ7KLVRSWLRQLVLQOLQHZLWKZKDW5RELQVRQDQG6FKDLEOH XQGHUOLQHG WKH VXFFHVVRIFROODERUDWLYHSHGDJRJ\±WKH\KLJKOLJKWHGGHSHQGVRQKRZHIIHFWLYHO\WHDPPHPEHUVSUDFWLFHLW,Q WKHLU ZRUGV ³LI ZH SUHDFK FROODERUDWLRQ EXW SUDFWLFH LQ LVRODWLRQ« VWXGHQWV JHW D FRQIXVHG PHVVDJH 7KURXJK OHDUQLQJ WR ZDON WKH WDON ZH FDQ UHDFK WKH GRXEOH DGYDQWDJH RI LPSURYLQJ RXU WHDFKLQJ DV ZHOO DV VWXGHQWV OHDUQLQJ´>S @ &RPSOHPHQWDU\ WR WKLV DSSURDFK VWXGHQWV¶ DVVLJQPHQW ZDV WR H[SORUH GLIIHUHQW WHDPV DFWLYDWLQJ LQ YDULRXV RUJDQLVDWLRQVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\ WRGHOLYHUWUDLQLQJVHVVLRQVDGGUHVVLQJWKHVLJQLILFDQWDVSHFWVQRWLFHG%\GRLQJ WKLV VWXGHQWV ZHUH RUJDQLVHG LQ WHDPV LQ WKLV ZD\ WKH\ EHFRPH UROH PRGHOV IRU HDFK RWKHU ZLWKLQ WKLV FROODERUDWLYHO\FRQVWUXFWHGOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLW\ 2XUWHDPGHILQLWLRQRI³WHDPWHDFKLQJ´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³DOO DUUDQJHPHQWVWKDWLQFOXGHWZRRUPRUHWHDFKHUVLQVRPHOHYHORIFROODERUDWLRQLQWKHSODQQLQJDQGGHOLYHU\RID FRXUVH´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x XQSDLGRYHUORDG RQHSURIHVVRUUHFHLYHVIXOOFUHGLWIRUWKHFRXUVHZKLOHDVHFRQGGRQDWHVKLVKHUWLPHWR WKHFRXUVHHYHQWKRXJKERWKDUHWHDFKLQJHTXDOO\ x JXHVWOHFWXUHVRQHSURIHVVRULVDOZD\VSUHVHQWDQGWKHRWKHUSURIHVVRUVPDNHRQHWLPHDSSHDUDQFHVLW FDQVWLOOEHDZRUWKZKLOHDSSURDFKWRFROODERUDWLRQ
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
855
x
6KDUHG $VVLJQPHQWV DSSURDFK ± LW HQDEOHV WZR RU PRUH IDFXOW\ WR VKDUH VLJQLILFDQW DVVLJQPHQWV EHWZHHQWZRFRXUVHVDQGWRWHDPWHDFKRQVHOHFWHGUHDGLQJVDVVLJQPHQWVDQGWRSLFVIXOO\SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQHDFKRWKHU VFODVVHVRQDOLPLWHGEDVLV x 7KH%ORFN&RXUVHIXOOWHDPWHDFKLQJZLWKWZRSURIHVVRUVFROODERUDWLQJRQWHDFKLQJWZRFRXUVHVLQ RQH FRPELQHG IRUPDW HDFK SURIHVVRU UHFHLYHV FUHGLW IRU WHDFKLQJ RQH FODVV EXW WKH WZR FRXUVHV DUH LQWHJUDWHGLQWRRQHQHZEORFNFRXUVH x -RLQW0HHWLQJVWZRRUWKUHHFRXUVHVPHHWWRJHWKHUDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOVWRGLVFXVVVKDUHGUHDGLQJV 1R PDWWHU WKH GHILQLWLRQV WHDP WHDFKLQJ UHSUHVHQWV D XVHIXO RSWLRQ IRU FRQGXFWLQJ VWXGHQWV OHDUQLQJ ,W FDQ VHUYHDVDPRGHOIRULQWHUDFWLRQSURPRWHVLWSURPRWHVGLYHUVLW\DQGPXOWLSHUVSHFWLYLW\,QVXFKDFROODERUDWLYH FRQWH[WVWXGHQWVOHDUQEHWWHUDQGWHDFKHUVSHUIRUPEHWWHUDVZHOORUDV(LVHQDQG7LVGHOO VDLG³DWWKHLUEHVW WHDFKLQJWHDPVDUHPRGHOOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLWLHVWKDWJHQHUDWHV\QHUJ\WKURXJKFROODERUDWLRQ´>S@ 5HVHDUFKGHVLJQ 8VLQJ5REHUW6WDNH¶VLQVWUXPHQWDOFDVHVWXG\DSSURDFK>S@UHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQLVVXHVOLNH SHUFHSWLRQV RQ WHDP VWXGHQWV GLYHUVLW\ OHDUQLQJ RXWFRPHV JURXS SURFHVV SHUIRUPDQFH DVVHVVPHQW 6SHFLILF LQIRUPDWLYH TXHVWLRQV HPSKDVL]HG WKH LQGLFDWRUV RI VXFFHVV PRWLYDWLRQDO SDWWHUQV RI VWXGHQWV DQG WHDFKLQJ VWDII XQLYHUVLW\ SURIHVVRUV¶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¶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¶VLGHHJGRFLOHDFFHSWDQFHWDFLW UHVLVWDQFHRUH[SOLFLWGLVFRQWHQW,WLVUHOHYDQWWRPHQWLRQWKDWHYHQLIWKHPDQGDWRU\WHDPZRUNZDVSODQQHGIRU WZR FRXUVHV VWXGHQWV UHSRUWHG WKDW RQO\ LQ RXU FDVH WKLV UHTXLUHPHQW ZDV VWULFWO\ IROORZHG )RU WKH 3URMHFW 0DQDJHPHQWFRXUVHVRPHVWXGHQWVILQDOL]HGWKHLUWHDPDVVLJQPHQWVDVLQGLYLGXDOVQRWDVWHDP PHPEHUV0DLQ TXHVWLRQVZHDGGUHVVHGDUHWKHIROORZLQJ :KDWVWXGHQWVWKLQNDERXWWKHLUZRUNDVWHDPVZLWKLQWKHPDVWHUGHJUHHSURJUDPDQGRQDORQJHUWHUPVDV EHFRPLQJWUDLQHUVDQGKXPDQUHVRXUFHVH[SHUWV" 0DMRULW\ RI VWXGHQWV KLJKO\ DSSUHFLDWH WKH H[SHULHQFH SURYLGHG E\ DQ LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ WHDP ZRUN 5HSRUWHG EHQHILWV LQFOXGH FRQQHFWLRQ WR UHDOLW\ H[SHULHQFLQJ WKH ULFKQHVV DQG VXSSRUW RI \RXU WHDP SUHSDUDWLRQIRUUHDOWHDPV DQGDVHQVHRIDFKLHYHPHQW 7KHUHVHDUFKDVVLJQPHQWGRFFXPHQWVDUHDO WUDLQLQJSURJUDPLWLVQRWMXVWDQDFDGHPLFDVVLJQPHQW
856
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
:KDWLQIOXHQFHGWKHPRVWWHDPIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGVXFFHVVIXODFFRPSOLVPHQWVRIWDVNV" 7HDPV¶ GLDULHV UHIOHFWHG VWXGHQWV¶ RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH PDLQ IHDWXUHV RI D VXFFHVVIXO WHDP 2XW RI WKH NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDWHDP>S@VWXGHQWVPHQWLRQHGWKHILUVWOD\HURIWKHILJXUHEHOORZ DLPVUROHVTXDOLW\RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ DQGVHFRQGOD\HU SDUWLFLSDWLRQGLYHUVLW\DVDUHVRXUFH $ERXWRQHWKLUGRIWKH VWXGHQWV UHSRUWHG SRVLWLYH FOLPDWH DQG FROODERUDWLRQ DV NH\ LQJUHGLHQFH RI WKHLU H[SHULHQFH ZRUNLQJ LQ WHDPV /HDGHUVKLS LV QRW SDUW RI VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQV JLYHQ WKH WLPH IUDPH ZLWKLQ RQH VHPHVWHU DSUR[LPDWHO\ HLJKW ZHHNVZRUNLQJLQDWHDPVWUXFWXUH )LJXUH6WXGHQWVSHUFHSWLRQVRQVXFFHVVIXOWHDPZRUN OHDGHUVKLS
SRVLWLYHFOLPDWH EDODQFHG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FOHDUDLPV
FROODERUDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLSV
YDOXHGGLYHUVLW\
ZHOOGHILQHGUROHV
PDQDJHDEOH FRQIOLFWV
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
HIIHFWLYHGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ
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¶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
Catalina Ulrich and Anca Nedelcu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (2013) 853 – 857
857
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¶G\QDPLFWRVXSSRUWVWXGHQWVWR PRQLWRUDQGHYDOXDWHWKHSURFHVVLQUHDOWLPH$VHYLGHQFHIRULPSDFWZHQRWLFHGWKDWDERXWRIWRWDOQXPEHU RIVWXGHQWVGRDSSURDFKLQWKHILQDOGLVVHUWDWLRQVWRSLFVUHODWHGWRÄWHDPV´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ÄRXW RI WKH ER[´ H[SHULHQFH 'XULQJ WKH WHDP SURMHFW GHYHORSPHQW WHDPV GHYHORSHG LQWHUQDO FRGHV DQG FROOHFWLYH PHPRU\ E\VKDULQJSKRWRVDQGYLGHRFOLSVSRVWLQJFRPPHQWVRQWHDPEORJRU)DFH%RRN 5HIHUHQFHV >@6SHHU7DQG5\DQ% &ROODERUDWLYH7HDFKLQJLQWKH'H&HQWHUHG&ODVVURRP7HDFKLQJ(QJOLVKLQWKH7ZR