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Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of gait measures
SIAMOC 2006 Congress Abstracts / Gait & Posture 24S (2006) S1–S57
S49
Table 1
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis
Es 1 surgical side—pre
Es 2 surgical side—pre
Es 1 surgical side—post
Es 2 surgical side—post
Es 1 not surgical side—pre
Es 2 not surgical side—pre
Es 1 not surgical side—post
Es 2 not surgical side—post
1.8 1.3 1.8 1.3 3.8 3.3
3.4 2.4 2 1.4 3.4 2.4
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7
1.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 11
2.4 1.4 3.1 2.1 5.2 3.8
3.8 1.8 2.6 1.4 4.5 2.6
2.1 1.2 2.9 1.9 4.2 3.7
2.9 2.2 2.3 1.3 3.9 3.5
Table 2
VAS
Rest—pre
Es 1—pre
Es 2—pre
Rest—post
Es 1—post
Es 2—post
5 12.2
10.3 15.5
12.5 19.4
13.8 23.9
12 14.7
35.5 33.5
supine, knee extended and the angle between pelvis and trunk of 1508. The subjects were studied 1 day before and 1 day after the knee surgery in both lower limbs. Every subject has performed both exercises twice, for a total number of eight exercises. There was 1 min of pause between two successive exercises and the sequence of execution among the eight exercises has been randomised. It has been used the pocket EMG (BTS) and bipolar electrodes to record the surface electromyography. The electrodes were positioned on the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis of the quadriceps. It was recorded the eventual pain during the execution of exercises using a visual analogic scale (VAS) after every exercise. Nonparametric tests were used for the statistical analysis using the SPSS software.
more painful. It seems that the quadriceps inhibition could depend on the kind of motor task as well as the pain to the knee joint. This observation could give a new suggestion in the definition of the rehabilitation protocols in subjects after knee arthroscopic surgery.
References [1] Young A, et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;219:21–7. [2] Suter E, et al. Clin Biomech 1998;13:314–31.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.067
P12 3. Results Table 1 shows the results of quadriceps activation of both lower limbs, before and after knee surgery. The only significative difference (Wilcoxon test) between the two exercises regards the surgical knee after the surgery. In this condition there is a greater quadriceps activation during the exercise 2 in comparison with the exercise 1 (P < 0.001). Table 2 shows results about the pain of the surgical knee in the condition of rest and during the execution of the two exercises, before and after the knee surgery. The only significative difference (Wilcoxon test) between the two exercises regards the surgical knee after the surgery. In this condition the exercise 2 is more painful than the exercise 1 (P = 0.027). Moreover, the exercise 1 does not result more painful than the condition of rest.
4. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the quadriceps inhibition after knee arthroscopy is related at the motor task. The elevation of the lower limb, maintaining the knee extension, allows a greater quadriceps activation than the extension of the knee, even if the first movement results
Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of gait measures L.A. Rinaldi a, M. Baccini b, M. Paci a, F. Valori a, M. Inzitari a, M. Di Bari a a
Department of Critical Care, Motion Analysis Laboratory, University of Florence, Italy b ASL 10 of Florence, Italy
1. Introduction Reliability of measures provided by any motion analysis need to be estimate in order to have clinically useful data [1,2] This study was aimed at assessing test-retest (T-R) and inter-rater (I-R) reliability of antropometric measurements, spatial-temporal parameters and offset joint angular displacements during overground walking, got in the Motion Analysis Laboratory of the University of Florence. 2. Methods Nine healthy individuals (mean 39.2 21.1 years) were enrolled. Each participant performed the gait analysis in two
S50
SIAMOC 2006 Congress Abstracts / Gait & Posture 24S (2006) S1–S57
Fig. 1.
sessions, with an interval of a week. In the first session two tests were performed, with an interval of 30 min. Anthropometric measures and markers positioning were performed by different operators randomly assigned to the two tests (OP1 and OP2). One examiner was then randomly selected to repeat the assessment in the second session
Fig. 2.
(OP2b). An ElitePlus system (BTS, Milan) with five TVC (100 Hz) and the ‘‘anatomical protocol’’ was used. A paired t-test was preliminarily used to exclude the presence of significant differences ( p < 0.05) between the measurements got by the two examiners or by the same examiner in the two different sessions. For each variable, the I-R and T-R
SIAMOC 2006 Congress Abstracts / Gait & Posture 24S (2006) S1–S57
reliability was then estimated through the Bland–Altman test (BA).
3. Results We found an excellent T-R and I-R reliability for all the antropometric measures, where differences between the two assessments were about the size of 3 mm over a range of segments lengths between 810 and 900 mm, except for I-R reliability of measurements of the left lower limb length. Reliability of spatial-temporal parameters was also very high for all measures. Differences in temporal variables measures were about the size of 10 ms. Offset angles resulted highly reliable too in both the T-R and I-R comparisons, except for flexion–extension and rotation of the right foot. In Fig. 1 we reported the results for pelvis width measures (I-R reliability: t = 1.446, p = 0.186; BA: r = 0.417, p = 0.264; T-R reliability: t = 0.5, p = 0.631; BA: r = 0.48, p = 0.191;) and in Fig. 2 the results for double-support duration (%) of the left step (I-R reliability: t = 1.279, p = 0.237; BA: r = 0.635, p = 0.066; T-R reliability t = 0.581, p = 0.577; BA: r = 0, p = 1).
4. Discussion The excellent reliability and the limited clinical relevance of the small differences found for most gait measures demonstrate the good quality of data collected in our Motion Analysis Laboratory. However, our results confirm the need of carefully getting antropometric measures.
S51
1. Introduction From the ecological approach the movement of reaching and grasping emerges as consequence of the body–environment interaction [1]. Moreover, we must consider that the movement is constrained from neural, mechanical and geometric factors [2]. The aim is estimating the contribution of these elements during the tasks of reaching and grasping. So, we have designed a robotic system capable to move the target object and to cause mechanical and geometrical conditions which are testable and repeatable, in order to study the usefulness and the efficacy of contexts of dynamics interaction during the recovery after a lesion of the SNC.
2. Method The designed robot has three degrees of freedom (DOF) and it can rotate an object over a spherical surface. A computer controls the three actuators by means of a commercial software (labVIEW). We can test the different mechanical and geometric conditions by changing trajectories and speeds of the moving object. In the preliminary tests, we have tested the reliability of the equipment asking three male subjects, medium age of 25 years, to grasp a cup in comfortable way, while the robot moves it around a circumference in the plane of cingulum scapular. The maximum distance between the object and the patient was set shorter than the length of his upper limb. We have proposed two speeds while the object rotates in clockwise or in counter-clockwise. The trajectory of the hand and that of the object have been studied by means of an 3D opt-electronic system (Vicon Peak).
3. Results References [1] Cappozzo A, et’al. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 44 (1997) 12:1165–74. [2] Maynard V, et al. Gait Posture 2003;17:59–67.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.068
P13 Robotized system for the assessment and training of the dynamic characteristics of reaching and grasping M. Petrarca a,c, G. Zanelli b,c, F. Patane` b,c, P. Cappa b,c, I. Amicuzi a,c, G. Di Rosa a,c, E. Castelli a,c
The trajectory of the hand towards the object was about a straight line whether the target moves slowly or whether it moves quickly. The analysis of direction of the hand trajectory showed that the patient was directed not towards the target, but where the object was going to arrive at the moment of the contact. Besides, the subjects choose always a trajectory that permits them to meet the target and not to follow it. The profile of speed of the hand indicated a homogeneity of movement with the characteristic shape of a bell (Fig. 1). The arm was approximately extended to 80% of its total length, when the target is reached.
4. Discussion
a
UOC of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS ‘‘Bambino Gesu`’’ Hospital, Rome, Italy b Department of Mechanics and Aeronautics, University of Rome ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy c Laboratory of Movement Analysis, IRCCS ‘‘Bambino Gesu`’’ Hospital, Rome, Italy
The characteristics of trajectory and speed indicate that the subjects used an anticipatory strategy, previewing already at the beginning of the gesture the position (straight trajectory) and the speed (shape of a bell) of the object at the moment of the grasping. They have moreover shown to prefer the
S49
Table 1
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis
Es 1 surgical side—pre
Es 2 surgical side—pre
Es 1 surgical side—post
Es 2 surgical side—post
Es 1 not surgical side—pre
Es 2 not surgical side—pre
Es 1 not surgical side—post
Es 2 not surgical side—post
1.8 1.3 1.8 1.3 3.8 3.3
3.4 2.4 2 1.4 3.4 2.4
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7
1.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 11
2.4 1.4 3.1 2.1 5.2 3.8
3.8 1.8 2.6 1.4 4.5 2.6
2.1 1.2 2.9 1.9 4.2 3.7
2.9 2.2 2.3 1.3 3.9 3.5
Table 2
VAS
Rest—pre
Es 1—pre
Es 2—pre
Rest—post
Es 1—post
Es 2—post
5 12.2
10.3 15.5
12.5 19.4
13.8 23.9
12 14.7
35.5 33.5
supine, knee extended and the angle between pelvis and trunk of 1508. The subjects were studied 1 day before and 1 day after the knee surgery in both lower limbs. Every subject has performed both exercises twice, for a total number of eight exercises. There was 1 min of pause between two successive exercises and the sequence of execution among the eight exercises has been randomised. It has been used the pocket EMG (BTS) and bipolar electrodes to record the surface electromyography. The electrodes were positioned on the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis of the quadriceps. It was recorded the eventual pain during the execution of exercises using a visual analogic scale (VAS) after every exercise. Nonparametric tests were used for the statistical analysis using the SPSS software.
more painful. It seems that the quadriceps inhibition could depend on the kind of motor task as well as the pain to the knee joint. This observation could give a new suggestion in the definition of the rehabilitation protocols in subjects after knee arthroscopic surgery.
References [1] Young A, et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987;219:21–7. [2] Suter E, et al. Clin Biomech 1998;13:314–31.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.067
P12 3. Results Table 1 shows the results of quadriceps activation of both lower limbs, before and after knee surgery. The only significative difference (Wilcoxon test) between the two exercises regards the surgical knee after the surgery. In this condition there is a greater quadriceps activation during the exercise 2 in comparison with the exercise 1 (P < 0.001). Table 2 shows results about the pain of the surgical knee in the condition of rest and during the execution of the two exercises, before and after the knee surgery. The only significative difference (Wilcoxon test) between the two exercises regards the surgical knee after the surgery. In this condition the exercise 2 is more painful than the exercise 1 (P = 0.027). Moreover, the exercise 1 does not result more painful than the condition of rest.
4. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the quadriceps inhibition after knee arthroscopy is related at the motor task. The elevation of the lower limb, maintaining the knee extension, allows a greater quadriceps activation than the extension of the knee, even if the first movement results
Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of gait measures L.A. Rinaldi a, M. Baccini b, M. Paci a, F. Valori a, M. Inzitari a, M. Di Bari a a
Department of Critical Care, Motion Analysis Laboratory, University of Florence, Italy b ASL 10 of Florence, Italy
1. Introduction Reliability of measures provided by any motion analysis need to be estimate in order to have clinically useful data [1,2] This study was aimed at assessing test-retest (T-R) and inter-rater (I-R) reliability of antropometric measurements, spatial-temporal parameters and offset joint angular displacements during overground walking, got in the Motion Analysis Laboratory of the University of Florence. 2. Methods Nine healthy individuals (mean 39.2 21.1 years) were enrolled. Each participant performed the gait analysis in two
S50
SIAMOC 2006 Congress Abstracts / Gait & Posture 24S (2006) S1–S57
Fig. 1.
sessions, with an interval of a week. In the first session two tests were performed, with an interval of 30 min. Anthropometric measures and markers positioning were performed by different operators randomly assigned to the two tests (OP1 and OP2). One examiner was then randomly selected to repeat the assessment in the second session
Fig. 2.
(OP2b). An ElitePlus system (BTS, Milan) with five TVC (100 Hz) and the ‘‘anatomical protocol’’ was used. A paired t-test was preliminarily used to exclude the presence of significant differences ( p < 0.05) between the measurements got by the two examiners or by the same examiner in the two different sessions. For each variable, the I-R and T-R
SIAMOC 2006 Congress Abstracts / Gait & Posture 24S (2006) S1–S57
reliability was then estimated through the Bland–Altman test (BA).
3. Results We found an excellent T-R and I-R reliability for all the antropometric measures, where differences between the two assessments were about the size of 3 mm over a range of segments lengths between 810 and 900 mm, except for I-R reliability of measurements of the left lower limb length. Reliability of spatial-temporal parameters was also very high for all measures. Differences in temporal variables measures were about the size of 10 ms. Offset angles resulted highly reliable too in both the T-R and I-R comparisons, except for flexion–extension and rotation of the right foot. In Fig. 1 we reported the results for pelvis width measures (I-R reliability: t = 1.446, p = 0.186; BA: r = 0.417, p = 0.264; T-R reliability: t = 0.5, p = 0.631; BA: r = 0.48, p = 0.191;) and in Fig. 2 the results for double-support duration (%) of the left step (I-R reliability: t = 1.279, p = 0.237; BA: r = 0.635, p = 0.066; T-R reliability t = 0.581, p = 0.577; BA: r = 0, p = 1).
4. Discussion The excellent reliability and the limited clinical relevance of the small differences found for most gait measures demonstrate the good quality of data collected in our Motion Analysis Laboratory. However, our results confirm the need of carefully getting antropometric measures.
S51
1. Introduction From the ecological approach the movement of reaching and grasping emerges as consequence of the body–environment interaction [1]. Moreover, we must consider that the movement is constrained from neural, mechanical and geometric factors [2]. The aim is estimating the contribution of these elements during the tasks of reaching and grasping. So, we have designed a robotic system capable to move the target object and to cause mechanical and geometrical conditions which are testable and repeatable, in order to study the usefulness and the efficacy of contexts of dynamics interaction during the recovery after a lesion of the SNC.
2. Method The designed robot has three degrees of freedom (DOF) and it can rotate an object over a spherical surface. A computer controls the three actuators by means of a commercial software (labVIEW). We can test the different mechanical and geometric conditions by changing trajectories and speeds of the moving object. In the preliminary tests, we have tested the reliability of the equipment asking three male subjects, medium age of 25 years, to grasp a cup in comfortable way, while the robot moves it around a circumference in the plane of cingulum scapular. The maximum distance between the object and the patient was set shorter than the length of his upper limb. We have proposed two speeds while the object rotates in clockwise or in counter-clockwise. The trajectory of the hand and that of the object have been studied by means of an 3D opt-electronic system (Vicon Peak).
3. Results References [1] Cappozzo A, et’al. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 44 (1997) 12:1165–74. [2] Maynard V, et al. Gait Posture 2003;17:59–67.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.068
P13 Robotized system for the assessment and training of the dynamic characteristics of reaching and grasping M. Petrarca a,c, G. Zanelli b,c, F. Patane` b,c, P. Cappa b,c, I. Amicuzi a,c, G. Di Rosa a,c, E. Castelli a,c
The trajectory of the hand towards the object was about a straight line whether the target moves slowly or whether it moves quickly. The analysis of direction of the hand trajectory showed that the patient was directed not towards the target, but where the object was going to arrive at the moment of the contact. Besides, the subjects choose always a trajectory that permits them to meet the target and not to follow it. The profile of speed of the hand indicated a homogeneity of movement with the characteristic shape of a bell (Fig. 1). The arm was approximately extended to 80% of its total length, when the target is reached.
4. Discussion
a
UOC of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS ‘‘Bambino Gesu`’’ Hospital, Rome, Italy b Department of Mechanics and Aeronautics, University of Rome ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Italy c Laboratory of Movement Analysis, IRCCS ‘‘Bambino Gesu`’’ Hospital, Rome, Italy
The characteristics of trajectory and speed indicate that the subjects used an anticipatory strategy, previewing already at the beginning of the gesture the position (straight trajectory) and the speed (shape of a bell) of the object at the moment of the grasping. They have moreover shown to prefer the