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Testing of Thermoplastic Films
7
Testing of Thermoplastic Films
There is a multitude of material standards that govern the basic properties and performance of thermoplastic films and sheeting. These standards account for everything from simple, single-material films to multimaterial, anisotropic constructions and help to characterize such properties as tensile strength, tearing resistance, impact resistance, folding resistance, puncture energy, and friction coefficients. Additional standards apply to the testing of thermal, electrical, barrier and optical properties, chemical resistance, aging resistance, as well as other properties and performance pertaining to their practical applications. Essentially, all the test procedures discussed here apply to fluoroplastics that are used for the manufacture of films and sheets as well as of the final products.
7.1 Standards for Testing of Mechanical Properties ASTM D618: Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics ASTM D790: Standard Tests Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Insulating Materials ISO 178: Plastics—Determination of flexural properties ASTM D792: Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement ASTM D882: Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting ASTM D1004: Standard Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting ASTM D1708: Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Microtensile Specimens ASTM D1709: Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method ASTM D1894: Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting ASTM D1922: Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method Applications of Fluoropolymer Films. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816128-9.00007-6 © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
133
134
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS
ASTM D1938: Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation Resistance (Trouser Tear) of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single-Tear Method. ISO 6583-2: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of Tear Resistance—Part2: Elmendorf Method ASTM D2176: Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastic Film by the M.I.T. Tester ASTM D3420: Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film ASTM D7192: Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastic Films Using Load and Displacement Sensors.
7.2 Standards for Testing of Thermal Properties 7.2.1 Heat Aging ASTM D3045: Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics without Load ISO 2578: Determination of Time-Temperature Limits After Exposure to Prolonged Action of Heat
7.2.2 Thermal Stability ASTM E2550: Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry
7.2.3 Heat Sealability ASTM F2029: Standard Practices for Making Laboratory Heat Seals for Determination of Heat Sealability of Flexible Barrier Materials as Measured by Seal Strength
7.2.4 Shrinkage ASTM D2732: Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
7.2.5 Linear Coefficient of Expansion ASTM D696: Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics between 230 C and 30 C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
7: TESTING
7.2.6
OF
THERMOPLASTIC FILMS
135
Continuous Use Temperature
7.2.6.1 Long Cycle Use UL 746B Standard for Polymeric Materials—Long Term Property Evaluations.
7.2.6.2 Short Cycle Use UL 746A Standard for Polymeric Materials—Short Term Property Evaluations.
7.3 Standards for Testing of Electrical Properties ASTM D149: Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies ASTM D150: Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation ASTM D257: Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials ASTM D495: Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
7.4 Standards for Testing of Barrier Properties ASTM F1306: Slow Rate Penetration Resistance of Flexible Barrier Films and Laminates ASTM D3985: Oxygen Permeation of Flexible Materials Using a Coulometric Sensor ASTM E96: Water Vapor Transmission of Materials ASTM F1249: Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using Modulated Infrared Sensor ISO 15105-2: Plastics-Film and sheeting—Determination of gas transmission rate—Part 2: Equal pressure method ISO 1506-2: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of Water Vapour Transmission Rate—Part 2: Infrared detection sensor method
136
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS
7.5 Standards for Testing of Optical Properties 7.5.1 Refractive Index ASTM D542: Standard Test Method for Index of Refraction of Transparent Organic Plastics
7.5.2 Optical Transmission ASTM E424: Standard Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials ASTM D1003: Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
7.6 Standards for Testing of Chemical Resistance ASTM D543: Standard Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
7.7 Standards for Testing of Surface Properties 7.7.1 Critical Surface Energy ISO-19403-1: Paints and varnishes—Wettability—Part 1: Terminology and general principles
7.7.2 Contact Angle ASTM D7334: Standard Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement
7.8 Standards for Testing of Thermal Stability ASTM E2250: Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry
7: TESTING
OF
THERMOPLASTIC FILMS
137
7.9 Standards for Testing of Weatherability 7.9.1
Accelerated Testing Methods
ASTM G154: Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials ASTM G155: Standard Practice for Operating Xenon-Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Material ASTM D4329: Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics ISO 4892-2: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 2: Xenon-arc amps
7.9.2
Outdoor Testing Methods
ASTM D1435: Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics ISO 877-2: Plastics—Methods of exposure to solar radiation—Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind glass More detailed discussion of this subject is in Refs. [1,2].
References [1] L.W. McKeen, Chapter 2 Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, fourth ed., Elsevier, Oxford, 2017. [2] B.A. Morris, The Science and Technology of Flexible Packaging, Part IV: Film Properties, Elsevier, Oxford, 2017.
Testing of Thermoplastic Films
There is a multitude of material standards that govern the basic properties and performance of thermoplastic films and sheeting. These standards account for everything from simple, single-material films to multimaterial, anisotropic constructions and help to characterize such properties as tensile strength, tearing resistance, impact resistance, folding resistance, puncture energy, and friction coefficients. Additional standards apply to the testing of thermal, electrical, barrier and optical properties, chemical resistance, aging resistance, as well as other properties and performance pertaining to their practical applications. Essentially, all the test procedures discussed here apply to fluoroplastics that are used for the manufacture of films and sheets as well as of the final products.
7.1 Standards for Testing of Mechanical Properties ASTM D618: Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics ASTM D790: Standard Tests Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Insulating Materials ISO 178: Plastics—Determination of flexural properties ASTM D792: Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement ASTM D882: Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting ASTM D1004: Standard Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting ASTM D1708: Tensile Properties of Plastics by Use of Microtensile Specimens ASTM D1709: Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method ASTM D1894: Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting ASTM D1922: Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method Applications of Fluoropolymer Films. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816128-9.00007-6 © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
133
134
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS
ASTM D1938: Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation Resistance (Trouser Tear) of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single-Tear Method. ISO 6583-2: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of Tear Resistance—Part2: Elmendorf Method ASTM D2176: Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper and Plastic Film by the M.I.T. Tester ASTM D3420: Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film ASTM D7192: Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastic Films Using Load and Displacement Sensors.
7.2 Standards for Testing of Thermal Properties 7.2.1 Heat Aging ASTM D3045: Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics without Load ISO 2578: Determination of Time-Temperature Limits After Exposure to Prolonged Action of Heat
7.2.2 Thermal Stability ASTM E2550: Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry
7.2.3 Heat Sealability ASTM F2029: Standard Practices for Making Laboratory Heat Seals for Determination of Heat Sealability of Flexible Barrier Materials as Measured by Seal Strength
7.2.4 Shrinkage ASTM D2732: Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
7.2.5 Linear Coefficient of Expansion ASTM D696: Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics between 230 C and 30 C with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
7: TESTING
7.2.6
OF
THERMOPLASTIC FILMS
135
Continuous Use Temperature
7.2.6.1 Long Cycle Use UL 746B Standard for Polymeric Materials—Long Term Property Evaluations.
7.2.6.2 Short Cycle Use UL 746A Standard for Polymeric Materials—Short Term Property Evaluations.
7.3 Standards for Testing of Electrical Properties ASTM D149: Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies ASTM D150: Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation ASTM D257: Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials ASTM D495: Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
7.4 Standards for Testing of Barrier Properties ASTM F1306: Slow Rate Penetration Resistance of Flexible Barrier Films and Laminates ASTM D3985: Oxygen Permeation of Flexible Materials Using a Coulometric Sensor ASTM E96: Water Vapor Transmission of Materials ASTM F1249: Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using Modulated Infrared Sensor ISO 15105-2: Plastics-Film and sheeting—Determination of gas transmission rate—Part 2: Equal pressure method ISO 1506-2: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of Water Vapour Transmission Rate—Part 2: Infrared detection sensor method
136
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUOROPOLYMER FILMS
7.5 Standards for Testing of Optical Properties 7.5.1 Refractive Index ASTM D542: Standard Test Method for Index of Refraction of Transparent Organic Plastics
7.5.2 Optical Transmission ASTM E424: Standard Test Methods for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials ASTM D1003: Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
7.6 Standards for Testing of Chemical Resistance ASTM D543: Standard Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
7.7 Standards for Testing of Surface Properties 7.7.1 Critical Surface Energy ISO-19403-1: Paints and varnishes—Wettability—Part 1: Terminology and general principles
7.7.2 Contact Angle ASTM D7334: Standard Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement
7.8 Standards for Testing of Thermal Stability ASTM E2250: Standard Test Method for Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry
7: TESTING
OF
THERMOPLASTIC FILMS
137
7.9 Standards for Testing of Weatherability 7.9.1
Accelerated Testing Methods
ASTM G154: Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials ASTM G155: Standard Practice for Operating Xenon-Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Material ASTM D4329: Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics ISO 4892-2: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 2: Xenon-arc amps
7.9.2
Outdoor Testing Methods
ASTM D1435: Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics ISO 877-2: Plastics—Methods of exposure to solar radiation—Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind glass More detailed discussion of this subject is in Refs. [1,2].
References [1] L.W. McKeen, Chapter 2 Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, fourth ed., Elsevier, Oxford, 2017. [2] B.A. Morris, The Science and Technology of Flexible Packaging, Part IV: Film Properties, Elsevier, Oxford, 2017.