The 1974 and 1984 floods in Bangladesh

VIlIWl’OIN’l’ I

I

The 1974 and 1984 floods in Bangladesh From famine to food crisis management Edward Clay

In 1984 Bangladesh suffered the worst monsoon floodmg since 1974, the year of famlne The flood losses m product/on lnevrtably put severe strain on the food system The strams were so severe as to be characterized as a food cnses’ - a atuabon In wh/ch government resorted to extraordmary measures The seasonal losses m product/on for the first three crops of the calendar year 1984 (boro, aus broadcast aman) were at least a ml/Iron tonnes As IS now recognrzed thus loss m product/on a/so resulted m a drastrc reductron In employment for the rural landless, on a conservative estimate 25 m/II/on person days These are circumstances which could have led to famrne cond/tlons

i+‘hat

e\dctl\

tarnine

15 meant

’ Bruce

b!, the

CurreL

the

s,~lss can be an dmbiguou?, indlcdtor The

flood5

metaphor

of metal tdtigue

in an aero-

tarmers

plane

understand

process

and

to

the

I Populdtions severe Stress These famine

ma\

and can become

able

In the context

of

be under

htrese5

sonal

dre

sed-

almost Intolerof Banglade5h.

of

Sale5 were

mamtaln

reported

Llslted

the lo55 ot land and vear somewhere

Banglade5h

flood. drought

some other

dlsa5ter

Impo\erlshlng

cyclone or

and begIn to migrate

in

\\hat

15 ekperito become

of socla! dlslntegratlon.

ah

dwntegrate5

People

sell their

These 1984

on

an)

although

able

among

condltlons

the

relation

widespredd \\lth

distress

by Sen

tood

111

crisis and

mdv be associated

dn Increase In overall productlon)

appears hhelv to ha\e repeated In Bangladesh rainfall

land

lvmg areas

all cldssic wmp-

noted

to 197-l (that

’

Itself

the floods and high

levels are disastrous HoweLet-.

favour agricultural

of f,lmlne

did not

con5lderable

SC&

In

some NGO5

reported

ot stres5 on the bulnerthe

were

rural

poor

reflected

These

In the

m-

subjected

for low-

such condltwns

productlon

In areas

reduced tion

planted

large

down

these

As

d

map be

ds 30”~~ but in

bv 25”” ’ Loohlng

at Bangladesh

productlon,

report5 of the forced sale ot cattle on
productlon

as much

to be higher

total

Again

b)

stress

other dlstrlcts It IS possible for produc-

among small children

\!ere dls0

drought

In some parts of Bang-

ladesh agricultural

therefore

There

to

consequence.

crease m severe case5 of malnutrition

scale

the not

where the maIn rice crop IS llhelv to be

condltlonh

lntenslflcatlon

In did

and there was no 5Ignlhcdnt

\tIth

tom5 of famine occur

prices

BF the end of the calendar

enced locdllv or regionallv

This paper, presented at the third IDS Food Aid and Food Aid Seminar December 1984 Emergencies , It&13 draws heavily on discussions with Hugh Brammer. Bruce Currey, Peter Jobber, Mike Sackett and many officials of the Government of Bangladesh during a VISIT to Dacca In November 1984 The subsequent comments of Ben Crow, Wahlddin Mahmud. John Pate1 and John Shaw are gratefully acknowledged All responsibility for errors of fact and opinion lies with the author

shyrochet

areas

paradox

go bevond

fatigue

households

flood-alfected

on

but affecting

vear.

Famine

ds a >ituation

\bhen an aeroplane

agricultural

Despite

partlcularlv

households.

I

which

1984

people

more

d process

all

to

mlgratlon

these btressss become 50 severe

that the)

metal

in

of tdrmsrs

hq the floods

November

rural

to

but be-

turn5 the 5cre\\

can be characterized which

In

poor

margin

onI\

JS up to 30”0 In 5oms

these severe pressures

the

man\ Jmmals

Losses of II\e5toch

near

for

through

not

It mean5

Impo\erlshment other d55ets E\erv

man\

forced

Inablht!

for the mo5t Lulnerablc

housrholds

their

teed their ammals area5 affected

female-headed

depwed

tor

humdn consumption

cause of the \\ere

- Idndle55 dnd

1984

of fodder

this mean5 moment5 ot near btnr\atlon

Edward Clay IS with the Ins&lute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton BNl 9RE. UK

202

word

wggests

aman crop on

1983

as a whole

lncludmg The

the trdn+

may not be much floods

create

FOOD POLICY August

d

1985

I VIEWl’OINT

I problem

of

would

say

tion to

or not

The onlv note

point

that

\\lthout

the

severe

pends

Bangladesh

modltles

then But

are frictions

effects

Income b\

the maln

faboured

undftected

harvest

rice

high

ramfall

These

‘1

the effects

agricultural

productlon

gests.

dre problems

there

Ing pouer

trlctlon

means

a\olded

a

As

the sbbtem

It famine

natlonnl

wherei\lthall

1s to be

context.

are necessarb

sate the losers

he sug-

of purchds-

\+lthm

that

In

tertentions

’

on

In-

to compen-

who do not hair

the

to bu\ the grain from the

gainers there

was no repetltlon

tamine

of

197-l

InstItutIonal ral

to isl\

In

It 13 that

In 1984 of the

Several

changes

swteni

\hh\

the

food

through

terbentlon

and In the pohtlcal

more generalI!. buted

nppe.ir

to famine

to hale

being

more

the hllmstrq

of Rellet

dre.

sense

grain the

dct

in

197-l

Independent

Third

hard-to-&sew

commitment

movements

to

main-

out

not of

tamme.

ot

operation

better

In the afterm‘lth higher

prlont)

hdd

been

mg

rural

two

Fears

pre\entmg

Internal on

CIVII

noa

security

securlt\

In the reaction

urban

not

the also

ot 1974

to provednet

of stocks

dnd to d

can no longer

effectiielv This

about

ot the events IS accorded food

that

undentand

Perhaps

the rundo\\n

simultaneousI\

Here

InformatIon

where government

wdr

IS not

pre-

to preientlng

of the system

etficientl\

of Independence

It

commltted

but that the)

and hale

a

hand

dnd

In Ban_elndesh

alwa\b

rupted

berglng

to the

In Ethiopia

governments

intervene

Inst,rbllltb

for

donor

getting

Ie\el

considerable

contrast

IS the

price

and

contrl-

drs-

still

in shdrp

the

Africa bds~s

management

there

It IS

and donor5 obser\lng

for example.

and

!\as

In

15 that

lntormatlonal

stands

sltudtlon

those

the

dccurate.

in sub-Sahardn

strong

197-l

bq the

broke

thing

For

food system

hdd been severely

polItIcal

crlsls

it

crisis

ndmmlstratlon There

the

scarce11

entireIF

dnd government

on

e\en all

system

ddniinistrati\e

Bdnglddesh tor

stora_ee

recentI\

of food

of Food and

more

is not

the

dlstrlbu-

Doubtless

Important

current this

more

prices

information bellebed

system

public

procurement

and.

re-

movement\

the

grams

tnterndl

food

on the food

pubhcatlons

through

of tood

posrtlon

but

Both

Food

government

dnd projected

stochs

arrival

The

In detdil

system outlooh recent

the

clrcu-

by the H’orld

(WFP)

report

and

Forecast

stress on the poor

and Rehablhta-

in a purelv

functionmg

\\Idely

Programme

tion

Food

Footigrottl

tood related

averted

(the hlmlstr\

ahen

ldted

R~L NW publlshed

of

dlstrlbutlon

Some suggest that the mhtrtutlons

than

hllnlstrk

the

taining

as III-

government

government tion)

Fooclgrutt~

bv

ot

Lentrng

sbstem

managed

of government

15 now an accurate

there

containing

In the dgncultu-

15 In

ot the normallza-

level ot government

important

effec-

This

to lY7-l

Alotrrlh

action

It IS Interesting

more

ago

because

there

Itarning

reflected In the

of

pap-

early

the operdtlon

are

ot floods

dn

manage-

First

the food gram slwm

port

hlont-

insta-

system for momtorlng

dnd

hues

tull) by Roger

recicled

the

of the operatrons

re\lei\\

areas

Noabhdll

of

‘I dec,lde

Mon~lrlv

than the

In his thought-prokobmg

which

1985

b\

more

er relleulng

FOOD POLICY August

stres,

In

bv flood

discussed

llttlr

blood-attccted

higher

tlon

m bystem

in place operating thdn

Second

at

of

severe

dman

In

6”0

gomerv

trndltrondll\ period

elements

in compdrison

prices

emplovment

23 to 30”0 higher

betore onlv

district

‘B Currey. Coping wllh complexity In food cnsls management In B Currey and G Hugo, eds, Famrne as a Geographrcal Phenomenon, Reldel. Boston, MA, 1984 ‘A K Sen, Poverty and Famtne an Essay on Enbtlement and Depnvahon, Clarendon Press Oxford, UK, 1981 3R Montgomery, The floods of 1984 In hlstoncal context , draft mimeo, USAID, Dacca, 1984, MInIstry of Agriculture, Comparison of 1984 and 1974 floods, draft, MInIstry of Food, Government of Bangladesh, Monthly Foodgratn Renew The government estimated losses at around 1 5 million tonnes However, other observers Including Montgomery, estlmate losses as only 1 million tonnes There are three, arguably four seasonal in rice crops Bangladesh The aus crop IS planted in March and April and harvested in July and August during the monsoon rains Broadcast aman (deepwater) rice IS planted from March to May and harvested from late October to December Transplanted aman (the main crop) .IS transplanted between July and September and harvested from mid-November into December Boro (largely irrigated) IS transplanted from November to February and harvested from April Into June -‘IbId

and

bulldrng

part slmpl\

re-

food

dre tl\elv

can

(There

In

there IS still polrticdl

of the food

\istem

districts

and most

prices \\ere

ment

there

marbet

But there has been conslderable

lnstltutlon

com-

that

hIlIt\

\rlth

of loss ot pro-

of the

rmplo!ment betore

ot

a Llgorous

full!

In mollng

on

September

beginning

bear

of

the effects

duction

d

production

bet\\een

severe

If

IS no production

there

losses

mtensrfvlng

but

floss

to the extent

commodltles

Thus

as

and drfflcultles

glondllzed

paper 1 Arguable

de-

for the 1974 Census \\ere

off the backs of lorries

hunger

\\stem

Inter-dlhtrlct

hale

of

Returns

tnlhng Has

of qgregatlon

productlon

problem

the

paradox

liar

here IS

1054 ot production

15 regarded

Integrated

some

produc-

of caution

on the lebel

smooth

a5

Il\ellhoods entitlement’.

to

maintain

and rural

assessment of go\rrnment

food

IS reflected In 198-l

203

VIEWPOINT I At the hme of the earliest In Ma) pect

flooding

ber 1984)

an election

m pros-

Iv d supplementarb

law regime

made up

and hlth

the martial

Its mmd to ensure

an adequate

pipe-

households.

food system operation

children

By the end ot

It had entered

Thailand

for

Into

deals

large-scale

with

commercial

In the end. these purchases

to

amounted

to o\er

rice act

The

government

In

the

bdse

the

of

dlstrlbutlon

had reason

to

and disaster

But for some earl\

100000

arnials

the

of

Food

1984 \\as expanded In the apparently This

prospect

The

point

to note

that the government to gamble

mlth

followed

the

September pipelines

secunt)

floods

of

and

food aId

WFP dnd the

bk the III

ared IS

1970s IS reflected the

offtdhe

uhlch

different

food and

In the \\a) system

svstem 1s now managed In relation

to price

government

It man-

In

terms

procurement

the

ot

food

more closely

mobementb

has not sought

pdnded

The

to mter-

worh

Currev

IS

lY7Os

that

can be ex-

capaclt\

Relief

season

(d

ober from ths earlier

build

from

In

IS nom dr\ Test

slgmflcant

tonne5

as d

In a cnsls there

in the \!et

conslderable

for as It

late

code) and gratuitous

Another

to

famine

Food

nom used

conslderablv

carned

areds

of

food for worh

famine

lion

rehet 15

change 111

up

something in

1980

tonnes In 198-I

as it did in 197-l dnd In sdrlier

s stud!

termlnolog\ for food

In

goes bath

large-scale

since the

category

example

and research such

Intervention

season

the mid-

For

worst dfficted

’ The

has been

seasonal

on po\ert\

Programme

of mapping

Programme

current

government

from

as Bruce

flexible

In-

bj more than 50°0

the 1971 experience

Work

of assistdnce begdn to fill up

A tourth

\ene

June

notion

Incidence

Then

Somrl emergency

behdkiour ages

here IS

uas not prepared

food

was commltted

in

of

and

Work

ald. htocbs could hake been electlon

management

mapping

for

lo\\

there wds then a December

rural

on Lsomen and

reglonal

Canddian

and

as pro\ Id-

to poor

of allocatlons

at a \ery

lebei bv No\rmber

program-

there IS nou some attempt

tonne5

Stocks of nce Here belo\\

tonnes

ober

to

I mll-

1 9 million

IS

Storage

the

storage

now \\ldel\

All

food crises of the Pdhlstan erd through

spread

forced

these changes add up to conslderablv

procurement

therebv cial

dctuallv

trade

prices

There

to acquire

dlsruptlng

and

are

relati\el~

tion

public

to total

three

months

forcing

now open

\nles of grain

grain up

ot ahedt

(lebs

In the first

of the agncultural

198-t-85).

but nevertheless

changing

pattern

veer

Indicating

a

ot food hvstem man-

Fifth

there

mterbentlons contribute

In

as. kear

Include

In year

the

out

major

food donors

als are bunched

of

other

There

IS also the

Feeding

program-

In the mid-1970s

has more part

and

recentI! public

and

become

a

dlstrlbutlon

to December

local

dlstrlbutlon tor

10”” of Icheat dlstnbutlon

In Septem-

winter

There clacer-

by a combmapurchases The

large-scale

and

storage

I\

Inter-Fear

stock operations

ha\e been some other slgnlflsvstem

and therefore disaster

In har-

to contain

movement>

cant changes In the decade

for almost

stored

the mdln amen

storage and buffer

cultural

In the

tonnes might be

to intervene

price

used

for example

(accountmg.

after

tlon of Imports

There

tonnes

temporanly

bated by special factor\

not

to

Imports

In a more fabourdble

and

capdcitb

massl\e

This storage

stocks

vear perhaps d million

seasonal

Pro-

public

and store

government

?. 8 mdhon

IS d

WFP

the

1984 to Julv 1985 and arrn-

Lest In November

These

the

CARE

Group

me established

bv

the

to

prokldmg

poor

Food-for-Work

supported

Vulnerable

secuntv

of food

as

Intended

food

to the rural

through

major

mav reach

the months

large-scale

place

USAID

which

other

to rural

h\ehhoods gramme

are

within

large uorhmg

vear Juh

countrv

system to mole allo\\s

procured

agement

well

cdpdciti handle

the

capaclt,

dlstnbutlon

large quantities

marbet

smdll in rela-

operations

throughout

Improved

commer-

probabl\

than So, offtake

204

Sloth

trdnsfer

tdrgetted

tenentlons

purchase5

4~0000

notlonal-

feeding

me. IS now \%ldel\ accepted ing an income

hnr of food so that It could malntdln hIa1

5B Currey. Mappmg areas liable to famlne In Bangladesh , PhD Dlssertatlon, Universlty -of Hawall, Unlverslty MIcrofIlms Order No 8012253. Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1979

This programme

IS

more

resilient

The dgndnerslhed

agamst natural

because of the expansion Irrigated

boro

In

rice and \\heat

FOOD POLICY August

1985

I VIEWPOINT

I productlon

Stattsttcal

analvsts

crop productton mg

shghtlv

associated

as a result

of

trrtgatton

In relattonshtps

between

There

The

mentation

alreadv

wilhngness

to exchange

noted

now

has greater

between

government

and donors.

the

tntenstfled

USA.

for credit agreements

no such problems 198-l crlsls

The

siderable

extent

to hhtch

vear commttment5

There

qear

of

commttment5 III

dnd

PL 480

both

Canddian

a55tstance

Food

Vulnerable

Group

Feeding

multi-annual

protects

represent

ger proportton

for

Hou

Work

m 1971 the

of total food aId (Table

There

are

5ome

other

ment between

brought

Important

In the economic 1971 and 1984

Yet

ration

In 1971

Food ard’ Australia Japan (Grant) (LTC) US PL 480 Trtle Ill Total tood ard Commercral:Cradrtb Total Wheat Food ard” Australra Canada EEC (Communrty Actron) France the Netherlands UK Saud1 Arabra US PL 480 Trtle II US PL 486 Trtle Ill WFP NGOs Total food ard Commercral/Credrt” Total Race and wheat Food arda CommercraVCredrtD Total

1963&l

17 46 45 56 164 22 186

now

pnontb

There

as there was

and

to

when

mdnaged

crises

on by drought system

IS

corrup-

IS accorded

just

food

again In measures

emIron-

large

This iids Indicated

the

Table 1 Bangladesh foodgram imports by type of transaction, m volume between years (thousand tonnes) Year (July to June)

15 polltIcs” considerdble

government

aeather

1) dtfterences

Important

food secunty

a lar-

un-

market

of rice in 1981

tion In Bangladesh

and both

less

gram

mdde It possible for Bang-

unquestlonabl!

programme

The wider is

world

e\-

i\orber

to go out and purchase

quantities

are multi-

b\

from overseas The

m

bene-

foreign

largely

environment

condltlons ladesh

of multt-

and the WV

an Improved

fakourable

food aId IS

In terms

Tttle

economic

m rela-

also m the con-

now programmed

This IS pdrtlcu-

has recentlv

sltuatlon.

remittances

exacerbated

change

from

change

power loohlng

of the rehablhta-

Bangladesh

fited

parprob-

producing

purchasing

which

ttcularly

breah-

Bangladesh

as a purchaser

tlon of the economb

pohttcal

to re-

the

fertlllzer

In contrast

when

related

the sole factory

differences

197-t

ttonshtps 15 reflected

FOOD POLICY August 1985

agam

to

lems,

i&es (P) Provrsronal, 2 Apnl 1985 ‘Includes grant and long-term credrts (LTC) defined as development asststance by OECD Development Assrstanca Commrttee “All other transactrons mcludrng cash, cradrt and barter, ‘There IS a drscrepancy of 11 thousand tonnes as total Imports reported as 2058 thousand tonnes by WFP

rehablhof mdust-

for example

of

Infra-

stocb and

full\

larlb a consequence

information

The

yet

on food sv5tem operatton

the

Source WFP Monthly Foodgrarn Forecast Dac-

not

and credlblhty

a

aar rollmg

were problems

nitrogenous

docu-

reflects

the

were There

doan

government

stattsttcal

of roads.

habllltatlon

to dtscuss the food

monthlv

structure

real productlon

pattern5

15 a local consulta-

tion group meetmg

after

tated

change IS the Improvement

and donor5

was In a meal\ economic

posltlon storage

changes

flood con-

trol and change5 In cropptng

system

m

year on vear IS dechn-

with

Another

the country

has

suggested that the overall vanabthtv

of

to

1979/W

It IS reflected

tahen In 198-l project

tood

The aid

1963l64 to 1984i65 and changes

1964/85(P) (thousand tonnes)

Change

138 576 713

-17 +1 -45 -56 -26 + 554 +526

1325 558 1883

55 244 130 40 27 27 50 70 373 357 3 717 717 1210

-5 -191 -10 +40 +27 ~24 +50 -171 +152 +132 t3 +79 +159 +227

1489 580 2069’

1542 1293 2833

+53 +713 + 764

60 435 140

3 241 221 225

47

205

Inter\entlons

are le&~

k&age

\\~del\

\ar\

these

at Ie\\

dnce\

L\ hen the D,WX

uii\\ill~ng

twn

to

uatlon

rqol

wgge\tb

that

group

Intended

through

of orain

,I

periods

pubhc

tshlch

rural an\

that

pow-

the

\ulnernblr III

Food

For

tor

It

\!‘orh

tonne>

to

that

outs other

IS

It

15 not

those

,ir?d\

to

1055 ot

targeting

and

Instltutlonal

t,irmer>

powhI\ &I\>

rr,lche\

Group

deszrlbs

Income

tor

2 mIllIon drr:

and

ment

This

h,i\

needed

mean ot

In

guarantee

In Atrlca

h,l\

Thebe

floods There

as

wch

rly

In

the

Bangladesh

and

tor

economic

In IndId ’ And

tor complacerw

tood

for w hdt I\ \et

there

II

In

Intensltrsd

ths

With

the

k~od co\t

Iron\ part

s\stsm

in

of succrs~ using

scale could

lntenslflcatlon of tood

ma\’ well fall dependence

of did to

If long-term

on food

ald

IS

then a reduction

In tood uld mav e~entuallq outcome

b\

wpport)

dlsdstzr

Ie:\els

been as undeslrahle. good

B,tn_e-

+rln

pobs~ble

ndtur,ll

crIhI5 In htrlca

Jlongbldc

long-run

(as budgetar\ In

In

In J hroddsr

rebourcr33 on n Iqr

rebound In-

Inhlblth

plavs an Important

contalmng

oHn

to

no tamlnr

and

The \er\

B,lngladebh

1033 on

~tunll\

of Impo\erlbh-

15 another

ald still

ttelt

Iedht some

detelopmtlnt been

In the econom\

IX wftlcwntl\

to we

‘1s mod&

redson

rural

and the rconoml

man\

alw

gro\\th

ladssh

con~ldrrabl~

are

to current

IS necewr\

ha3 hren

u hlch

ngrlcultural

Food

prr\ent

that

the proccbs

Wll~r:

of rntlronmenand crop

It there

1YR-I then

Income

achwe-

farmers

111

com-

the etftrct ot emlronmental

30”0 ot

Inter\cntlon3

Ths sftect

progrnmmes

Pro-

b\btem

small

btress

P,~rJllel

at the \er\ credit

counter‘lct

d con~ldrr‘~bls

dwster

for

tcrtentlons

little

batter\

HIdeI\

employment worh

on

15 no

population

lmprrw\t:

d> an perwn\

the ~mp~t

Induced

the rur,ll more

this

succeeded

dnmpenlng tdllk

this

ot

ment

In dlscuwns Fsedms

to perh‘lps

Inter\entlont XXI~

in pldce

trom

Oftlcl,tl>

qwknt

not

to expand

children

cattle

other cnp~tdl

torm

\ ulner&le

ot

that

to

Inter\sntlons

LIn incredw ot Xl”0 Inkoh ins d 1 25 mllllon mother5 Jnd

losses

inter\2ntions

The

tonne5

wch

ot productnr:

Pro-

to some 30000

to

the erosIon

Fssdlng

tonne\

access

I,lrg+\c&

mechnnlsms

120000

credit

the richer

plemrntar\ \tlll

around

It under-

of fin,ince

The

procedure>

IL, en\~snged

ha\e

198-l ,ire
zniplovment

But

hsneflts

In

hwe\er

12, Impr~ctlcahlr

Group

transtcr

\\ho

pdrt

of so\ernment

ot th? rural

wurces

and

remdin

crI>I>

of

dnd hand-

oft ot d&t,

111 tr‘lds

to food

and

credit

obllgatlons

ot the \toch

atfectsd

wwment

\‘ulnsr,~bl~

gr,mims

hndnclal

and dIrectI\

e\lbtlng

thr

and thz \\rltlng

\\strm

\\lth

their

Spec~nl

dlbtrlcts

tmr:

nomln,tl

chqeh

on flood-‘lttectsd

proportion

pramme

other

the LI&III~L

on

Such

credits ot tdw\

mine\

emplo\ment tqeted

productlon

abide ot pdvmsnt

resourctx

Incred>e

tdccd11

tle\~ble

of the addltwnJl

nomlndl

redhon

k~r

lonns

Ilk

equ~~,~lcrnt to the lob5 In person

hv th?

thl\

wttlnp

rrhponw

are tocuwd

For

re-

trom

something

(nn increase

the

tor the Lmd-

pro\lslon

ot 25”“)

51Jt~OUOtonne> bull\

expand

WV

undertdhen

themselves ,i

ths trom

and

InterLen-

13 planned

\\III

and comes

\\a\

I\

\\orh

teedlnp

IYXVSS

-I101lOO

The

change5

food

group

tlonb

The

thebe

worh

rural

rrcogmzed

there

ot ths most ~ulnrrahle ot

III

\\a\

empkmcnt

III

\\as

e\pdndtld It

,md

t,irmerb

Ia\5

rmplo\ment

pro\ ldsd h\ tarmer,

lr~

wale

and

lob\

tood productlon

code

ot IntsrLrntion

ot production

to wstam

The

tood

much

talnlng

part of \t hat

50~1~1 dlwntegra-

through

ot reduced

II\sII-

mtzr\rntlon>

admlnlbtrdtlon

Ho\\s\cr

Jnd

help\

rur,ll

Code In thew

FJmlne

&trlct

proilde

hk skct\

tkcted

206

The

aorhb

are,t*I

rural ‘irs onI\

T The

to pre\ent

tlon dIrectI\

Inr_per szdle in

dampens

I, to

dlstrlbutlon

into

the

In plot:

F,lmlne

refkcted

that the purpose

on prices

hoods ot man\

%ee for example the contnbutlons of R Azad and T Paae to the Thwd IDS Food AId Seminar in k J Clay and E Eventt eds, Food A/d and Emergencres draft Institute of Development Studies. Unwersity of Sussex, Brighton, 1985 %engal Government, Bengal Famrne Code (rewed edition). National Institute of Public Administration Dacca, 1913 Benaal Government, Famrne Manual (reprinted by National Institute of Public AdmInIstration. Dacca, 1987). Revenue Department, Allpore, 1941

ot

Idrgt: qudntltles

con5id2rklhl\

ot ytrtl>s

do\\n

reachtsh the

btlll

Intcr\entwn> 14 necessarb

Nz\erthrlebs

,trr‘ poured

on

h0”0

(Indldn)

wa\s

currentI\

E\‘II-

le>\ than

feeding

artlculdted

\\btem

15

ot le\s than

hrneflcl,~rw

the \\rll

Court

ted rullnp)

ot the Bengal In man\

cd5eb ot corrup-

and mlwpproprl~tlon

\ulnerabk

put

111 clrcumstHigh

consider

It onz looh> bdch to the phllosoph\

of

would

th
JO”O (J recent

,md

Estlmatrh Fe\\

be seen as J.

of the 1YX-I floods

FOOD POLICY August 1985