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Temporally rapid, pharmacological state-dependent heroin delay discounting modulated by drug-use impulsivity
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Abstract / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e183–e245
Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers Jeffrey S. Stein 1,∗ , Tinuke O. Daniel 2 , Leonard H. Epstein 2 , Warren K. Bickel 1 1 Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States 2 Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Aims: Episodic future thinking (i.e., mental simulation of future life events) has been shown to reduce delay discounting in healthy and obese populations. In the present study, we sought to determine whether episodic future thinking would reduce delay discounting in cigarette smokers and whether this effect would differ between nicotine-deprived and -sated states. Methods: Cigarette smokers (N = 12) completed a guided interview designed to generate vivid future events to occur following each of five delays used in a hypothetical delay-discounting task (i.e., one day to one year). In a within-subjects design, participants completed the discounting task in both nicotine-deprived and sated states while we presented textual cues associated with future events (active sessions) and recent past events (control sessions). Results: Episodic future thinking significantly reduced discounting when participants were both nicotine-deprived and –sated (in both cases, p < .05). However, Cohen’s d effect sizes indicated relatively stronger effects of episodic future thinking in the nicotine-deprived (d = 0.55) vs. -sated (d = 0.41) state. Conclusions: The present study extends prior research by demonstrating that episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers. The longevity and clinical impact of acute reductions in discounting with the use of episodic future thinking has yet to be determined. Financial Support: Institutional funds (WKB). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.571 Prescription drug abuse, heroin, & IV drug use among incarcerated black men Danelle Stevens-Watkins 3,∗ , Joi Sheree Knighton 3 , Michele Stanton-Tindall 2 , Erin Winston 4 , Carl G. Leukefeld 1 1 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 4 CDAR, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: Incarcerated Black males are not included in national household surveys. Abuse of prescription opiates and sedatives increase risk for intravenous heroin use. Compared to other groups, Black men in the South have been least likely to report injection drug use. However, this may be shifting. The purpose of this study is descriptive by examining the self-reported prescription drug abuse, heroin use, and intravenous drug use among adult incarcerated Black males. Methods: Black males (N = 4017; age M = 36.02) incarcerated in Kentucky state prisons enrolled in substance abuse treatment from 2011-2014 were interviewed. Respondents were asked ‘In the past 12 months prior to this incarceration, have you used non-prescription opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or have you ever
injected any drug?’ Chi-square tests of were conducted. It was hypothesized that between 2011 and 2014 there would be a significant increase in non-prescription drug abuse, heroin and intravenous drug use. Results: Between 2012 (n = 174) and 2013 (n = 229) there was a significant increase in non-prescription opiate abuse (2 = 7.51, p < .001). Between 2013 and 2014 there was a significant decrease in non-prescription stimulant abuse (2 = 11.77, p < .001). Lastly, across all four years of cohorts (2011–2014) there was a significant increase in heroin use (2 = 8.96, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Although results are preliminary, the significant increase in non-prescription opiate abuse and heroin use among Black males is a public health concern. Black men in the South are contracting HIV infection at alarming rates. It is critical to better understand the recent increase these patterns of drug abuse in order to understand cultural needs regarding drug abuse treatment and reduce the risk of HIV infection within the Black community. Financial Support: Commonwealth of Kentucky: PON2-52714000019121; NIDA K08-DA32296; NIDA T32-DA035200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.572 Temporally rapid, pharmacological state-dependent heroin delay discounting modulated by drug-use impulsivity Jonathan J. Stoltman ∗ , Eric A. Woodcock, Jamey J. Lister, Leslie H. Lundahl, Mark K. Greenwald Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States Aims: Examine whether drug-use impulsivity and education modulate heroin behavioral-economic valuation at ecologicallyrelevant time intervals under two hypothetical pharmacological states. Methods: Intensive heroin users (N = 181; M+SD = 42.7+9.9 yr old; 51% African- American; 67% male; 12.4+1.5 yr education) completed a temporal discounting task under two imagined states: heroin satiation and withdrawal. Delays were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr; maximum heroin amount was thirty $10 bags. Druguse impulsivity was assessed with subscales from the Impulsive Relapse Questionnaire (IRQ; 30 items, each on a 5-point Likert scale that reflects drug relapse potential). Results: Repeated measures analysis using square-root transformed AUC data revealed a significant (p < .05) state-dependent effect, F(1,180) = 369.67: heroin discounting was steeper (smaller AUC) during withdrawal compared to satiation. IRQ subscales and education were first entered separately as covariates in repeatedmeasures models. Condition significantly interacted with IRQ Capacity for Delay, F(1,179) = 7.95 (e.g. ‘I think a lot about using drugs before I start using again’, higher delay capacity = less discounting); and marginally for IRQ Speed, F(1,179) = 3.85, p = .051 (e.g. ‘I crave for less than a few minutes before I start using again’, faster to use = more discounting); but not education (p = .155). A final model with all 3 individual difference covariates revealed a significant interaction of condition and IRQ Capacity for Delay, F(1,177) = 5.87, but not Speed (p = .097) or education (p = .305). Conclusions: Heroin delay discounting varied across pharmacological state (satiation vs. withdrawal) and was modulated by drug-use impulsivity but not educational level. Financial Support: NIH R01 DA015462, Joe Young Sr./Helene Lycaki Funds (State of Michigan), and Detroit Wayne Mental Health Authority. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.573
Abstract / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e183–e245
Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers Jeffrey S. Stein 1,∗ , Tinuke O. Daniel 2 , Leonard H. Epstein 2 , Warren K. Bickel 1 1 Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States 2 Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Aims: Episodic future thinking (i.e., mental simulation of future life events) has been shown to reduce delay discounting in healthy and obese populations. In the present study, we sought to determine whether episodic future thinking would reduce delay discounting in cigarette smokers and whether this effect would differ between nicotine-deprived and -sated states. Methods: Cigarette smokers (N = 12) completed a guided interview designed to generate vivid future events to occur following each of five delays used in a hypothetical delay-discounting task (i.e., one day to one year). In a within-subjects design, participants completed the discounting task in both nicotine-deprived and sated states while we presented textual cues associated with future events (active sessions) and recent past events (control sessions). Results: Episodic future thinking significantly reduced discounting when participants were both nicotine-deprived and –sated (in both cases, p < .05). However, Cohen’s d effect sizes indicated relatively stronger effects of episodic future thinking in the nicotine-deprived (d = 0.55) vs. -sated (d = 0.41) state. Conclusions: The present study extends prior research by demonstrating that episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting in cigarette smokers. The longevity and clinical impact of acute reductions in discounting with the use of episodic future thinking has yet to be determined. Financial Support: Institutional funds (WKB). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.571 Prescription drug abuse, heroin, & IV drug use among incarcerated black men Danelle Stevens-Watkins 3,∗ , Joi Sheree Knighton 3 , Michele Stanton-Tindall 2 , Erin Winston 4 , Carl G. Leukefeld 1 1 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 4 CDAR, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: Incarcerated Black males are not included in national household surveys. Abuse of prescription opiates and sedatives increase risk for intravenous heroin use. Compared to other groups, Black men in the South have been least likely to report injection drug use. However, this may be shifting. The purpose of this study is descriptive by examining the self-reported prescription drug abuse, heroin use, and intravenous drug use among adult incarcerated Black males. Methods: Black males (N = 4017; age M = 36.02) incarcerated in Kentucky state prisons enrolled in substance abuse treatment from 2011-2014 were interviewed. Respondents were asked ‘In the past 12 months prior to this incarceration, have you used non-prescription opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or have you ever
injected any drug?’ Chi-square tests of were conducted. It was hypothesized that between 2011 and 2014 there would be a significant increase in non-prescription drug abuse, heroin and intravenous drug use. Results: Between 2012 (n = 174) and 2013 (n = 229) there was a significant increase in non-prescription opiate abuse (2 = 7.51, p < .001). Between 2013 and 2014 there was a significant decrease in non-prescription stimulant abuse (2 = 11.77, p < .001). Lastly, across all four years of cohorts (2011–2014) there was a significant increase in heroin use (2 = 8.96, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Although results are preliminary, the significant increase in non-prescription opiate abuse and heroin use among Black males is a public health concern. Black men in the South are contracting HIV infection at alarming rates. It is critical to better understand the recent increase these patterns of drug abuse in order to understand cultural needs regarding drug abuse treatment and reduce the risk of HIV infection within the Black community. Financial Support: Commonwealth of Kentucky: PON2-52714000019121; NIDA K08-DA32296; NIDA T32-DA035200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.572 Temporally rapid, pharmacological state-dependent heroin delay discounting modulated by drug-use impulsivity Jonathan J. Stoltman ∗ , Eric A. Woodcock, Jamey J. Lister, Leslie H. Lundahl, Mark K. Greenwald Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States Aims: Examine whether drug-use impulsivity and education modulate heroin behavioral-economic valuation at ecologicallyrelevant time intervals under two hypothetical pharmacological states. Methods: Intensive heroin users (N = 181; M+SD = 42.7+9.9 yr old; 51% African- American; 67% male; 12.4+1.5 yr education) completed a temporal discounting task under two imagined states: heroin satiation and withdrawal. Delays were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr; maximum heroin amount was thirty $10 bags. Druguse impulsivity was assessed with subscales from the Impulsive Relapse Questionnaire (IRQ; 30 items, each on a 5-point Likert scale that reflects drug relapse potential). Results: Repeated measures analysis using square-root transformed AUC data revealed a significant (p < .05) state-dependent effect, F(1,180) = 369.67: heroin discounting was steeper (smaller AUC) during withdrawal compared to satiation. IRQ subscales and education were first entered separately as covariates in repeatedmeasures models. Condition significantly interacted with IRQ Capacity for Delay, F(1,179) = 7.95 (e.g. ‘I think a lot about using drugs before I start using again’, higher delay capacity = less discounting); and marginally for IRQ Speed, F(1,179) = 3.85, p = .051 (e.g. ‘I crave for less than a few minutes before I start using again’, faster to use = more discounting); but not education (p = .155). A final model with all 3 individual difference covariates revealed a significant interaction of condition and IRQ Capacity for Delay, F(1,177) = 5.87, but not Speed (p = .097) or education (p = .305). Conclusions: Heroin delay discounting varied across pharmacological state (satiation vs. withdrawal) and was modulated by drug-use impulsivity but not educational level. Financial Support: NIH R01 DA015462, Joe Young Sr./Helene Lycaki Funds (State of Michigan), and Detroit Wayne Mental Health Authority. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.573