- Email: [email protected]
Tensile Properties of Green Polymer Concrete
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Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
Tensile Tensile Properties Properties of of Green Green Polymer Polymer Concrete Concrete
Manufacturing Engineering aSociety Internationala,Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June a a a, Marinela Barbutaa, *, Ancuta Rotarua, Liliana Bejana Giovanni Zanvettor 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain Giovanni Zanvettor , Marinela Barbuta *, Ancuta Rotaru , Liliana Bejan 0F
0F
a a
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Blvd. Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron No. 67, 700050, Iaşi, Romania “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Blvd. Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron No. 67, 700050, Iaşi, Romania
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off between used capacity and operational efficiency Abstract Abstract
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke
a a,* saw dust and shredded b b for obtaining green concrete by This research attempts to substitute the fine aggregates with wastes type plastic bottles This attempts to substitute the fine aggregates with wastes type saw dust and shredded plastic bottles for obtaining green concrete by usingresearch local materials. using local materials. a The wastes of saw dust were from the wood industry while chopped plastic bottles wasPortugal a sub- product of the re-using plastic wastes process. University of the Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, The of saw dust from the from woodRomanian industry while the chopped plastic bottles was a subproduct mix of the wastes process. The wastes other materials werewere epoxy resin industry, fly ash and natural aggregates. A control of re-using polymer plastic concrete was used for b Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil The other materials were epoxy resin from Romanian industry, fly ash and natural aggregates. A control mix of polymer concrete was used for comparison. The experimental mixtures were prepared by substituting the fine aggregate with wastes in different percentages from 25% to 100%. comparison. The were experimental were substituting the finestrength. aggregate with wastes different percentages 25% 100%. The tensile tests done formixtures obtaining theprepared flexural by strength and splitting The values of in flexural strengths were from bigger for topolymer The tensile tests for obtaining flexuralPET. strength and splitting The values strengths of flexural strengths concrete with sawwere dustdone in comparison withthe chopped For both types of strength. wastes, the splitting were biggerwere than bigger that of for the polymer controlconcrete mixture. with saw dust in comparison with chopped PET. For both types of wastes, the splitting strengths were bigger than that of the controlmixture. Abstract
© Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019 The The Authors.
© 2018 the The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Under concept of "Industry productionlicense processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, This is an open access article under the4.0", CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensemuch (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) information on a real basis and,of necessarily, more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization Selection and based peer-review undertime responsibility the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. Keywords:lean saw dust; chopped plastic bottle; fly ash; flexural strength; splitting strength; epoxy resin concrete. Indeed, management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Keywords: saw dust; chopped plastic bottle; fly ash; flexural strength; splitting strength; epoxy resin concrete. maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical 1. Introduction model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been 1. Introduction developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s TheThe building materials industry is developing more and more and the sustainability of new value. trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it isrequirements shown that capacity The building materials industry is developing more and more and the sustainability requirements of new materials demand products cheaper and eco-friendly. Polymer concrete is used in different domains as a repair optimization might products hide operational materials demand cheaperinefficiency. and eco-friendly. Polymer concrete is used in different domains as a repair material for overlays of bridges, building and high-ways repair, as precast panels in buildings, or waterproofing of © 2017 The Published by Elsevier B.V. material forAuthors. overlays of bridges, building and high-ways repair, as precast panels in buildings, or waterproofing of pools, tanks, etc. [1, 2, 3]. Peer-review under of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference pools, tanks, etc. responsibility [1, 2, 3]. Polymer concrete is obtained using a resin of various types as binder and natural aggregates of different sorts. 2017. Polymer concrete is obtained using a resin of various types as binder and natural aggregates of different sorts. Depending on the resin type, the polymer concrete can be prepared with or without water. Usually, the binder is a Depending on the resin type, theCapacity polymer concrete Idle canCapacity; be prepared withEfficiency or without water. Usually, the binder is a Keywords: ABC; TDABC; Management; polymer Cost that Models; reacts with hardener and binds the aggregates intoOperational an artificial conglomerate. In the mixture, different polymer that reacts with hardener and binds the aggregates into an artificial conglomerate. In the mixture, different
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0232-233-368; fax: +4-0232-233-368. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0232-233-368; fax: +4-0232-233-368. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Afonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.210
2
Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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types of filler such as fly ash, silica fume, tire powder, etc. can be used for improving the properties [4, 5, 6]. For obtaining green polymer concrete, different wastes can be used as addition or as mix components substitution. Fly ash, silica fume, slag, rice husk, rubber powder, etc. can be used for replacing fine parts of aggregates [7-11]. Natural aggregates can be replaced partially or totally by wastes such as: chopped or granules of tires, chopped plastic bottles, polystyrene granules, glass waste, re-cycled aggregate, agricultural waste, etc. [12-18]. Wastes can improve some properties of concrete, but generally, a decrease of mechanical properties is obtained. Addition of fibers or nano-materials in concrete mixtures results in an improvement of tensile properties or durability characteristics [19-21]. The polymer concrete is used in a lot of domains of construction and the substitution of aggregates with wastes would help in reducing environment pollution and saving natural resources. The characteristics of polymer concrete mixed with wastes are required to investigate for finding the new characteristics and the right domain of new green materials. In the article, the experimental results obtained on polymer concrete with two types of wastes used as substitution of aggregates are presented. The effects on the flexural strength and split strength were investigated by testing polymer concrete in which sand was substituted by saw dust and chopped PET bottles in dosages between 26% and 100%. 2. Experimental program The experimental research was conducted for a control-mixture and two mixtures with a fine aggregate substitution. The control-mixture of the polymer concrete (CPC) was prepared with the following components: epoxy resin 12.4 wt%, fly ash, as filler, 12.8 wt% and two sorts of natural aggregates: 0-4 mm sand (sort I) and 4-8 mm gravel (sort II) with the same percentage, i.e. 37.4 wt%. All components are expressed as percentages from the total weight of the mixture. The epoxy resin was a Romanian product from POLICOLOR S.A. Bucuresti that is activated by a hardener type ROPOXID P401. The fly ash from The Electric Power Plant Holboca Iasi presents the following properties: gray in colour with spherical particles of diameters ranging between 0.01 and 400µm, a specific area of 480-520 m2 /kg, a density of 2400-2550 kg/m3, and a chemical content of Si (18.3%) C (17.15%), Al (13.9%). The PET waste was obtained as a sub-product of plastic bottles re-use processes. The sizes of the chopped PET were between 0 and 4 mm, with the unit weight of 433 kg/m3. The saw dust was a residue from the wood industry selected by sieving to replace the aggregates sort of 0-4 mm. The unit weight of saw dust was of 168 kg/m3. The green polymer concrete was prepared with the same dosage of epoxy resin, fly ash and 4-8 mm sort as the control-mixture, the sand only being replaced by saw dust and chopped plastic bottle (PET). In the first mixture, the sand was replaced with saw dust in dosages of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume (noted SDPC1 for a substitution of 25% to SDPC4 for a substitution of 100%, respectively). In the second mixture, the sand was replaced with PET in the same dosages of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume (noted PETPC1 for a substitution of 25% to PETPC4 for a substitution of 100%, respectively). For preparing polymer concrete, the aggregates, fly ash and waste were mixed together; the epoxy resin was combined with hardener and introduced in the mixture. According to the European standard, the mixture was poured in 70x70x210 mm prismatic moulds and the samples were demoulded after 24 hours [22]. At the age of 14 days, the samples were measured and tested in tension. The flexural strength (fti) and splitting tensile strength (ftd) were determined on three samples for each test according to standard prescription [23, 24]. 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Flexural strength The values of flexural strength for all mixes are represented in Figure 1.
Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
Flexural strength,( fti) MPa
250
18.25
20
16.2 16.59
15
3
16.94 16.49
14.76
15.17
15.88 13.08
10 fti, MPa
5 0
Control SDPC1 SDPC2 SDPC3 SDPC4 PETPC1PETPC2PETPC3PETPC4
Mixes Fig. 1. Variation of flexural strength of polymer concrete.
Flexural strength, MPa
The highest value of flexural strength fti=18.25 MPa was obtained for the polymer concrete with saw dust substitution of aggregates (SDPC2), with an increase of 12.6%, in comparison with that of the control-mixture Fig.2. The saw dust dosage influenced flexural strength of polymer concrete. Just a single value of fti was smaller than that of control-mixture, in the case of 75% substitution, the decrease being of about 8.8%.
20
fti, MPa
18.25 16.59 16.94
15
15.17 14.76 15.88
16.49 13.08
10
SDPC
5 0
PETPC 25%
50%
75%
100%
Aggregate replacement, %
Fig. 2. Variation of flexural strength with the substitution dosage.
The maximum value of flexural strength of polymer concrete with PET substitution was of 16.94 MPa (for PETPC1), bigger with 4.6% than that of the control-mixture. The PET dosage as a replacement of aggregate influenced flexural strength of polymer concrete. Three values of fti were smaller than that of the control-mixture, i.e. 50%, 75% and 100% substitution, the decrease being of about 6.3%, 1.97% and 19.3%, respectively. Generally, when the dosage of substitution increases, the flexural strength will decrease. Comparing the two types of wastes used as aggregate substitution, the mixtures with 50% and 75% saw dust as substitution had a better behaviour, while for 25% and 100% chopped PET as substitution, the mixtures presented higher values of fti, as Fig. 2 shows. The values of fti for both types of wastes as substitution of aggregates were very close. 3.2. 3.2. Splitting strength The values of splitting strength for all mixtures are represented in Fig. 3. All values of split tensile strengths of mixtures with both types of aggregate substitution were bigger than that of the control-mixure with 36.8% up to 53.4%. The highest value of splitting strength ftd=7.38 MPa was obtained for polymer concrete with saw dust substitution of aggregate (SDPC4), Fig. 3.
4
Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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Splitting strength, MPa
ftd, MPa 8 6
6.98
7.21
7.38 6.59
6.14 6.68 6.18 5.88
4.81
4 ftd, MPa
2 0
Control SDPC1 SDPC2 SDPC3 SDPC4 PETPC1 PETPC2 PETPC3 PETPC4
Mixes
Fig. 3. Variation of split tensile strength of polymer concrete.
Splitting strength, MPa
The maximum value of splitting strength polymer concrete with PET substitution was of 6.68 MPa (for PETPC2), bigger than that of the control-mixture with 4.6%. The PET dosage as replacement of aggregate influenced the splitting strength of polymer concrete by improving its mechanical property with increases between 38.9% and 22.2%, respectively. Comparing the two types of wastes used as aggregate substitution, the mixtures with saw dust as substitution for all dosages of replacement, Fig. 4, had a better behaviour. The values of ftd for both types of wastes as substitution of aggregates were very close. 8 6
6.98
7.21 6.14
6.68
6.59
7.38 6.18
5.88
4
SDPC
2 0
PETPC 25%
50%
75%
100%
Aggregate replacement, %
Fig. 4.Variation of split tensile strength function the substitution dosage.
4. Conclusions The researchers from all over the world are studying new types of concretes prepared with local materials or wastes both for obtaining cheaper products and for environment protection. In the experimental programme, the wastes used as substitution of the sand in the polymer concrete were saw dust and chopped PET. The replacement of sort I aggregates was between 25% and 100%. Both types of wastes influenced the tensile strength of polymer concrete. Generally, for both types of substitution, the tensile strength was smaller increasing the substitution dosage. The influence of substitution type on the flexural strength and splitting strength indicated higher values for mixtures with saw dust. The polymer concrete with both saw dust substitution presented the highest value of flexural strength for a replacement of 50% of fine aggregates. In the case of PET waste, the highest value of flexural strength was obtained for 25% aggregate substitution. In the case of the splitting strength, all values were higher than that of the control-mixture for both types of substitution. The highest value was obtained for 100% substitution of aggregate in the case of the saw dust, and for 50% substitution in the case of the PET waste.
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The experimental study had shown that wastes can replace aggregates and the new green polymer concrete has improved tensile strength in comparison with a polymer concrete without waste. The replacement of fine aggregate with different local materials is a necessity for decreasing the environment pollution. The new green polymer concretes can be used in construction domain if they are not affecting the environment and people health. References [1] M. Heidari-Rarani, M.R.M. Aliha, M.M. Shokrieh d, M.R. Ayatollahi, Mechanical durability of an optimized polymer concrete under various thermal cyclic loadings – An experimental study, Construction and Building Materials 64 (2014) 308–315 [2] O. Elalaoui, E. Ghorbel, V. Mignot, M. Ben Ouezdou, Mechanical and physical properties of epoxy polymer concrete after exposure to temperatures up to 250 C. Constr Build Mater 2012;27:415–24. [3] MCS. Ribeiro, CML. Tavares, AJM. Ferreira, Chemical resistance of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete to acids and salts. J Polym Eng 2002;22(1):27–43. [4] A. Garbacz, Sokolovska, J.J., Concrete like polymer composite with fly ash-Comparative study. Construction and building materials 2013; 38: 689-699. [3] JML. Reis, AJM. Ferreira, Effect of marine exposure on fracture properties of epoxy concretes. Polym Test 2005;24(1):121–5. [5] M. Golestaneh, G. Amini, D. Najafpour, M.A. Beygi, Evaluation of mechanical strength of epoxy polymer concrete with silica powder as filler, World Appl Sci J, 9 (2010) 216-220. [6] L. Agavriloaia, St. Oprea, M. Barbuta, C. Luca, Characterization of polymer concrete with epoxy polyurethane acryl matrix, Constr. Build. Mater., 2012; 12:190-196. [7] M. Barbuta, M. Harja, D. Babor, Polymer concrete with fly ash. Morphologic analysis based on scanning electron microscopic observations, Revista Romana de Materiale, (Romanian Review of Materials) vol. 40, nr. 1, 337-345; 2010 [8] M. Barbuta, M. Rujanu, A. Nicuta, Characterrization of polymer concrete with different wastes additions, Procedia Technology 22 (2016), 407-412 [9] Tuan NV, Ye G, Breugel K, Copuroglu O. Hydration and microstructure of ultrahigh performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash. Cem Concr Res. 2011;41:1104–11. [10] Lin, C.; Hong, Yu-J.; Huc, A. Using a composite material containing waste tire powder and polypropylene fiber cut end to recover spilled oil. Waste Manage 2010, 30, 263–267. [11] J. Chris Carroll, N. Helminger, Fresh and hardened properties of fiber-reinforced rubber concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(7), 2016 [12] B. Skariah Thomas, R. Chandra Gupta, Properties of High Strength Concrete Containing Scrap Tire Rubber, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, vol. 113, pp. 86-92. [13] Lei Gu, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Review Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A critical review, Waste Management, 2016, vol. 51, p. 19-42 [14] Nabajyoti Saikia, Jorge de Brito, Mechanical properties and abrasion behaviour of concrete containing shredded PET bottle waste as a partial substitution of natural aggregate, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, vol. 52, p. 236–244 [15] A. Kaya, F. Kar, Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Expanded Polystyrene and Natural Resin, Construction and Building Materials 102, 2016, pp. 572–578. [16] B. A., Herki, J. M., Khatib, E.M., Negim, Lightweight Concrete Made from Waste Polystyrene and Fly Ash, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013, vol. 21 (9), p. 1356-1360, [17]S., de Castro, J., de Brito, Evaluation of the durability of concrete made with crushed glass aggregates, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, Vol. 41, p. 7–14. [18]Jnyanendra Kumar Prusty, Sanjaya Kumar Patro, S.S., Basarkar, Concrete using agro-waste as fine aggregate for sustainable built environment – A review, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2016, vol. 5, p. 312–333.
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Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
Tensile Tensile Properties Properties of of Green Green Polymer Polymer Concrete Concrete
Manufacturing Engineering aSociety Internationala,Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June a a a, Marinela Barbutaa, *, Ancuta Rotarua, Liliana Bejana Giovanni Zanvettor 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain Giovanni Zanvettor , Marinela Barbuta *, Ancuta Rotaru , Liliana Bejan 0F
0F
a a
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Blvd. Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron No. 67, 700050, Iaşi, Romania “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Blvd. Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron No. 67, 700050, Iaşi, Romania
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off between used capacity and operational efficiency Abstract Abstract
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke
a a,* saw dust and shredded b b for obtaining green concrete by This research attempts to substitute the fine aggregates with wastes type plastic bottles This attempts to substitute the fine aggregates with wastes type saw dust and shredded plastic bottles for obtaining green concrete by usingresearch local materials. using local materials. a The wastes of saw dust were from the wood industry while chopped plastic bottles wasPortugal a sub- product of the re-using plastic wastes process. University of the Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, The of saw dust from the from woodRomanian industry while the chopped plastic bottles was a subproduct mix of the wastes process. The wastes other materials werewere epoxy resin industry, fly ash and natural aggregates. A control of re-using polymer plastic concrete was used for b Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil The other materials were epoxy resin from Romanian industry, fly ash and natural aggregates. A control mix of polymer concrete was used for comparison. The experimental mixtures were prepared by substituting the fine aggregate with wastes in different percentages from 25% to 100%. comparison. The were experimental were substituting the finestrength. aggregate with wastes different percentages 25% 100%. The tensile tests done formixtures obtaining theprepared flexural by strength and splitting The values of in flexural strengths were from bigger for topolymer The tensile tests for obtaining flexuralPET. strength and splitting The values strengths of flexural strengths concrete with sawwere dustdone in comparison withthe chopped For both types of strength. wastes, the splitting were biggerwere than bigger that of for the polymer controlconcrete mixture. with saw dust in comparison with chopped PET. For both types of wastes, the splitting strengths were bigger than that of the controlmixture. Abstract
© Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019 The The Authors.
© 2018 the The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Under concept of "Industry productionlicense processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, This is an open access article under the4.0", CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensemuch (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) information on a real basis and,of necessarily, more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization Selection and based peer-review undertime responsibility the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. Keywords:lean saw dust; chopped plastic bottle; fly ash; flexural strength; splitting strength; epoxy resin concrete. Indeed, management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Keywords: saw dust; chopped plastic bottle; fly ash; flexural strength; splitting strength; epoxy resin concrete. maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical 1. Introduction model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been 1. Introduction developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s TheThe building materials industry is developing more and more and the sustainability of new value. trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it isrequirements shown that capacity The building materials industry is developing more and more and the sustainability requirements of new materials demand products cheaper and eco-friendly. Polymer concrete is used in different domains as a repair optimization might products hide operational materials demand cheaperinefficiency. and eco-friendly. Polymer concrete is used in different domains as a repair material for overlays of bridges, building and high-ways repair, as precast panels in buildings, or waterproofing of © 2017 The Published by Elsevier B.V. material forAuthors. overlays of bridges, building and high-ways repair, as precast panels in buildings, or waterproofing of pools, tanks, etc. [1, 2, 3]. Peer-review under of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference pools, tanks, etc. responsibility [1, 2, 3]. Polymer concrete is obtained using a resin of various types as binder and natural aggregates of different sorts. 2017. Polymer concrete is obtained using a resin of various types as binder and natural aggregates of different sorts. Depending on the resin type, the polymer concrete can be prepared with or without water. Usually, the binder is a Depending on the resin type, theCapacity polymer concrete Idle canCapacity; be prepared withEfficiency or without water. Usually, the binder is a Keywords: ABC; TDABC; Management; polymer Cost that Models; reacts with hardener and binds the aggregates intoOperational an artificial conglomerate. In the mixture, different polymer that reacts with hardener and binds the aggregates into an artificial conglomerate. In the mixture, different
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0232-233-368; fax: +4-0232-233-368. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-0232-233-368; fax: +4-0232-233-368. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Afonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.210
2
Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
249
types of filler such as fly ash, silica fume, tire powder, etc. can be used for improving the properties [4, 5, 6]. For obtaining green polymer concrete, different wastes can be used as addition or as mix components substitution. Fly ash, silica fume, slag, rice husk, rubber powder, etc. can be used for replacing fine parts of aggregates [7-11]. Natural aggregates can be replaced partially or totally by wastes such as: chopped or granules of tires, chopped plastic bottles, polystyrene granules, glass waste, re-cycled aggregate, agricultural waste, etc. [12-18]. Wastes can improve some properties of concrete, but generally, a decrease of mechanical properties is obtained. Addition of fibers or nano-materials in concrete mixtures results in an improvement of tensile properties or durability characteristics [19-21]. The polymer concrete is used in a lot of domains of construction and the substitution of aggregates with wastes would help in reducing environment pollution and saving natural resources. The characteristics of polymer concrete mixed with wastes are required to investigate for finding the new characteristics and the right domain of new green materials. In the article, the experimental results obtained on polymer concrete with two types of wastes used as substitution of aggregates are presented. The effects on the flexural strength and split strength were investigated by testing polymer concrete in which sand was substituted by saw dust and chopped PET bottles in dosages between 26% and 100%. 2. Experimental program The experimental research was conducted for a control-mixture and two mixtures with a fine aggregate substitution. The control-mixture of the polymer concrete (CPC) was prepared with the following components: epoxy resin 12.4 wt%, fly ash, as filler, 12.8 wt% and two sorts of natural aggregates: 0-4 mm sand (sort I) and 4-8 mm gravel (sort II) with the same percentage, i.e. 37.4 wt%. All components are expressed as percentages from the total weight of the mixture. The epoxy resin was a Romanian product from POLICOLOR S.A. Bucuresti that is activated by a hardener type ROPOXID P401. The fly ash from The Electric Power Plant Holboca Iasi presents the following properties: gray in colour with spherical particles of diameters ranging between 0.01 and 400µm, a specific area of 480-520 m2 /kg, a density of 2400-2550 kg/m3, and a chemical content of Si (18.3%) C (17.15%), Al (13.9%). The PET waste was obtained as a sub-product of plastic bottles re-use processes. The sizes of the chopped PET were between 0 and 4 mm, with the unit weight of 433 kg/m3. The saw dust was a residue from the wood industry selected by sieving to replace the aggregates sort of 0-4 mm. The unit weight of saw dust was of 168 kg/m3. The green polymer concrete was prepared with the same dosage of epoxy resin, fly ash and 4-8 mm sort as the control-mixture, the sand only being replaced by saw dust and chopped plastic bottle (PET). In the first mixture, the sand was replaced with saw dust in dosages of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume (noted SDPC1 for a substitution of 25% to SDPC4 for a substitution of 100%, respectively). In the second mixture, the sand was replaced with PET in the same dosages of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume (noted PETPC1 for a substitution of 25% to PETPC4 for a substitution of 100%, respectively). For preparing polymer concrete, the aggregates, fly ash and waste were mixed together; the epoxy resin was combined with hardener and introduced in the mixture. According to the European standard, the mixture was poured in 70x70x210 mm prismatic moulds and the samples were demoulded after 24 hours [22]. At the age of 14 days, the samples were measured and tested in tension. The flexural strength (fti) and splitting tensile strength (ftd) were determined on three samples for each test according to standard prescription [23, 24]. 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Flexural strength The values of flexural strength for all mixes are represented in Figure 1.
Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
Flexural strength,( fti) MPa
250
18.25
20
16.2 16.59
15
3
16.94 16.49
14.76
15.17
15.88 13.08
10 fti, MPa
5 0
Control SDPC1 SDPC2 SDPC3 SDPC4 PETPC1PETPC2PETPC3PETPC4
Mixes Fig. 1. Variation of flexural strength of polymer concrete.
Flexural strength, MPa
The highest value of flexural strength fti=18.25 MPa was obtained for the polymer concrete with saw dust substitution of aggregates (SDPC2), with an increase of 12.6%, in comparison with that of the control-mixture Fig.2. The saw dust dosage influenced flexural strength of polymer concrete. Just a single value of fti was smaller than that of control-mixture, in the case of 75% substitution, the decrease being of about 8.8%.
20
fti, MPa
18.25 16.59 16.94
15
15.17 14.76 15.88
16.49 13.08
10
SDPC
5 0
PETPC 25%
50%
75%
100%
Aggregate replacement, %
Fig. 2. Variation of flexural strength with the substitution dosage.
The maximum value of flexural strength of polymer concrete with PET substitution was of 16.94 MPa (for PETPC1), bigger with 4.6% than that of the control-mixture. The PET dosage as a replacement of aggregate influenced flexural strength of polymer concrete. Three values of fti were smaller than that of the control-mixture, i.e. 50%, 75% and 100% substitution, the decrease being of about 6.3%, 1.97% and 19.3%, respectively. Generally, when the dosage of substitution increases, the flexural strength will decrease. Comparing the two types of wastes used as aggregate substitution, the mixtures with 50% and 75% saw dust as substitution had a better behaviour, while for 25% and 100% chopped PET as substitution, the mixtures presented higher values of fti, as Fig. 2 shows. The values of fti for both types of wastes as substitution of aggregates were very close. 3.2. 3.2. Splitting strength The values of splitting strength for all mixtures are represented in Fig. 3. All values of split tensile strengths of mixtures with both types of aggregate substitution were bigger than that of the control-mixure with 36.8% up to 53.4%. The highest value of splitting strength ftd=7.38 MPa was obtained for polymer concrete with saw dust substitution of aggregate (SDPC4), Fig. 3.
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Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 248–252 Giovanni Zanvettor et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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Splitting strength, MPa
ftd, MPa 8 6
6.98
7.21
7.38 6.59
6.14 6.68 6.18 5.88
4.81
4 ftd, MPa
2 0
Control SDPC1 SDPC2 SDPC3 SDPC4 PETPC1 PETPC2 PETPC3 PETPC4
Mixes
Fig. 3. Variation of split tensile strength of polymer concrete.
Splitting strength, MPa
The maximum value of splitting strength polymer concrete with PET substitution was of 6.68 MPa (for PETPC2), bigger than that of the control-mixture with 4.6%. The PET dosage as replacement of aggregate influenced the splitting strength of polymer concrete by improving its mechanical property with increases between 38.9% and 22.2%, respectively. Comparing the two types of wastes used as aggregate substitution, the mixtures with saw dust as substitution for all dosages of replacement, Fig. 4, had a better behaviour. The values of ftd for both types of wastes as substitution of aggregates were very close. 8 6
6.98
7.21 6.14
6.68
6.59
7.38 6.18
5.88
4
SDPC
2 0
PETPC 25%
50%
75%
100%
Aggregate replacement, %
Fig. 4.Variation of split tensile strength function the substitution dosage.
4. Conclusions The researchers from all over the world are studying new types of concretes prepared with local materials or wastes both for obtaining cheaper products and for environment protection. In the experimental programme, the wastes used as substitution of the sand in the polymer concrete were saw dust and chopped PET. The replacement of sort I aggregates was between 25% and 100%. Both types of wastes influenced the tensile strength of polymer concrete. Generally, for both types of substitution, the tensile strength was smaller increasing the substitution dosage. The influence of substitution type on the flexural strength and splitting strength indicated higher values for mixtures with saw dust. The polymer concrete with both saw dust substitution presented the highest value of flexural strength for a replacement of 50% of fine aggregates. In the case of PET waste, the highest value of flexural strength was obtained for 25% aggregate substitution. In the case of the splitting strength, all values were higher than that of the control-mixture for both types of substitution. The highest value was obtained for 100% substitution of aggregate in the case of the saw dust, and for 50% substitution in the case of the PET waste.
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The experimental study had shown that wastes can replace aggregates and the new green polymer concrete has improved tensile strength in comparison with a polymer concrete without waste. The replacement of fine aggregate with different local materials is a necessity for decreasing the environment pollution. The new green polymer concretes can be used in construction domain if they are not affecting the environment and people health. References [1] M. Heidari-Rarani, M.R.M. Aliha, M.M. Shokrieh d, M.R. Ayatollahi, Mechanical durability of an optimized polymer concrete under various thermal cyclic loadings – An experimental study, Construction and Building Materials 64 (2014) 308–315 [2] O. Elalaoui, E. Ghorbel, V. Mignot, M. Ben Ouezdou, Mechanical and physical properties of epoxy polymer concrete after exposure to temperatures up to 250 C. Constr Build Mater 2012;27:415–24. [3] MCS. Ribeiro, CML. Tavares, AJM. Ferreira, Chemical resistance of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete to acids and salts. J Polym Eng 2002;22(1):27–43. [4] A. Garbacz, Sokolovska, J.J., Concrete like polymer composite with fly ash-Comparative study. Construction and building materials 2013; 38: 689-699. [3] JML. Reis, AJM. Ferreira, Effect of marine exposure on fracture properties of epoxy concretes. Polym Test 2005;24(1):121–5. [5] M. Golestaneh, G. Amini, D. Najafpour, M.A. Beygi, Evaluation of mechanical strength of epoxy polymer concrete with silica powder as filler, World Appl Sci J, 9 (2010) 216-220. [6] L. Agavriloaia, St. Oprea, M. Barbuta, C. Luca, Characterization of polymer concrete with epoxy polyurethane acryl matrix, Constr. Build. Mater., 2012; 12:190-196. [7] M. Barbuta, M. Harja, D. Babor, Polymer concrete with fly ash. Morphologic analysis based on scanning electron microscopic observations, Revista Romana de Materiale, (Romanian Review of Materials) vol. 40, nr. 1, 337-345; 2010 [8] M. Barbuta, M. Rujanu, A. Nicuta, Characterrization of polymer concrete with different wastes additions, Procedia Technology 22 (2016), 407-412 [9] Tuan NV, Ye G, Breugel K, Copuroglu O. Hydration and microstructure of ultrahigh performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash. Cem Concr Res. 2011;41:1104–11. [10] Lin, C.; Hong, Yu-J.; Huc, A. Using a composite material containing waste tire powder and polypropylene fiber cut end to recover spilled oil. Waste Manage 2010, 30, 263–267. [11] J. Chris Carroll, N. Helminger, Fresh and hardened properties of fiber-reinforced rubber concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(7), 2016 [12] B. Skariah Thomas, R. Chandra Gupta, Properties of High Strength Concrete Containing Scrap Tire Rubber, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, vol. 113, pp. 86-92. [13] Lei Gu, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Review Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A critical review, Waste Management, 2016, vol. 51, p. 19-42 [14] Nabajyoti Saikia, Jorge de Brito, Mechanical properties and abrasion behaviour of concrete containing shredded PET bottle waste as a partial substitution of natural aggregate, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, vol. 52, p. 236–244 [15] A. Kaya, F. Kar, Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Expanded Polystyrene and Natural Resin, Construction and Building Materials 102, 2016, pp. 572–578. [16] B. A., Herki, J. M., Khatib, E.M., Negim, Lightweight Concrete Made from Waste Polystyrene and Fly Ash, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013, vol. 21 (9), p. 1356-1360, [17]S., de Castro, J., de Brito, Evaluation of the durability of concrete made with crushed glass aggregates, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, Vol. 41, p. 7–14. [18]Jnyanendra Kumar Prusty, Sanjaya Kumar Patro, S.S., Basarkar, Concrete using agro-waste as fine aggregate for sustainable built environment – A review, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2016, vol. 5, p. 312–333.