Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse

Accepted Manuscript Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse Shubhra Singh, Riya Rache...

Download PDF

2MB Sizes 1 Downloads 41 Views

Report

PDF Reader
Full Text

Accepted Manuscript Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse Shubhra Singh, Riya Rachel Mohan, Sujaya Rathi, N. Janardhana Raju PII: DOI: Reference:

S2352-1864(16)30053-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.02.004 ETI 113

To appear in:

Environmental Technology & Innovation

Received date: 26 August 2016 Please cite this article as: Singh, S., Mohan, R.R., Rathi, S., Raju, N.J., Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse. Environmental Technology & Innovation (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.02.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Name of the authors #.:(.7'#/4-. "/='"').+25.'4 #:0'='"'9./ '4*'4'7*.'4'"'0:

Title of the paper $+).4525-= 69/548,57'+)'2#2:*-+'4'-+3+49/4+;+256/4-5:497/+8+4+,/98'4*"+;+4:+ ,753"+:8+

+49+7,57#9:*=5,#)/+4)+$+).4525-='4*!52/)=#$! 5 9.7588 !'6'44''=5:9'=:7'#97++9'-'8.+99=.'22/ "&#9'-++4-'2:7: '74'9'1' 3'/2 +49+7,57#9:*=5,#)/+4)+$+).4525-='4*!52/)=#$! 5 9.7588 !'6'44''=5:9'=:7'#97++9'-'8.+99=.'22/ "&#9'-++4-'2:7: '74'9'1' 3'/2 7'4*/3'4*'2'3'4'7*.'4'"'0: !75,+8857 #).5525,4;/7543+49'28)/+4)+8 '<'.'72'2+.7:%4/;+78/9= +<+2./

3'/2 Address of the corresponding author +49+7,57#9:*=5,#)/+4)+$+).4525-='4*!52/)=#$! 5 9.7588 !'6'44''=5:9'=:7'#97++9'-'8.+99=.'22/ "&#9'-++4-'2:7: '74'9'1' 3'/2 !.54+:3(+7

Abstract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eywords: $*62<*<276 *.,*4$4=-0.%.,167470A.,2;276*<:2@.6./2<;7;<*6-#.>.6=.

1. Introduction $*62<*<276:./.:;<7<1.5*26<.6*6,.7/1A02.62,,76-2<276;+A8:78.:<:.*<5.6<*6--2;87;*4 7/.@,:.<*@,:.<*,76;2;<7/=:26.*6-/*.,.;<1*<*:.67<[email protected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
,,7:-260<7*;<:7#7;*;.<*4 /*.,*4,742/7:5Escherichia coli E. coli *6--2*::1.*0.62,E.coli *:./7=6-26<1.:.*-A<7.*<;*4*-26"*,1=,*2.0.<*+4.; *:. 2::20*<.- ?2<1 =6<:.*<.- ;.?*0. ?*<.: %1. (7:4- .*4<1 !:0*62B*<276 (! :.,755.6-; <1*< <1. 4.>.4 7/ /*.,*4 ,742/7:5; 26 ?*;<.?*<.: <1*< 2; =;.- /7: 2::20*<276;17=4-67<.@,..-

7476A7:5260&62<;,/=7:*7;<":7+*+4. =5+.:" 7/

54(!

2014.>.4;7//*.,*4,742/7:5?.:.:.,7:-.-26<1.>.0.<*+4.;26<1.5*:3.<;7/ =5*;21*6**;<1.A?.:.,76<*526*<.-+A?*;<.?*<.:;<:.*5;=;.-/7:2::20*<276.:*2<*.<*4

6-.>.478260,7=6<:2.;423.6-2*877:6=<:2<276*4;<*<=;*6-87>.:
*6- 7/<1.878=4*<27626<1.-.>.478260?7:4-2;;.>.:.4A26/.,<.-?2<126<.;<26*4?7:5;-=.<7258:78.: ?*;<. *6- .@,:.<* 5*6*0.5.6< =::*A 78.B %1. .;<25*<.- 47;; 7/ *+7=< 5244276

4>,-474?D/5@>?0/ 410 )0,=> )> := :1 ?30 :A0=,77 27:-,7 -@=/09 :1 /4>0,>0 4> 8,497D ,??=4-@?0/?:/4,==3:0,7/4>0,>0>,7:90'9>,10B,?0=>@;;7D:=>.,=.4?D:1;:?,-70B,?0=49,;;=:;=4,?0 >,94?,?4:9,9/;::=3D24090,=0?3060D1,.?:=>=0>;:9>4-701:=,-:@?:1,-:A00>?48,?0//4>0,>0> #=G>>0?,7

("

:>?:1?30/0,?3>/@0?:/4,==3:0,:..@=49.347/=09-07:B,2049 /0A07:;492 .:@9?=40> ("

34230= =4>6 :1 8:=?,74?D 3,> -009 :->0=A0/ 49 .347/=09 B4?3 7:BB0423?1:=?304=,20$4.00?,7

&3030,7?348;,.?>:1B,>?0B,?0=,9/%/4>;:>,7,=0 8,497D/@0?:>;0.414.;,?3:209>02Shigella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

2. Constraint and Reuse Potential of Faecal Sludge

2.1. Constraint of Faecal Sludge Treatment in Developing Countries :9A0=>4:9 :1 % ?: A,7@,-70 ;=:/@.?> B4?3:@? ,9D 1:@7 :/:@= 1740> ,9/ ;,?3:209 ?=,9>84>>4:94>,.3,77092492?,>649/0A07:;492.:@9?=40>&30.3:4.0:1%?=0,?809?80?3:/:7:2D ;=48,=47D/0;09/>:9?30>7@/20.3,=,.?0=4>?4.>,9/?304==0@>0:;?4:9*027,9/,;;74.,?4:9-4:2,> ;=:/@.?4:9:=7,9/1477492:9F%?=,@>>

+%7@/20.3,=,.?0=4>?4.>A,=D>429414.,9?7D/0;09/492 :9 ?30 7:.,?4:9 B,?0= .:9?09? ,9/ >?:=,20 := 0C,8;70 ,88:94@8 .:9.09?=,?4:9 49 % .,9 A,=D 1=:8

J

82 B3470

07849?322>.,9-0;=0>09?;0=74?=0:1% ,924 &30%.3,=,.?0=4>?4./0?0=8490>?30,;;=:;=4,?0?D;0:1?=0,?809?,9/=0@>0&30B4/0A,=40?D :1%.3,=,.?0=4>?4.>=0<@4=0>.:9>4/0=492>@4?,-70:;?4:9>1:=;=48,=D?=0,?809?#=48,=D?=0,?809?4> @>0/ 1:= /0B,?0=492 := >:74/J74<@4/ >0;,=,?4:9 := -4:.3084.,7 >?,-474E,?4:9 :1 % &0.39:7:240> 1:= /0B,?0=492 :1 % 3,A0 -009 =0;:=?0/ ;=0A4:@>7D #0>.:/ %?=,@>> 0? ,7 %?=,@>> 0? ,7 0B,?0=492:1>7@/20=0/@.0>?=,9>;:=?7:,/>,9/>7@/20B4?37:B8:4>?@=0.:9?09?4>0,>40=?: 3,9/70?4>,7>:90.0>>,=D;=4:=?:.:8;:>?492,9/7,9/1477492?:=0/@.0?3070,.3,?0;0=.:7,?4:9?: ?302=:@9/B,?0=

%" %+& " +# 0."0) )"*0 )"0%+ !+(+$5 (/+ !","*!/ +* * 0%" ,. 0& " 1/"! #+. * !"2"(+,&&*$ +1*0.&"/ %+1/"%+(! !/ )+/0(51/ " /",0& 0*' '/ 03&* ,&0/ *! )*1(( "),05&*$ #+. # %" /(1!!$" +((" 0"!! #.+) 0%" /",0& / 0*' *! 03&* ,&00 &/ &+ %")& ((5 )+." /0(" !1" 0+ 0 (+*$". /0+.$",,".&+!//0%%"/(1!$"&/ "),0&"!#.+) )0%"/",0& 0*'*!03 3&*,&0/&*88 5"./% %"/(1!$" +((" 0"!! #.+) #."-11"*0 ."$1(.. +. 3""'(5 "),05&*$ &// &+ %")& ((5 1*/0("" *! "4%&&0/ %&$% +.$*& +* "*0.0&++* %" %(("**$"/0%0." "4,(& &0(5# "!5!"2""(+,&*$ +1* *0.&"/#+.0."0&*$." !&##"."*0 #.+)0%++/"# "!3%%&("0."0&*$ 3/0"30".%"# 0&/ 0%00%"+.$*& *!/+((&! +*0"*0/3"((/ 0%",0%%+$"* +* "**0.0&+*/." 0+ 0&&)"/)+."&) ), 0#1(&* 0%*&*) )1*& &,(3/0"30". 0%"."#+."" /1&0(" 0.."0)"*0 &/ ."-1&."! #+.. (&*$""( "0 ( %" %++& " +# 0."0)"*0 0 +,0&+*##+. &05/%++1(!,.0& 1((.(5!","*! +*0%"(+ ( +*!&0&+*/ *!,.&+.&0&""/+#0%"."$ $&+*3&0% ."$.! 00+ /*&00&+** /1 % / +2".$" "**2&.+*)"*0(( *! %"(0% % "*"#&0/ ""(&)&*0&+* +# +,"* !"#" 0&++*"0 .&&0&+*&*,+, ,1(0&+*!"*//&0530".1//$"*!2&(&(&05/+&&(05,"("2"(+#30". 0(" 22&(&(&05 +## ,&0( &&(&05 0+ ,5 *! 1* ".0&* *05 +10 $..+30% ,00".**/ /0.+*$(5 &*#(1"* & " 0%"!" &//&+*)'&*$$+100%"/""(" 0&+*+#0.""0)"*0

2.2 Reu use Potentiaal of Faeca al Sludge 1)*"4 ."0&/$++! . !/+1. "+#++.$*& )00"".*!,(*0*10.&"*0/3%%& % *".."1/"!&* $.& 1(011."/#".0&(&66". *!#+. /+&()"*!) )"*0" "/ &*%1)* "4 " ."0 +*0&*/ )4&)1 1)+#0%" +.$*& )00". 3%".."/ 1.&*" &// %2&*$ %&$$%". +* "*00.0&+* +# *&&0.+$"* *! ,+ +0//&1) %+3"2".."2"*!&/0.&&10&+*+#,% %+/,%+.1/&/ #+1*!&*1.&&*"*!#" "/00".,+%( " ("0( 00%" /)"0&) )""4 ."0%%/%&$%". +* "*0.0&++*+#,0%+$""*& )& .++..$*&/)/**!0%"."#+."."-1&."/ !"-10""/*&0&60&+**,.&+.0+1/""(&%* &**".7/ &*'""."0( +)"+#0%"3"(( '*+3* 00" %*&-1"/ 3%& 3 % ("*//" *! +*2"".0 +.$*& 3/0"/ 3 &*0+ 2(1"! 2 ,.+!11 " ." +) ),+/0&*$ 2".)& ++),+/0&*$/%%((+30."* %"/"0 %""/"(+3 +/000."0)"*00"" %*+(+$5+,,0&+*/(Fig.1 1)#+. %2""""*#+1*!&*00%"(&0".01."/1.2"5++''/*!!+ 1) )"*0*(5/&&/

# (+3 +/00" %*+(+$5+,00&+*/#+.#" (/(1!$"0.""0)"*0 Fig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

;17=4- +. ,1.,3.- +./7:. <:.*<5.6< *; <1.A ,*6 +. ,76<*526*<.- ?2<1 5.<*4; ?2<1 1201.: ,76,.6<:*<276;7/7240:.*;.*6-/*<;7:7<1.:,76,.:6%<:.*<5.6<<.,1674702.;=;=*44A,758:2;. 8:25*:A<:.*<5.6.:A 8:25*:A 4.>.4 :.;=4<; 26 :.-=,<276 7/ ;4=-0. >74=5. ?12,1 26 <=:6 526252B.; <1. ;<7:*0. :.9=2:.5.6< *; ?.44 *; <:*6;87:<*<276 ,7;<; +=< 2< 2; *6 [email protected];2>. 1201<.,1 ;74=<2760.7/%*6-8.:27-7/76;2<.;<7:*0.*//.,<<1.*+2422:765.6< 7?,7;<<.,1674702.;;=,1*;?*;<. ;<*+242B*<276876-;7:?.<4*6-;,7=4-+.=;.-/7:<1.429=2-<:.*<5.6<

3. Technology for Primary and Sludge Treatment 3.1. Technology for Primary Treatment (Solid–Liquid Separation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able 1">.:>2.?*6-$.57>*4//2,2.6,A7/#:25*:A&:.*<5.6<"8<276; &:.*<5.6<"8<276 .;206:2<.:2* $.57>*4 #:./.::.-:.*; *6-$.9=2:.5.6< //2,2.6,A '

#

'%$.*,<7:

%&<*63

&

E

30&% 5 A.*: 30&% 5 ).*: %742-; ,,=5=4*<276 $*<.%$ ,5 A.*:

%$ 5 5 7/:*?% $&1

%%" E

7/2..<*4

%%E "E &% E 76C%<:*=;;

#.:2=:+*6*6- :=:*4*:.*; #.:2=:+*6*6- :=:*4*:.*;

5 ,*82<*/7: * -*A,A,4. &$.87:<

5 !

" E ':+*6*:.*;

5 ! " E ;=2<.-/7:-.6;.4A &%% E 878=4*<.-*:.*; %%(! ':+*6*6-8.:2

5 ,*82<* %%" =:+*6*:.*; " 76C%<:*=;;

.26;;%<:*=;; %% E ':+*6*:.*;

5 ! " E ;=2<.-/7:-.6;.4A *:6.; 878=4*<.-*:.*; (24;76

3.1.1 Unplanted Drying Bed #02.$06(' '4;,0* %('5 $4( 75(' )14 '(9$6(4,0* $0' '4;,0* 1) ! $6 81.7/(64,& 4$6,15 "+(; &106$,0 5+$..19 ),.6(45 ),..(' 9,6+ 5$0' $0' *4$8(. 9,6+ $0 70'(4'4$,0 $6 6+( %1661/ 61 &1..(&6 6+( .($&+$6(2241:,/$6(.; = 1)6+(5.7'*(81.7/(,5',5&+$4*('$5$.($&+$6(9+,&+0(('561%( 64($6('%()14(%(,0*',5&+$4*(',061$*4,&7.674$.),(.'5)6(4'4;,0*6+(5.7'*(,54(/18(')41/6+( %('/$07$..;14/(&+$0,&$..;$0'0(('561%()746+(464($6('%;&1&1/2156,0*"+(5.7'*()41/$ #&$0016%(',4(&6.;75(')14.$0'$22.,&$6,10$5$51,.)(46,.,<(4'7(616+(24(5(0&(1)2$6+1*(05 "+( /$,0 $'8$06$*(5 1) $ # $4( 6+( .19 &156 *11' '(9$6(4,0* ()),&,(0&; 01 (0(4*; 4(37,4(/(06 $0' 6+( )$&6 6+$6 6+(; &$0 %( %7,.6 $0' 4(2$,4(' 9,6+ .1&$..; $8$,.$%.( /$6(4,$.5 10564$,065 1) 6+,5 6(&+01.1*; $4( 6+( +,*+ .$0' 4(37,4(/(06 1'1745 $0' ).,(5 9+,&+ $4( 014/$..; 016,&($%.( .$%174,06(05,8( 4(/18$. .,/,6(' 4('7&6,10 1) 2$6+1*(05 $0' 6+( 0((' )14 )746+(4 64($6/(061)6+(.,37,'2$46 3.1.2 Planted Drying Bed/Reed Bed 2.$06(' '4;,0* %(' ,5 51/(6,/(5 &$..(' $ 8(46,&$.).19 &105647&6(' 9(6.$0' 4((' %(' 2.$06(' '(9$6(4,0* %(' 14 5.7'*( %(' 9,6+ (/(4*(06 2.$065 0 7$*$'17*17 (/(4*(06 2.$065 .,-( Andropogongayanus$0'Cymbopogonnardus $4(75(')146+(64($6/(061)!,02.$06(''4;,0*%('5 1&(.,0((6$. /(4*(062.$065$4((55(06,$.61,/2418(6+(2(4)14/$0&(1) 5)149$56( 56$%,.,<$6,10$0'4('7&6,101)2$6+1*(05!64$755(6$. "+(/$,0$'8$06$*(51)$2.$06(''4;,0*%('$4(6+$6,6,5&156())(&6,8(($5;6112(4$6(&$0+$0'.( +,*+ .1$',0* $0' +$5 %(66(4 5.7'*( 64($6/(06 6+$0 702.$06(' '4;,0* %('5 "+( &10564$,065 1) 6+,5 6(&+01.1*; $4( +,*+ .$0' 4(37,4(/(06 1'1745 $0' ).,(5 9+,&+ $4( 014/$..; 016,&($%.( .$%174 ,06(05,8(4(/18$.1)5.7'*(.,/,6('4('7&6,101)2$6+1*(05$0'6+(0((')14)746+(464($6/(061)6+( .,37,'2$46 3.1.3 UASB Reactor #! 4(&614 64($65 ! $0' 9$56(9$6(4 %; $0$(41%,& ',*(56,10 $0' ,6 +$5 6+( 216(06,$. 61 4('7&( 6+( 5.7'*( 81.7/( $5 9(.. $5 61 241'7&( %,1*$5 "+( !&+$4$&6(4,56,&5 0((' 61 %( &+(&-(' %()14( 75,0* 6+( #! 4($&614 6(&+01.1*; $5 )4(5+ 14 .(55 56$%,.,<(' ! 9,.. +$8( +,*+(4 &10&(064$6,105 1) 14*$0,& /$66(4 %76 9,.. $.51 &106$,0 ,0+,%,6,0* &1/2170'5 ,*(56(' ! 9+,&+ ,5 *(0(4$6(')41/6+(5(26,&6$0-,5(/26,('(8(4; ;($456+,5/$;016%($224124,$6()14$0$(41%,& &164($6/(06 %(&$75( 1) 6+( 5.7'*( ,0 6+( 5(26,& 6$0- ,5 2$46,$..; ',*(56(' 0 6+,5 &$5( 6+( .19 &10&(064$6,101)14*$0,&/$66(4,06+(',*(56('!9,...($'61.19%,1*$5241'7&6,10%76+,*+51.,' $&&7/7.$6,104(57.6,0*,0+,*+12(4$6,10$.&15659,6+.(55%(0(),65 "+(#!4($&6146(&+01.1*;+$5$'8$06$*(5,06(4/51)0764,(064(&;&.,0*(0(4*;%$.$0&( $0' (/,55,10 6 $.51 $&+,(8(5 $ +,*+ 4('7&6,10 1) $0' .19 5.7'*( 241'7&6,10 "+,5 64($6/(064(37,4(5$4(.$6,8(.;+,*+.(8(.1)5-,..5)142(4$6,10$0'$,06(0$0&(

3.1.4 Settling–Thickening Tanks 4(&6$0*7.$45(66.,0*=6+,&-(0,0*!"6$0-,575(')14!64($6/(06"+(!,5',5&+$4*(' 6+417*+$612,0.(61010(5,'($0'6+(572(40$6$06(:,656+417*+$0176.(6106+(12215,6(5,'(51.,'5 5(66.($66+(%1661/1)6+(6$0-9+(4($55&7/).1$65106+(574)$&(!64$0'((6$.

6 ,5 $ 4(.$6,8(.; 41%756 $0' 4(5,.,(06 6(&+01.1*; %76 9,6+ .19 4('7&6,10 1) 2$6+1*(05 "+( (0' 241'7&651)5(66.,0*6$0-5&$0016%(',5&+$4*(',0619$6(4%1',(51475('',4(&6.;,0$*4,&7.674( 3.1.5 ImhoffTank /+1))6$0-,5$24,/$4;64($6/(065;56(/6+$676,.,5(56+()14&(1)*4$8,6;)146+(5(2$4$6,10 1) 51.,'5 )41/ 9$56(9$6(4>$ 241&(55 -0190 $5 24,/$4; 5(',/(06$6,10 "+( 51.,' 2$46 6+$6 ,5 *(0(4$6(')41/6+(/+1))6$0-,5'(*4$'('70'(4$0$(41%,&',*(56,109,6+,0$.19(4&+$/%(41)6+(

4!.+ 02)/2 4/ 3,5$'% $)30/3!, -(/&& 4!.+3 535!,,9 #/.3)34 /& ! 47/34/2%9 4!.+ -%#(!.)3- 4(!4 &!#),)4!4%3 4(% 3%$)-%.4!4)/. 02/#%33 ). 4(% 500%2 34/2%9 !.$ 4(% !.!%2/")# $)'%34)/. /& 4(% 3%44,%$ 0!24)#,%3).4(%,/7%234/2%92)4%3%#(./"!./',/53 (%-(/&&4!.+02/6)$%3!3/,54)/. "93%0!2!4).'4(%3,5$'%&2/-4(%%&&,5%.43/4(!4)4-!9"%$%'2!$%$2%3%.4,9$%6%,/0).'#/5.42)%3 !2%34),,53).'4()342%!4-%.44%#(.)15%$5%4/)43,/7%2-!).4%.!.#%#/34!.$.%',)')",%%.%2'9).0543 /4(%24(!.(9$2!5,)#'2!$)%.43 (%-(/&&4!.+42%!4-%.43934%-2%15)2%3!3425#452%7)4($%04(%04(-!9"%!02/",%-). 4(% #!3% /& ! ()'( '2/5.$7!4%2 4!",% ()3 42%!4-%.4 3(/73 ,/7 2%$5#4)/. /& 0!4(/'%.3 !.$ 3/ 4(% %&&,5%.43,5$'%!.$3#5-2%15)2%&524(%242%!4-%.4(%-!).!$6!.4!'%/&4()34%#(./,/'9)34(%,/7 ,!.$2%15)2%-%.4&/2#/.3425#4)/.!.$!,3/4(%,/7#/34&/2/0%2!4)/.!.$-!).4%.!.#%

3.1.6 Centrifugation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

%%$34/#+ 02/0%24)%3 3,5$'% 6/,5-% ).$%8 !.$ 7!4%2(/,$).' 3425#452% !.$ 4(% 2/4!4)/.!, 30%%$ /& 4(%#%.42)&5'!4)/."/7,!2%&!#4/23/.7()#(4(%%&&)#)%.#9/&4(%#%.42)&5'!4)/.02/#%33$%0%.$3()3 4%#(./,/'92%15)2%3,/7%2,!.$2%15)2%-%.4"54.%%$33+),,%$/0%2!4/23(%-!).#/.342!).43/&4()3 4%#(./,/'9!2%()'(%20/7%2#/.35-04)/.()'(%2-!).4%.!.#%#/343!.$&!)2,9()'(./)3%,%6%,3 3.1.7 Belt filter press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eobags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

4*+7=:7:/:.9=.6<5*26<.6*6,.7/.9=285.6< &12;<.,1629=.2;*4;74.;;<25.,76;=5260-=.<72<; ,*8*+242
C 26*,758*:*<2>.4A4.;;.:<25.8.:27- &12;;A;<.51*;+..6?.44*8842.-*6-1*;?7:3.-26 *4*A;2*?1.:.;.>.:*4;<:*<.02,47,*<276;1*>. +..6 .9=288.- ?2<1 0.7<=+. =<242<2.; ?12,1 26 <=:6 1*; :.-=,.- <1. [email protected]<=:. 26,=::.- 76 <1. 7>.:*4478.:*<276;+A*6-.61*6,.-<1.:.>.6=.;+A2.<>7:;< &12;<.,167470A2;*6.,76752,*478<276*6-:.9=2:.;52625*4.9=285.6< <6..-;*8=58/7: /2442607/;4=-0.*6-,*6:=6 ?2<152625*44*+7=: 3.1.9 Decision matrix for primary treatment technology (solid–liquid separation) *;.- 76 <1. 8:25*:A <:.*<5.6< <.,1674702,*4 78<276; * -.,2;276 5*<:2@ ?*; 8:.8*:.- ?2<1 :.;8.,<<74*6-:.9=2:.5.6<.6.:0A:.9=2:.5.6<;3244:.9=2:.5.6<#)"#)*6-0:7=6-?*<.: 4.>.4(2) &1.-.,2;2765*<:2@*;,.:<*26;<1./*>7=:*+242. 1201 4*6- :.9=2:.5.6<;+=<67.6.:0A:.9=2:.5.6<?124.'%:.*,<7:1*;1201-2;,1*:0.;<*6-*:-;+=<1*;* 57-.:*<. #) *6- "#) (1.:.*; ' # '% :.*,<7: ,.6<:2/=0*<276 *6- # -7 67< -.8.6-76<1.0:7=6-?*<.:4.>.4/7:78.:*<276/7:&%&<*63*6-0.7+*0;<1.0:7=6-?*<.:4.>.4 ;17=4-+.-..8(Table 2) Table 2 .,2;2765*<:2@/7:8:25*:A<:.*<5.6<<.,167470A;742-C429=2-;.8*:*<276 76;<:*26<

'

#

'%:.*,<7:

.6<:2/=0*<276

%&

&

#

.7+*0

"#) %3244 $.9=2:.5.6< 2;,1*:0. %<*6-*:- 47?/*>7=:*+2427=:*+2427=:*+242

*6- $.9=2:.5.6< 6.:0A $.9=2:.5.6< :7=6-?*<.: .>.4 ;1*447? -.. 8 #)

3.2. Technology for Sludge Treatment /<.:-.?*<.:2607/;4=-0.8*:<2*44A<:.*<.-;4=-0.2;8:7-=,.- &12;<:.*<.-%;<244,76<*26; 8*<170.6;*6-.00;7/8*:*;2<.;*6-,*667<+.-2:.,<4A=;.-26*0:2,=4<=:. &7258:7>.<1.9=*42.:52,7587;<260 -..8 :7? .6<:.6,15.6< ;1*447? <:.6,1.; ;74*: -:A260 425. ;<*+242B*<276 *6- ;74*: ;4=-0. 7>.6 ..8 :7? .6<:.6,15.6<*6-;1*447?<:.6,1.;,*6+.,76;2-.:.-*;+7<1*<:.*<5.6<*6-*6.6-=;.78<276

3.2.1. Co-composting 7,7587;<260 7/ % *6- 5=62,28*4 ;742- ?*;<. 2; * +274702,*4 8:7,.;; <1*< 26>74>.; 52,:77:0*62;5;/7:<1.-.0:*-*<2767/7:0*62,5*<<.:=6-.:*.:7+2,,76-2<276; &12;<.,167470A1*; +..6?2-.4A=;.-/7:8:7,.;;260;7=:,.;.8*:*<.-1=5*6/*.,.;(" !2?*0*+*.<*4

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eep Row Entrenchment *'64'0(1+54-6&)'$63+'&+/&''13084+/%0.$+/#5+0/8+5*53''1-#/5#5+0/4.#:1307+&'# 4#(' &+4104#- 015+0/ +/ &'/4'3 1'3+63$#/ 4'55-'.'/54 #/& #5 5*' 4#.' 5+.' '/#$-' 5*' 03)#/+% /653+'/54&+)'45'&+/5*'4-6&)'50$'64'&$'/'(+%+#--: *+4.'5*0&-+.+545*'3'64'0($+040-+&4#/& '((-6'/5 50 615#,' $: 53''4 #/& )306/& 3'.'&+#5+0/ / 5*' &''1 308 '/53'/%*.'/5 130%'44 &''1 53'/%*'4 #3' &6) 8*+%* #3' 5*'/ (+--'& 8+5* 4-6&)' (0--08'& $: %07'3+/) 8+5* 40+- #35*.07+/) '26+1.'/5+464'&+/5*+45'%*/+26'50$63:5*'4-6&)'+/1-#/5#5+0/1+54$'(03'1-#/5+/)5#,'41-#%' *' #/#'30$+% %0/&+5+0/4 +/ 5*' 53'/%* #3' #%%06/5#$-' (03 3'&6%+/) /+53+(+%#5+0/ #/& *'/%' 3'453#+/+/)5*'-'#%*+/)0(/+53#5'4 *''/53'/%*'&4-6&)'#-40#%54#4#(03.0(4-083'-'#4'('35+-+;'3 (0353''4 3''4#3'5*'/1-#/5'&0/5018*+%*)#+/$'/'(+54(30.5*'03)#/+%.#55'3#/&/653+'/545*#5 #3'4-08-:3'-'#4'&(30.5*' *'3+4,1#5*0)'/'910463'0(1'01-')'543'&6%'&&6'505*+45#-40 '/463'4 #&*'3'/%' 50 5*' -#5'45 4-6&)' )6+&'-+/'4 (03 5*' &+4104#- 0( /0/(#'%#- .#55'3 #/& (03 3'%:%-+/)0(/653+'/54 /5*'#11-+%#5+0/+/63$#/-+.+5'&/+53#5'-'#%*+/)8#4(06/&+/5*'40+-#/&5'454%0/&6%5'& +/ 5*' #3'# 4*08'& 5*#5 463306/&+/) )306/&8#5'3 $0&+'4 3'.#+/'& (3'' (30. 10--65+0/ 5 #-40 #11'#3'& 5*#5 5*' (#45)308+/) 53''4 500, 61 5*' #&&+5+0/#- /653+'/54 5+-- '5 #- / !.-#;+ 63$#/'6%#-:156453''48'3'1-#/5'#&''1308'/53'/%*.'/54+5'''1308'/53'/%*.'/58#4 +.1-'.'/5'&(038#45'8#5'34-6&)'+/5*'!/+5'&5#5'4+/5*' 4#/&*#4$''/#'&(03+/ 63$#/065*(3+%#5+--'5#- ''1 308 '/53'/%*.'/5 +4 %0/4+&'3'& .045 ('#4+$-' +/ #3'#4 8*'3' 8#5'3 +4 /05 &+3'%5-: 0$5#+/'&(30.#)306/&8#5'34063%'#/&8*'3'46((+%+'/5-#/&+4#7#+-#$-'8*+%*.'#/45*'4-6&)' 806-&*#7'50$'53#/41035#$-'50363#-#/&1'3+63$#/#3'#4 *'$'/'(+540(5*+45'%*/0-0):#3' (+9#5+0/ #/& '304+0/ 1305'%5+0/ 5*306)* 5*' 1-#/5#5+0/ 08 )306/&8#5'3 5#$-' #/& *+)* -#/& 3'26+3'.'/5%06-&$'%0/453#+/54 3.2.3. Vermicomposting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

63-;8,3+5+-=3?3=B37=23<;+71/3<0+<=58@ ;+=38-+7,/0>;=2/;369;8?/.,B+..371-86687 @+<=/ 6+=/;3+5< <>-2 +< +736+5 @+<=/ ,+1+<;371 ?/;63-8698<=371 =2/ 683<=>;/5/?/5<28>5.+5<8,/6+37=+37/.+= F ,B9/;38.3-<9;374537180+./:>+=/:>+7=3=B80=+9 98=+,5/@+=/;%/?/;+5/931/3-=2+;

08>7. =2+= 0+/-+5 6+==/; -+7 ,/ -87?/;=/. =8 6+=>;/ -8698<= ,B ?/;63-8698<=371 ><371=@8.300/;/7=/+;=2@8;6<9/-3/<7+6/5BE. fetida+7.Dendrobaenaveneta@3=237 687=2<30 =2/=/69/;+=>;/3<4/9=,/=@//7 +7. D%317303-+7=;/.>-=38737?85+=35/<853.<0;86 E 61 1=8 E 61 1;/.>-=387+7..3<<85?/.8;1+73--+;,87-87=/7=0;86 E =8 E

61 1 *+.+? /= +5 37.3-+=/< -8698<= 6+=>;3=B @23-2 6/+7< /+;=2@8;6< 95+B +7 3698;=+7= ;85/ 37 =2/ ./1;+.+=387 80 @+<=/ +7. 9;8.>-/ + <=+,5/ 9;8.>-= 87=;/;+<$+68< /= +5

&2/ 6+37+.?+7=+1/<80=23<=/-278581B+;/ /+-=@23-23<+188.<835-87.3=387/;8@/?/;=/-273-+5+7.6+7+1/;3+5<4355<+;/ ;/:>3;/.08;89/;+=371+?/;63-8698<=37195+7=

3.2.4. Lime Stabilization 36/<=+,353C+=387800/;<=2/+.?+7=+1/<809;/-393=+=3716/=+5<+7.928<928;><+7.;/.>-371 9+=281/7<8.8>;<./1;+.+,5/8;1+73-6+==/;/=-0;86=2/@+<=/@+=/;<5>.1/=;/+=6/7=/7./C/= +5

3= 2+< ,//7 3695/6/7=/. 37 =2/ "23539937/< 08; % =;/+=6/7= $3;/ =2;8>12 /A8=2/;63- 8A3.+=387 ;/+-=387< +;/ 0+-=8;< =2+= -87=;85 =2/ 9;8-/<< 80 9+=281/7 ;/.>-=387 .>;371 +54+537/ <=+,353C+=387 "/<-87 /5<87

55 -2/63-+5 -8698>7.< @3=2 2312/; +54+537/ 9;89/;=3/< -+7 ,/ 1/7/;+55B 7+6/. +< 536/ #>3-4536/ +! +7. <5+4/. 536/ +! +;/ 3=< 68<= -86687 08;6< #>3-4536/ 3< ./;3?/. ,B + 2312=/69/;+=>;/ -+5-37+=387 9;8-/<< 80 536/ <=87/ 2B.;+=387 80 :>3-4536/ =2/7 9;8.>-/< <5+4/. 536/ @23-2 3< +5<8 =/;6/.+<2B.;+=/.536/8;-+5-3>62B.;8A3./ 8;6+=38780+! 37-;/+-/<+7/7?3;876/7==2+=+;;/<=<8;;/=+;.< =2/63-;8,3+5./1;+.+=387808;1+73-6+==/;&>;8?<43B+=2+3

78;./;=8+==+3789=36>6 ;/<>5=<0;86=2/536/<=+,353C+=3879;8-/<<37=2/68<=-8<=/00/-=3?/@+B98<<3,5/3=3<<317303-+7==8 -87<3./; + 7>6,/; 80 ./<317 9+;+6/=/;< 534/ <5>.1/ -2+;+-=/;3<=3-< 536/ .8;8?<43B +=2+3

&2/ 6+37 -87-/;7 80 =23< =/-278581B 3< =2/ 98<<3,353=B 80 9+=281/7 ;/1;8@=2 3.2.5. Solar Drying %85+;.;B3712+<,//7>.1/87+5+;1/<-+5/<37-/=2/ 737/=//7=2-/7=>;B37>;89/+7.=2/'73=/.<=+=/<355>A &;/+=6/7=,B<85+;.;B3713< 1/7/;+55B .87/ 37 1;//728>-=>;/< @3=2 15+<.1/ 3< .3<98= F .+B< !9=387< /A3<= 08; ,+=-2 8; -87=37>8><89/;+=387@3=2./?3-/<=8-87=;85=2/-87.3=387<37=2/1;//728>;/&2/6+370+-=8;<3705>/7-371=2//?+98;+=387/003-3/7-B37=2/;/+7.?/7=35+=387;+=/@3=2=2/373=3+5.;B<853.-87=/7=80=2/<5>.1/+7. +3;63A371+5<83705>/7-371=2/9;8-/<<%/137/;>A

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
3.2.6. Shallow trenches 7,6$6,03/(6<67(07+$7+(/36,1/$1'5(0(',$7,21$1'&$86(61218,6$1&(721(,*+%2856,1 7(506 2) 60(// 25 $(67+(7,& )/(;,%,/,7< 6+$//2: 75(1&+ &$1 %( 86(' ,55(63(&7,9( 2) 7+( 48$/,7< $1' 48$17,7< 2) 6/8'*( 2:(9(5 7+( 0$,1 &21675$,176 2) 7+,6 7(&+12/2*< $5( 7+( 63$&( 5(48,5(0(17 $1' 7+(1((')255(*8/$5*5281':$7(5021,725,1* (&(17 678',(6 %< 7+( 1,9(56,7< 2) 85%$1 6+2:(' 7+$7 7+( 6+$//2: 75(1&+ 7(&+1,48( ,6 6$)( )25 *5281':$7(5$1'7+$77+(6/8'*(,6%(1(),&,$/727+(*52:7+2)75((6+(&2672)$75(1&+2)0 ,6 "3/8652-(&7

3.2.7. Solar Sludge Oven 2/$5/8'*(9(1,6$1,168/$7('%2;&29(5(':,7+*/$667+$76,76$7$ '(*5(($1*/("+(1 (;326('72681/,*+77+(7(03(5$785(,16,'(7+(%2;,1&5($6(6+(7(03(5$785(,16,'($:(//,168/$7(' %2;&$15($&+8372 >63$572)6/8'*(75($70(17%5,&.6$1'&(0(17$5(86('72%8,/'6/8'*( 29(16:,7+$&$3$&,7<2)0 ,1',9,'8$//<217+(',6326$/6,7(,10%26,75$(029$%/(75$163$5(17 522),1*6+((76$5(86('72&29(57+(+$/)%85,('$1',168/$7('29(1+(29(1,6&/26('21&()8//'8( 72 /2$',1* 2) 6/8'*( ,172 ,7 6 7+( 7(03(5$785( 2) 7+( 29(1 5,6(6 '(3(1',1* 21 7+( '(*5(( 2) ,168/$7,217+('5<,1*352&(66,17+(6/8'*(&217,18(629(56(9(5$/0217+6817,/7+(3,76$5((037,(' $*$,16$5(68/77+('5<5(6,'8$/6/8'*(%(&20(6+<*,(1,&$1'&$1%(%85,('81'(5$7+,1/$<(52) 62,/25&$1%(87,/,=('$6$&21',7,21(5)257+(,03529(0(172)62,/)(57,/,7<,11(,*+%285,1*25&+$5'6 +(%,2/2*,&$/&217$0,1$7,212)62,/'8(727+($33/,&$7,212)6/8'*(,17+(62,/&$1%(6,*1,),&$17/< 5('8&('%<7+,6(48,30(172&$/)$50(56&$1%(&219,1&(')2586,1*+80$1(;&5(7$,17+(,5),(/'6,) 7+( 6/8'*( &28/' %( 3523(5/< '5,(' %< 86,1* $335235,$7( 7(&+1,48(6 +( &267 2) 7:2 62/$5 6/8'*( 29(162)0 &$3$&,7<,6 "3/8652-(&7

+,67(&+12/2*<,69(5<6,03/(7286( $1'7+(6/8'*(*(1(5$7(')5207+,67(&+12/2*<,69(5<+<*,(1,&%877+(352&(66,1*&$3$&,7<,6/,0,7(' 21/< 0 3(50217+6$1'7+(&267,6+,*+(5&203$5(':,7+%85,$/3,762575(1&+(6:+,&+&28/' %(&216,'(5('$&21675$,17 3.2.8. Decision matrix for sludge treatment technology $6(' 21 7+( 6/8'*( 75($70(17 7(&+12/2*,&$/ 237,216 $ '(&,6,21 0$75,; :$6 35(3$5(' :,7+ 5(63(&772/$1'5(48,5(0(17(1(5*<5(48,5(0(176.,//5(48,5(0(17##$1'*5281':$7(5 /(9(/$1'',6&+$5*(67$1'$5'(Table 3)+(0$75,;6+2:67+$7/,0(67$%,/,=$7,216+$//2:75(1&+(6$1' '((3 52: (175(1&+0(17 $5( /2:&267 237,216 :,7+ 5(63(&7 72 # $1' # "+(5($6 &203267,1* 9(50,&203267,1* $1' 62/$5 6/8'*( 29(1 '2 127 '(3(1' 21 7+( *5281':$7(5 /(9(/ )25 23(5$7,21'((352:(175(1&+0(175(48,5(6*5281':$7(5/2&$7(''((3(Table ) Table 3 (&,6,210$75,;)256/8'*(75($70(177(&+12/2*< 2 21675$,17

!(50,&2

2/$5/8'*(

03267,1*

9(1

20326 7,1*

$1' (48,5(0(17 1(5*< (48,5(0(17 5281':$7(5 (9(/

,0(

((32:

2/$5

+$//2:

5<,1*

5(1&+(6

7$%,/,=$7 ,21

175(1&+0(17

;1*447? -..8

#)

"#)

%3244 $.9=2:.5.6< 2;,1*:0. %<*6-*:-

47?/*>7=:*+2427=:*+2427=:*+242
4. Benefits of treated sludge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uel production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roduction of biochar &1.:57,1.52,*4 -.,7587;2<276 7/ /*.,*4 5*<<.: *< .4.>*<.- <.58.:*<=:.; 26 <1. *+;.6,. 7/ [email protected]2;=;.-/7:<1.8:7-=,<2767/+27,1*:+A8A:74A;2; +;.6,.7/[email protected]8:.>.6<;,75+=;<276 /:757,,=::260*6-1.6,.A2.4-;,*:+76+*;.-.6-8:7-=,<;<1*<*:.-2//.:.6.:.-$=43.6;

4.3. Biogas #574*:)+8(/4-'8(>'3'+74(/)*/-+89/43'3*9.+'24:394,(/4-'8574*:)9/43*+5+3*843 45+7'9/3-5'7'2+9+788:).'889'(/1/9>4,9.+81:*-+9.+!4,9.+81:*-+'3*9+25+7'9:7+ /4-'8 )'3(+:8+**/7+)91>,47'551/)'9/4388:).'8)440/3-'3*,:+1 4<+;+7+1+)97/)/9>-+3+7'9/43,742 (/4-'8 /8 349 '1<'>8 57')9/)'1 43 ' 82'11 8)'1+ '3* 34 ,:118)'1+ 45+7'9/43 .'8 (++3 /*+39/,/+* /3 *+;+145/3-)4:397/+8,479.+'3'+74(/)*/-+89/434,#/3')+397'1/?+*97+'92+39 4.4. Building materials 7/+* # )'3 (+ :8+* '8 ' (:/1*/3- 2'9+7/'1 8:). '8 /3 9.+ 2'3:,')9:7/3- 4, )+2+39 '3* (7/)08'3*/39.+574*:)9/434,)1'>('8+*574*:)98(:9<4:1*574('(1>431>(+4,/39+7+89/3'7+'8 <.+7+7'<2'9+7/'18'7+1/2/9+* $.+57+8+3)+4,5'9.4-+38/3#/8349')43)+73(+)':8+9.+./-. 2'3:,')9:7/3-9+25+7'9:7+80/119.+5'9.4-+38 7/+*<'89+<'9+781:*-+'3*#.';+(++38.4<394 .';+8/2/1'76:'1/9/+89449.+797'*/9/43'17'<(:/1*/3-2'9+7/'188:).'81/2+8943+'3*)1'>2'9+7/'18 47*'3+9'1 /3+9'1 4.5. Soil conditioner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

5. Costs and Revenue from reuse $.+,/3'14:95:94,*7/+*81:*-+2'3:7+/87/)./33/974-+3'3*5.485.474:8'3*)'3(+:8+* '8'2'3:7+4784/1)43*/9/43+7 #/3)+*7/+*81:*-+/8247+.>-/+3/)/33'9:7+'3*.'8'3/2574;+* 897:)9:7+ /9 .'8 247+ 2'70+9 ;'1:+ $.+ 57')9/)'1 /251+2+39'9/43 4, '3> 9+).3414->*+5+3*8 43 /98 +)4342/) ;/'(/1/9> %8'-+ 4, 9./)0+3/3- '3* *+<'9+7/3- 9+).3414-/+8 574*:)+8 *+38+7 81:*-+ *7>841/*)43)+397'9/43<./1+*7>/3-9+).3414-/+8574*:)+81:*-+841/*)43)+397'9/431'-' 88.4<3/3Table 4'3*Table 59.+841/*7+9+39/43,47 9.+ 9./)0+3/3- '3* *+<'9+7/3- 9+).3414-/+8 1/0+ )+397/,:-+ #$ 9'30 '3* " /8 247+ 9.'3 '3*.+3)+9.+8+)'3-+3+7'9+247+7+;+3:+ 4<+;+79.+8+9+).3414-/+8'7+247++=5+38/;+9.'3 9.+ 49.+7 )43;+39/43'1 9+).3414-/+8 #1:*-+ ,47 :8+ /3 '-7/):19:7'1 5:7548+8 /8 '1<'>8 57+,+77+* 94 .';+'841/*)43)+397'9/434,247+9.'3 +3)+'3'557457/'9+)42(/3'9/434,*+<'9+7/3-'3* *7>/3-9+).3414->)4:1*-+3+7'9+(+99+77+;+3:+ 8/251+,/3'3)/'124*+1<'857+5'7+*94)43*:)9' )489 (+3+,/9 '3'1>8/8 ,47 */,,+7+39 )42(/3'9/438 4, 57/2'7> 97+'92+39 '3* 81:*-+ 97+'92+39 )42543+398 ,/3'3)/'1'88+882+39<'85+7,472+*,47' >+'7143-5+7/4* Table 4 $+).3/)'1'3*/3'3)/'1"'7'2+9+78,47+')."7/2'7>$+).3414->

$=48,=C?0.39:7:2C ' $ '%=0,.?:= 09?=41@2,?4:9 %&?,96

%:74/=0?09?4:9 $*'% #$*'% .,;,.4?C , - -

-

0 . 1 1

& $ 0:-,2> , '9;7,9?0/=C4920/> - "46408,0?,7 . &34.609492$:9/> / 54-,/0 2 %:74/>,9/7492$7,9 3 %3,==0=0?,7

/

-

1

1

1

1

Table 5 &0.394.,7,9/149,9.4,7;,=,80?0=>1:=0,.3>7@/20?=0,?809??0.39:7:2C %7@/20?=0,?809??0.39:7:240> +407/ $*'% 8 #$*'% 8

,

,

.

.

(0=84.:8;:>?492

,

.

.

480>?,-474D,?4:9

,

/

/

%:7,=/=C492

-

-

-

%3,77:B?=09.30>

0

00;=:B09?=09.3809?

,

%:7,=>7@/20:A09

0

1

&&::7

.

:.:8;:>?492

3,A0D

%.:>8,=? 484?0/! >#=2,9:;3:>

/

),920?,7

0

)%;7@>$=:50.?

1

@=?0?,7

&30=0,=0-,>4.,77C?B:48;:=?,9?;,=,80?0=>?3,?,110.??30149,9.4,7A4,-474?C:1,?=0,?809? ;7,9?EC407/1,.?:=,9/;:;@7,?4:9>0=A0/ Yield factor&30C407/1,.?:=1=:80,.3?0.39:7:2C/4=0.?7C,110.?>?30<@,9?4?C:18,9@=0;=:/@.0/ B34.349?@=9,110.?>?30=0A09@02090=,?0/ 9.,>0:1>7@/20?=0,?809??0.39:7:240>?30C407/1,.?:= 1=:8?30.:8;:>?;7,9?4>,-:@? B30=0,>?307480>?,-474D,?4:9;7,9?3,>,C407/:1,-:@? %3,77:B?=09.30>,9//00;=:B09?=09.3809?>,=0;7,9?0/-@=C492;4?>,9/309.09:=0A09@0.,9-0 2090=,?0/ -C >077492 ?30 8,9@=0 ;=:/@.0/ 49>4/0 ?30 ;4? &30>0 ?0.39:7:240> 2090=,?0 , >:.4,7 .:>? -09014??3,?4>9:?49.7@/0/49?30.@==09?,9,7C>4>

Population served$.9-9-*545:1&9.43(-&3,.3,.3*&(-(.9>9-*;.&'.1.9>4+97*&92*39459.438&184 (-&3,*8 3 82&11 (.9.*8 (4891> 9*(-3414,> 1.0* (*397.+:,&9.43 .8 349 & ;.&'1* 459.43 &8 9-* 81:),* ,*3*7&9*)+7429-*8*(.9.*8.882&114<*;*7&89-*545:1&9.438.?*.3(7*&8*8&(74889-*(.9.*8247* *++.(.*39 &3) (4891> 9*(-3414,.*8 <.11 '*(42* ;.&'1* <.9- -.,-*7 ,*3*7&9.43 4+ 7*;*3:* Table 6 8-4<89-*(&9*,47.?&9.434+3).&3(.9.*8 Table 6 &9*,47.?&9.434+.9.*8 Class

Population

;*7 2.11.43

@ 2.11.43

@ 2.11.43

@

@

#

@

#

@

#

*889-&3

8.251*+.3&3(.&1&3&1>8.8<&8(43):(9*)94(&1(:1&9*9-*39*73&1&9*4+*9:73&3) 5&>'&(0 5*7.4) 4+ 9-* 574/*(9 Table 7 8-4<8 9-* '&8.( &88:259.438 :8*) +47 5*7+472.3, 9-* (489 '*3*+.9&3&1>8.8!-*6:&1.9>4+2&3:7*,*3*7&9*)+742(4(425489.3,&3);*72.(425489.3,.8-.,-*7 &8(425&7*)9449-*781:),*97*&92*399*(-3.6:*8*3(*9-*57.(*4+(42548947;*72.(425489<&8 9&0*394'* " 9433*:0-*7/** <-*7*&89-*57.(*4+9-* 2&3:7*,*3*7&9*)+7429-* 49-*781:),*97*&92*399*(-3414,.*8<&89&0*394'*" 9433* Table 7 88:259.438:8*).39-*+.3&3(.&124)*1 &7&2*9*78

#&1:*

31*9949&1841.)8

2,

*38.9>4+

0, 2

,*3*7&9.43

, )&> (&5.9&

8(&1&9.437&9*439-*57.(*4+(425489&3)

5*7&33:2

2&3:7* 8(&1&9.437&9*4397*&92*3951&3945*7&9.3,(489

5*7&33:2

&1;&,*;&1:*

11 9-* *.,-9 57.2&7> 9*(-3414,.*8 <*7* 9*(-3.(&11> (425&9.'1* <.9- 9-* 8*;*3 81:),* 97*&92*39 459.438 *3(* +.+9>8.= (42'.3&9.438 4+ 97*&92*39 9*(-3414,.*8 <*7* ,*3*7&9*) &3) 9-*.7 +.3&3(.&1 &3&1>8.8 <&8 5*7+472*) 94 :3)*789&3) 9-*.7 (489*++*(9.;*3*88 3 47)*7 94 :3)*789&3) 9-* (-&3,*.3%%&3)7*;*3:*,*3*7&9*)+742&57.2&7>97*&92*399*(-3414,><.9-).++*7*39 (42'.3&9.4384+81:),*97*&92*399*(-3414,.*8<&8(-48*3&89-*57.2&7>97*&92*399*(-3414,> &3)(42'.3*)<.9-9-*8*;*381:),*97*&92*39459.438&88-4<3.3Fig.2. !-*57.2&7>;*79.(&1&=.8 8-4<89-*%%&3)7*;*3:*,*3*7&9*)+7429-*(42'.3&9.43<-.1*9-*8*(43)&7>;*79.(&1 &=.8 8-4<8 9-* (42'.3*)>.*1) +742 9-* 97*&92*39 (42'.3&9.438 Fig.2) 42'.3&9.43 4+ <.9-

%(, %', %&, %$, ), (, ', &, $,

%)!$$$ %(!$$$ %'!$$$ %&!$$$ %$!$$$ )!$$$ (!$$$ '!$$$ &!$$$

)&*" /0&)&50&,+ $"+".0"/ %&$%"/0 ."2"+1" *,+$ 0%" /"2"+ ,*&+0&,+/ , ,*-,/0&+$ 2".*& ,*-,/0&+$/,).!.4&+$+!/,)./)1!$",2"+." ,/0)&".+!$"+".0"),34&")!/ ,*-."! 3&0%0%",0%"./)1!$"0."0*"+0,-0&,+/

Fig.2. .&0&,+&+#&++ &)-.*"0"./$"+".0"!#.,*-)+0"!!.4&+$"!3&0%0%"/"2"+/)1!$" 0."0*"+0,-0&,+/ ,1+!"./0+!0%""##" 0,#-,-1)0&,+/&5",+0%"" ,+,*& +)4/&/,#0%"0."0*"+0-)+0 0%" *,!") 3/ .1+ #,. -,-1)0&,+ /&5"/ /"! ,+ 0%" )//&#& 0&,+ ,# +!&+ &0&"/ " %+,),$&"/ $"+".0&+$ + ,# *,." 0%+ 3"." ,+/&!"."! " ,+,*& ))4 #"/&)" Table 8 /%,3/ 0%" 2.&,1/0" %+," ,+,*& ))4#"/&)",-0&,+/$&+/02.&,1/-,-1)0&,+/&5"/ .,///"2".),+)&+"/%,--&+$3"/&0"/0%"-.& ",# ,*-,/03/#,1+!0,2.4#.,*

0, ($ "+ " / "+.&, +)4/&/ 3/ ,+!1 0"! 3&0% + 2".$" -.& " ,# 0%" ,*-,/0 &" ($%"-.& ",# ,*-,/0+!,0%".*+1."3/&+ ."/"!4 0&*"/#.,*0%"/")&+"+! 0%" #"/&&)&0&"/ ,# 0%" 0."0*"+0 0" %+,),$&"/ 3"." %" ("! Table 9 /%,3/ 0%" 2.&,1/ 0" %+, " ,+,*& ))4 #"/&)" ,-0&,+/ $&+/0 2.&,1/ -,-1)0&,+ /&5"/ #,. 0%" "/ )0"! -.& " ,# ."2"+1" "+.&, %"/")&+"/ "+.&,$"+".0"!" ,+,*& ))4#"/&)",-0&,+///%,3+&+Table 8&*" /0&)&50&,+ +! /,). /)1!$" ,2"+ 3"." 0%" #&++ &))4 2&)" /)1!$" 0."0*"+0 ,-0&,+/ &+ 0%&/ / "+.&, %" -.,'" 0 2.&"! #.,* #,. -,-1)0&,+ /&5" ,#

+! 3"+0 1- 0,

#,.-,-1)0&,+/&5",#*&))&,+%"-4 (-".&,!,#0%"0."0*"+0 ,*&+0&,+/3&0% /,)./)1!$",2"+/0%"/)1!$"0."0*"+0,-0&,+."!1 "!#.,*4"./0, 4"./ &0%0%"&+ ."/"&+-.& ",#0%" ,*-,/0+!*+1."/ "+.&,$"+".0"!" ,+,*& ))4 #"/&)",-0&,+///""+&+Table 8%"#&++ &))42&)"/)1!$"0."0*"+0,-0&,+/&+/ "+.&,." , ,*-,/0&+$ )&*" /0&)&50&,+ /,). !.4&+$ +! /,). /)1!$" ,2"+ %" -.,'" 0 2.&"! #.,* #,.-,-1)0&,+/&5",#

+!3"+01-0, #,.-,-1)0&,+/&5",#*&))&,+

#&

'"

"'%('#"

%'#%

%!%*'%'!"' '"# #&

! &' +'#" # %& ( #)" ! &' +'#" # %& ( #)" ! &' +'#" # %& ( #)"

! &' +'#" # %& ( #)" ! &' +'#"

! &' +'#"

! &' +'#" # %& ( #)" ! &' +'#" # %& ( #)"

! &' +'#" # %& ( #)" ! &' +'#"

# %& (#)"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

# %& (#)"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

!&' +'#" # %& (#)"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

Table 8 "##"#! *& #$'#"&"'& "&"%# #$( '#"&+

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

# %& (#)"

!&' +'#"

(#

#(&)($#

&"&+(&("#( (#$!$+

$$"%$'(# "'(!,($# $!&&+#

$$"%$'(#

"'(!,($#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

$!&'!)$*#

"'(!,($#

"'(!,($#

$!&&+#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

$!&'!)$*#

"'(!,($#

"'(!,($#

$!&&+#

$!&&+#

$$"%$'(#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&'!)$*#

$$"%$'(#

$!&&+#

$!&'!)$*#

"'(!,($#

"'(!,($#

$!&&+#

$!&'!)$*#

$$"%$'(#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

Table 9 #$$#$"!!+'!%($#'##&$ $%)!($#',

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$!&'!)$*#

$!&&+#

"'(!,($#

$$"%$'(#

$" & %! ! $(!' %& %!$" & ! %! && & %&,&"! &$& !& "#&"! % & "%& % %' &$& !& "#&"!% $"%% #"#'&"! %, ! & %!%!$"&!$&%!&)! ! %"!($"'%#"#'&"!%,% $+&#+#$""&$& !&#!&%'%! %&,&"!%'&$& !&%")% " #$)&&&""&$&!""% !Fig.4%")$'!&$!"&#+#$" )& !$% ! #"#'&"! %, * ' #+ #$" '& ! & %! % ! !$")%!

+$%$%#&(+ ! ' &

!

%

"

"

$

!

!

%

Fig.3. +#$""$" !&"!%"#$ $+&!""%)&& %&,&"! &!""+%!%

"% " !% !

!

"

%

%

!

!

%

#

Fig.4. +#$""$" !&"!%"#$ $+&!""%)&& %&,&"! &!""+!$"

01&#-,-2)1',+0'7#'+!/#0#01&#!&,'!#0,$#!,+,*'!))63' )#1#!&+,),%6!,* '+1',+0 '+!/#0#" '+ 0#)'+# 0!#+/', +" !#+/', + 1&# 0#)'+# 0!#+/', )'*# 01 ')'71',+ +" 0,)/ 0)2"%#,3#+ #!*#$#0' )#,-1',+$,/-,-2)1',+0'7#0 ,3#

$,/))1&##'%&1-/'*/6 1/#1*#+1 1#!&+,),%'#0 '*')/)6 !,!,*-,01'+% )'*# 01 ')'71',+ 0,)/ "/6'+% +" 0,)/ 0)2"%# ,3#+ #!*# 1&# $#0' )# ,-1',+ '+ !0# ,$ !#+/', #+1/'$2%1',+ 1&'!(#+'+% +" "#41#/'+% 1#!&+,),%6 40 +,1 #!,+,*'!))6 $#0' )# 4'1& +6 ,$ 1&# 0)2"%# 1/#1*#+1 1#!&+,),%'#0 1')) -,-2)1',+0'7#'+!/#0#"1,

+"

'+!0#,$!#+/',+" 0#)'+#0!#+/',#+!# )00+"!'1'#04'))&3# #11#/,-1',+0$,/#!,+,*'!))63' )#1/#1*#+1*#1&,"0 Limitations of the study &'0012"6&01&#$,)),4'+%)'*'11',+0 1&0$,!20#",+)6,+1&#1/#1*#+11#!&+,),%6+"&0+,1!,+0'"#/#"#$$)2#+11/#1*#+1 1#!&+,),%'#0 &#!-'1)!,01,-#/1'+%!,010+"6'#)",$1&#-/'*/6+"0)2"%#1/#1*#+11#!&+,),%'#0 /# 0#" ,+ )'1#/12/# /#3'#4 +" +,1 0-#!'$'! 1, 1&# "#3#),-'+% +1',+0 &# !,010 /# +,1 0#",+!,+0'01#+16#/+"&#+!#1&#'+$)1',+/1#0/#+,1!,+0'"#/#"'+1&#!)!2)1',+ ,010 ,$ 2+-)+1#" "/6'+% #"0 -)+1#" "/6'+% #"0 3#/*'!,*-,01'+% +" "##- /,4 #+1/#+!&*#+10/# 0#",+#5-#/1,-'+',+0'+1&#/#)#3+10#!1,/'*')/)61'#)"$!1,/0 ,$%#, %0!,!,*-,01'+%/#, 1'+#"$/,*#5-#/10 &# $'+) /#3#+2# $/,* 1&# 1/#1*#+1 '0 !,+0'"#/#" 4'1& 1&# 002*-1',+0 1&1 1&# 20#/0 /# 4'))'+%1,-6$,/1&#*+2/#

6. Conclusion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�# 1/#1*#+1 1#!&+,),%'#0 4,2)" &#)- '+ 1&# '*-)#*#+11',+ ,$ 0+'11',+-,)'!'#01&1'*1,!&'#3#!'1'#0$/##$/,*,-#+"#$#!1',+#!&+,),%'#0--)'#"$,/ %#+#/1#3)2 )#+" #+#$'!')#+"-/,"2!104&'!&4'))&#)-1�)2*"4#))#/01,--/,-/'1#)6 *+%#1&#'/,4++")0,%#+#/1#/#3#+2#$,/#*-),6*#+1+" 20'+#00!,01 #+#$'1+)60'0 ,$"'$$#/#+1!,* '+1',+0,$-/'*/6+"0)2"%#1/#1*#+11#!&+,),%'#040-#/$,/*#"$,/"'$$#/#+1 !)00#0 0#" ,+ -,-2)1',+ 0'7# ,$ +"'+ !'1'#0 '*# 01 ')'71',+ '0 1&# *,01 1#!&+,#!,+,*'! $#0' )# 0)2"%# 1/#1*#+1 ,-1',+ '+ 1#/*0 ,$ !,01 +" 6'#)" 4&'!& !+ # 20#" 4'1& -/'*/6 1/#1*#+1!/,00))-,-2)1',+0'7#&#-/'*/61/#1*#+11#!&+,),%'#002!&0!#+1/'$2%1',++" %#, %0 '0 02'1 )# $,/ &'%&#/ -,-2)1',+ 0'7#0 )'(# )00 +" !'1'#0 4&#/#0 1&# ,1&#/ 1#!&+,),%'#0)'(#/#!1,/1+(+"/#3' )#$,/1&#))-,-2)1',+ 0'7#0&#/#3#+2#$/,*1�)#,$*+2/#40002*#"0 1,++#'+1&#$'++!')+)60'0 &'0%#+#/1#"),4$,/*+61/#1*#+11#!&+,),%6!,* '+1',+0&#*+2/#-/,"2!#"$/,* &0&'%&#/,/%+'!!,+1#+1+"&01, #0,)"1&'%&#/-/'!#0!,*-/#"1,*+2/#%#+#/1#" $/,*0,)'"401# *+%#*#+1-)+10'+%0 3)2 )#-/,"2!1!,2)"&#)-1,""/#00 ,1&1&# 0+'11',+!&))#+%#04#))0,$$#/#+3'/,+*#+1) #+#$'10'+1#/*0,$,/%+'!$#/1')'7#/

Acknowledgment &#21&,/0/#1&+($2)1,'))+"#)'+"1#0,2+"1',+$,/-/,3'"'+%$'++!')02--,/1

References :?76 .3F7D3@6*3@;F3F;A@;@ @6;3SE7@EGE M :FFB

III E5AAB 5A @L EFAD;7E # * I3F7D3@6E3@;F3F;A@;@;@6;3E57@EGE :F?!G>K

++AA> ;@3@5;3>3@6+75:@;53>3EE7EE?7@F+AA> *$+AA>4AJ :FFB

8E?FAA>4AJ 5A? ?3;@ FAA>E !G>K <;4367 .3EF7I3F7D+D73F?7@F :FFBE

III E5D;46 5A? 6A5 .3EF7I3F7D+D73F?7@F!G>K

>4;:@-;@@7DNE ;AE75GD;FK3@63D34>7GE7A8?3@GD73@64;AI3EF7+D73F?7@F3>F7D@3F;H7E #;H7EFA5=*5;7@57 6A; < >;HE5; 3D@7E.;>EA@ +:77E;9@3@6&B7D3F;A@A8*?3>>*7I397.AD=E %7I0AD=!A:@.;>7K*A@E @5 3DD) J5D7F3)7>3F76 @875F;A@E3@6F:7)A>7A8*3@;F3F;A@;@F:7A@FDA>A8+D3@E?;EE;A@ .AD>6 73>F:&D93@;L3F;A@.3F7D(G3>;FKG;67>;@7E*F3@63D6E3@673>F: #A@6A@ :FFBE

III D7E73D5:93F7 @7F BG4>;53F;A@

2J5D7F3 )7>3F762 @875F;A@E23@62F:72)A>72A82*3@;F3F;A@2;@2F:72A@FDA>2A82+D3@E?;EE;A@!G>K 3EFDA)AE3E!7D@3ADFOE!$O@67L)7K7E#AB7L7D@3@67LP?7L>63B3EFD3633D5;3+ 'D7E7@57A883753>5A>;8AD?EE5:7D;5:;35A>;3@66;3DD:7397@;5 5A>;B3F:AFKB7E;@D736KFA 73FE3>36E8DA?3@3D73I:7D75DABE3D7;DD;93F76I;F:G@FD73F76E7I397I3F7D @F7D@3F;A@3>!AGD@3>A8 AA6$;5DA4;A>A9K R :3H7L$ *A>3D*>G697DK;@9;@F:7..+'A8$3@39G3%;53D39G3 :FFBE

III =8I 7@FI;5=>G@9E43@= 67 ' @FI;5=>G@9E8;@3@L;7DG@9 *7=FAD7@ .3EE7D -7D3@EF3>FG@97@ 2 2$7@6A L32'DE7@F3F;A@2 @8D3EFDG5FGD72A@87D7@57 B68 A8;7&&94AFF3:**FD3GEE$EE7=G$A@F3@97DAIG3:"A@7 *A>;6R>;CG;6E7B3D3F;A@ A883753>E>G697GE;@96DK;@9476E;@:3@3 ?B>;53F;A@E8AD@GFD;7@FD75K5>;@9;@GD43@39D;5G>FGD7 .3F7D)7E73D5: R 6A; < I3FD7E A@FD7D3E)3?AE*$E53?;>>3*;>H3$7@6AAH7@# -7D?;5A?BAEF;@9A84;AEA>;6EI;F:5AI ?3@GD73@6A3FEFD3I ;A>A9K3@67DF;>;FKA8*A;>E R 6A; E D;F7E)+75:@A43@A9>AGE *?3>>3@66757@FD3>;L76I3EF7I3F7D?3@397?7@FEKEF7?E $5D3I;>> :FFB

43E7E 4;D7?7 4D 59; 4;@ IJ;E>;@6 7J7 ;3: A@>;@7 E;E*5D;BF;3: ;3: J;EED59AA9>743E7)' *>3@9B@7JF5F; A@>@=7JBD*73D5: ;@67J*73D5: !G>K ;7@7D**7?;K393*%;I39343$GEBD3FF@;@9!$4O9GODO$@@;@!1GD4DG99*FD3@67# H3>G7BDABAE;F;A@)7EAGD57D75AH7DK8DA?83753>E>G6973@;F47F:76D;H7D8AD;?BDAH76 E3@;F3F;A@)7EAGD57EA@E7DH3F;A@3@6)75K5>;@9 6A; < D7E5A@D75 ;7FHADEF 753>*>G697$3@397?7@FE?7>>K4GF8DG;F8G>4GE;@7EE*3@;F3F;A@,B63F7E :FFBE

E3@;F3F;A@GB63F7E IAD6BD7EE 5A?

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

DK?6 >ID =F: E7 ADE=@;@9EBDA<7=F 'A>;E:BDA<75F D7B >393E>G6976DK;@9 B68 7;@EE,*FD3GEE$ AFD73F?7@FA883753>E>G6973@6I3EF7I3F7D;@FDAB;53>5>;?3F7E *&*R $3@397?7@FA8E>G697E8DA?A@E;F7E3@;F3F;A@ . *% ;>>'GJ$ 3D@7EE;@9EA>3D7@7D9K8AD4;AEA>;6E?3@397?7@F39D77@3BBDA35:FA6DK;@9

!'2>B<0AC!8<8C43" B$A60=>?7>B

"BC01;8B7<4=C>5>BC%A>3D2C8>=)=8C>5

(%0C!0;60=97CC?B 23<D=52228=C %A>942CB &+()* E84FD;G >24;8=4' >=J",02>D10$ABK=4, %;0=C43';D364AG8=643B8=(A40C<4=C>50420; ';D3645A><$D0603>D6>D0B4>5(F>!>20;%;0=C'?4284B>DA=0;>5+0C4A&4B>DA240=3 %A>C42C8>= 3>8 9F0A? >A30=";<4=3A>0=34;"&><4A>"&8=2L=

??;820C8>=>5B4F064B;D3648=C74 <0=D502CDA8=6>524A0<82C8;41>384B??;843;0G'284=24 4A08C0A427B4;%<>07%

=5;D4=24>5DA10=F0BC4F0C4A>=BCA40D=3 D<0B870=0=E8A>=<4=C0=3)A10=8H0C8>= 3>8

;8=64;">=C0=64A> >=4'CA0DBB"

420;';D364"0=064<4=C8=4E4;>?8=6>D=CA84B ?;0==8=6<0=D0;+'F8BB434A0;=BC8CDC45>A=E8A>=<4=C0;'284=240=3(427=>;>6G '0=3424?0AC<4=C5>A+0C4A0=3'0=8C0C8>=8=4E4;>?8=6>D=CA84B 7CC? FFFBBF<8=5> B8C4B 3450D;C 58;4B A454A4=24.0CC027<4=CB !#!

420; ';D3 64 "0=064<4=C 8= 4E4;>?8=6 >D=CA84B ?;0==8=6 <0=D0;?35 >=J'CA0DBB"

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

!8=,-7>D'!8!8=, )C8;8H0C8>=>5AC74?A>3D2C8>=>5 42>24<4=C>DA=0;>50H0A3>DB"0C4A80;B Q 3>8 9970H<0C !>7(!44,!80=6(0=

*4A<82>BC8=6>520CC;40=36>0C<0=DA4B1G8B4=8054C8300=3 C748A6A>FC70=3A4?A>3D2C8>=?4A5>A<0=248>A4B>DA24(427=>;>6G3>8 918>AC427

"0=6!8- (427=>;>6GA4E84F>518>60BB0=8C0C8>= 7CC? FFFBDB0=0>A6 4= A4B>DA24B ;81A0AG 34C08;B D;G "4=34H8<4=4H0AA8>B

E430;:0;8=4BC018;8H0C8>=>5;>6G "D:74A944' 4=CA4B=855B>DC?>;82G5>A<0=DA45A><28CGF0BC47CC? FFF1DB8=4BB BC0=30A32>< 0AC82;4 42>=>;82G 24=CA4B=855B>DC?>;82G5>A<0=DA45A><28CGF0BC4

.7C<;D;G "DAA0G!!>?4H(74;>10;DA34=>58B40B4*>;;>10;40;C7'C0C8BC82B2>58=2834=24?A4E0;4=240=3<>AC0;8CG4BC8<0C4B5>A>E4A

2>=38C8>=B0AE0A3'27>>;>5%D1;82 40;C7>=1470;5>5C74+>A;340;C7$A60=8H0C8>=0=3(74+>A;30=:0<1A8364" "DB?A0CC"#0:0C>(#8F060108>=4 0=6'CD?8=!&46D;8=B:8"1J6DJAJ"'CA0=34! D4;?>C4=C80;>550420;B;D36420;>A8582E0;D4A4BD;CB5A><)60=3070=00=3'4=460;>DA=0;>5 +0C4A'0=8C0C8>=0=3G684=45>A4E4;>?<4=C 3>8 F0B734E #0=38<0=30;0<& E0;D0C8>=>57G3A>64>274<820;?A>24BB4B8=C74%;48BC>24=40@D854AB>5"833;4 0=60%;08=)CC0A%A034B7=380=E8A>=<4=C0;0AC7'284=24B 3>8

B #6DG4=*84C-8=BBC06'274AC4=;481&-DA1AN66$1A8BC">=C0=64A>'DA:8=:D;# >=J">A4; 8BBJ >>CC0C4?(>=5>7(0==4A"

E8=64=E8A>=<4=C0;B0=8C0C8>=740;C70=3 F4;;148=602>=24?CD0;5A0<4F>A:5>A8=C46A0;8=C4AE4=C8>=B2>40;C7 Q3>8

B

$57519- ;251%?-:@117;1%@;;#0-9@1E$ &;@1:@5-8;28;/-88E-B-58-.81<>;0A/@?2;>A?1 -?.5:01>?5:<>;0A/5:321/-8/;9<;?@<1881@?5:4-:-:B5>;:&>;3>(A?@-5::1>3E

0;5

1< $57519- ;251%9<>-59' )1/4:;8;35/-8;<@5;:?2;>?-21>1?;A>/1>1/;B1>E2>;921/-8?8A031 :@1>:-@5;:-8,-@1>#-:-3191:@:?@5@A@1,#''1?1->/4&>;3>-9;:,-@1>"-:0-:0 /;?E?@19?," $5C-3-.-$-8A.13-#+5::1>G?(A:0.1>3 H:??;:

1:/4?/-81/;9<;?@5:3;2?;A>/1 ?1<->-@104A9-:2-1/1?2;>?-:5@-@5;:,-?@1#-:-3191:@ K0;5 6C-?9-:

%@@1><;48'>-A:*%801:.A>3#

::;B-@5B1@1/4:;8;351?2;>01/1:@>-85?10C-@1>C-?@1C-@1>-:0 .5;C-?@19-:-3191:@5:A>.-:-:0<1>5A>.-:->1-?,-@1>(/51:/1-:0)1/4:;8;3E ;A>:-8;2@41 :@1>:-@5;:-8??;/5-@5;:;:,-@1>&;88A@5;:'1?1->/4 &1?/;0#(8A0314-:085:3-:005?<;?-85:@>;<5/-801B18;<5:3/;A:@>51? ;A>:-8;2,-@1>&;88A@5;: ;:@>;8101>-@5;: &1?/;:$18?;:!

:-/@5B-@5;:;2?/->5??AA9133?.E-99;:5-:B5>;:91:@-8(/51:/1-:0 )1/4:;8;3E &>I??!-E1C@>188"->@>-9

?@59-@5:3@41.A>01:;205?1-?12>;9C-@1>?-:5@-@5;:-:0 4E351:1-@-38;.-881B18:B5>;:91:@-81-8@4&1>?<1/@5B1? K '5/1(-//;"E01>8-/7'

#-8:A@>5@5;:-?-:A:01>8E5:3/-A?1;2/45804;;001-@4?-??;/5-@10 C5@45:21/@5;A?05?1-?1?5:01B18;<5:3/;A:@>51?A881@5:;2@41,;>801-8@4%>3-:5F-@5;: K 'A871:?,

(1C-31(8A031-?-5;9-??'1?;A>/12;>@41&>;0A/@5;:;2:1>3E%B1>B51C-:0 ??1??91:@;2@41+->5;A?%<@5;:?:1>3EA18? 0;5 12

9 (135:1>AD#

&>105/@5;:;2B-<;>-@5;:'-@15:-(;8->>E1>2;>(1C-31(8A0313>5/A8@A>-8 :35:11>5:3:@1>:-@5;:-8@41'6;A>:-8+ 4@@:18810A .5@?@>1-9 4-:081

AD 25:-8 1/

<02?1=A1:/15?88;C10E (4-8-.5#

+1>95/;9<;?@5:3;2-1/-8#-@@1>-?-;9<;:1:@;2(;A>/1;:@>;8(-:5@-@5;::?@5@A@1;2 ,-?@1C-@1>#-:-3191:@-:0,-@1>&>;@1/@5;:-9.A>3*:5B1>?5@E;2)1/4:;8;3E1>9-:E 4@@< @;/?A8.@A0->9?@-0@01 <02 (4-:-4-:';57;)5:0-81$,)4;9-?#&,-8<;81'!A>@.H71 B-8A-@5;:;2&-@4;31: '19;B-85:-(;8->(8A031>E5:3-/585@E*?5:3#5/>;.5-8:05/-@;>?:@1>:-@5;:-8 ;A>:-8;2 :B5>;:91:@-8'1?1->/4-:0&A.85/1-8@4 0;5

561><4 (4->>1>#'5?418!)-E8;>+5:/5 (A991>218@() )41/;?@-:01221/@5B1:1??;2?;850?@45/71:5:3 @1/4:;8;351?2;>@>1-@5:3.-/7C-?4-:0>1/;B1>5:3:A@>51:@?2>;95:@1:?5B1-=A-/A8@A>1?E?@19? 5;>1?;A>/1)1/4:;8;3E K0;5 6.5;>@1/4

(;850?-:085:3&8-: <<1:05D!)1/4:5/-8#19;>-:0A9(8A031)45/71:5:3(E?@19?B-8A-@5;: 4@@< CCC9-0?1C1>;>3 &8-::5:3 -/585@E&8-:? (;850?-:085:3&8-: A8E ((,#*('1-/@;>(A?@-5:-.81?-:5@-@5;:-:0C-@1>9-:-3191:@@;;8.;D 4@@< CCC??C95:2; /-@13;>E 59<8191:@-@5;:@;;8? C-?@1C-@1>@>1-@91:@ 4->0C->1 ?195 /1:@>-85?10C-?@1C-@1>@>1-@91:@? A A8E (@588";A@;:-7->1)-E8;>;D;:!#";>1:@F( :B1?@53-@5:3@41&;@1:@5-8;211<';C :@>1:/491:@;2&5@"-@>5:1-:0,-?@1,-@1>(8A031?2;>;>1?@>E-:0"-:0'14-.585@-@5;:&A><;?1? '1<;>@@;@41,-@1>'1?1->/4;995??5;:,-@1>'1?1->/4;995??5;: (@>-:01"';:@18@-<#>06-:;B5/ -1/-8?8A0319-:3191:@K?E?@19?-<<>;-/42;>59<8191:@-@5;: -:0;<1>-@5;:";:0;:,&A.85?45:3 (@>-A??#15:??*"->951((;850??1<->-@5;:-:0<;:0?E?@19?2;>@41@>1-@91:@;22-1/-8?8A031? 5:@41@>;<5/? 81??;:?81->:@-:0>1/;991:0-@5;:?2;><>18595:->E01?53:, ($ (@>-A??#"->951(15:??*)>1-@91:@;2?8A031?2>;9;:?5@1?-:5@-@5;:";C/;?@;<@5;:?,-@1> (/51:/1-:0)1/4:;8;3E

'A@5.>'

*2>:60<:=6<;ED?.;?6/.>60A?%2>>62>6;16332>2;@C.?@2:.@2>6.9? 6<>2?02(205;<9<4E H 1<6 7/6<>@205

(&2=<>@ (205;60.9??6?@.;02<;?A9@.;@?&2=<>@ .;49.12?5<[email protected](.?@>A0@A>2 :=><720@5@@= 1<0=9.E2>;2@

(205;60.9.??6?@.;020<;?A9@.;@?>2=<>@5@:9 A9E (56082;6;4%<;1?''+"5@@= CCC??C:6;3< 0.@24<>E 6:=92:2;@.@6<;@<<9? C.?@2C.@2> @>2.@:2;@ 5.>1C.>2 ?9A142@>2.@:2;@ ?2@@96;4@56082;6;4=<;A9E (A>
+.?@2C.@2>'9A142%><02??6;4#2C2>?2E<5;+692E.;1'<;? );=9.;@21>E6;421?''+"5@@= CCC??C:6;3< 0.@24<>E 6:=92:2;@.@6<;@<<9? C.?@2C.@2> @>2.@:2;@ 5.>1C.>2 ?9A142@>2.@:2;@ A;=9.;@211>E6;4/21?>232>2;02-/<<8 +.;4! '5.::.?# A;4,(

62.@:2;@%><02??2?'=>6;42>'062;02A?6;2?? "216. +'=9A?%><720@ !@52".;.42:2;@<3'9A1423><:(<692@?.;1'5);6@? +2>@52>$4.1.('2C.42?9A1420<:/A?@6<;%><4>2??6;;2>4E.;1<:/A?@6<;'062;02 1<6 '

+$

9'A==9E.;1'.;6@.@6<;??2??:2;@2;2B.+<>912.9@5$>4.;6F.@6<; 5@@= CCCC5<6;@ C.@2>-?.;6@.@6<;-52.9@5 :<;6@<>6;4 7:=

=13 +$

&21A06;4&6?8?%><:<@6;42.9@5E!632+$5@@= CCCC5<6;@ C5>

2; A9E +$

(524912;<316?2.?2 5@@= CCCC5<6;@ 52.9@56;3< 4912;-16?2.?2

->2=<>@-A=1.@2 2; A9E +$

+$A61296;2?3<>@52'.32)?2<3+.?@2C.@2>D0>2@..;1>2EC.@2>*<9A:2*D0>2@. .;14>2EC.@2>A?26;.4>60A9@A>22;2B.+<>912.9@5$>4.;6F.@6<; +6;/9.1) 69.:.+ '.;6@.@6<;+6@5''@<085<9: +6;82>"*6;;2>G?"A?8<9A?>;<91)92:2;?

2>@696?2>=><1A0@?3><:;2C?.;6@.@6<; ?E?@2:?@526>=<@2;@6.9B.9A2?.;1>6?8?6<>2?02(205;<9<4E

1<6 7/6<>@205

+<;4'>6336@5?*2>:60<:=91 ;.9<3"60>

+<>91.;8 '.;6@.@6<;E462;2.;1+.?@2C.@2>&2?02A6125@@= C.@2>C<>91/.;8<>4 ?5C >2?024A612A9E ,.1.B (.>2*5.::21"" *2>:60<:=02?2=.>.@215A:.;3.202?3<>;A@>62;@ >20E096;4+.?@2".;.42:2;@ 1<6 7C.?:.;

Highlights for the paper

!

! !

! !

"

Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse

Technology options for faecal sludge management in developing countries: Benefits and revenue from reuse

Recommend Documents