- Email: [email protected]
THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD.
718 test of induced
hyperglycaemia. Usually when the is changed by glucose, it undergoes the same modification with lactose and Isevulose, but the oscillations caused by the latter monosaccharide conform more to the normal. The renal permeability was found to vary, in one case reaching 2-30 per 1000, without any glycosuria ensuing ; the threshold of renal pemieability for leevulose, however, was found to be lower than for glucose and lactose. The study of glycsemic curves may be of considerable importance in morbid conditions characterised by hepatic lesions as a possible means of estimating the degree of functional alteration of the organ, and these observations of Dr. Introzzi are a valuable contribution. glycsemic
curve
medicated wines will confirm the opinion of those who prefer to take their wine, their meat juice, and their out of separate glasses.
medicine
CONGENITAL OCCLUSION NARES.
OF
POSTERIOR
CONGENITAL occlusion of the posterior nares is a condition which presents itself every now and then to the rhinologist. Outside its clinical bearing and its associated relations little is definitely known about it ; only two examples of the true affection seem to have come to autopsy, and only one of these has been treated by maceration. Prof. J. E. Frazer, in opening a discussion at the Post-Graduate Hostel in the Imperial Hotel on Sept. 21st, dealt shortly with the probable origin of the malformation in the course of an address on the Clinical Bearings of Embryology. The nasal fossae, as he pointed out, during development increase their height in an upward and backward direction, and not downwards ; in this growth the
THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD. Mr. G. D. Elsdon, Lancashire county analyst and formerly Salford Borough analyst, has published some interesting notes on food adulteration as an addendum to his report for 1925to the Salford Health Committee. The series of Acts now regulating the purity of food primitive posterior nares lengthen upwards, keeping began with the Food and Drugs Act of 1875, which, pace with the increasing height of the fossa>, so that with modifications and supplements, is still the main they finally extend from just above the premaxillary provision against sophistication. Local authorities level to that of the highest part of the roof of the taking proceedings under this Act are apt to find it mouth cavity. The bucco-nasal membrane is hard to prove their cases ; on questions of fact the stretched and in the growth. The lower and ruptured evidence of inspectors or analysts is usually accepted, of these elongated openings are then greater portions but questions of trade uses and public requirements closed by the palate folds, the unclosed portions are frequently brought forward by the defence, which the definitive cboanas. As the fossa; grow forming often has large sums of money placed at its disposal in the mesodermal bed, that part of the upward by commercial organisations. The subject of " trade tissue which remains between them forms the septum, custom," says Mr. Elsdon, is one of great urgency and the posterior edge of this is the part of the roof andimportance, since it recurs again and again where of the mouth left between the two openings, to which manufacturers are placed on their defence by charges the folds have attached themselves. The palate of adulteration. Many interesting examples of presence of congenital stenosis or occlusion is best prevalent practices are given in the report. The explained, in Prof. Frazer’s view, by assuming that mixing of a small quantity of butter with margarine the upgrowth of the posterior opening on the side .does not affect the flavour, Mr. Elsdon considers, and affected has not taken place in keeping with that of the is only done so that the publicmay be encouraged to fossa itself. The of the mouth-roof concerned is part buy some particular article and that the use of the formed of visceral mesoderm, derived from the word " butter " may be justified. As to jams and maxillary process and forming a layer on the buccal marmalade, some half dozen of the larger firms and surface of the paraxial mesoderm in which the fossa is a few of the smaller ones do produce a genuine article, embedded. Normally this visceral mesodermal layer but, generally speaking, fruit pulp, fruit substitutes, is split by the ascending opening, and is deposited on glucose, pectin, gelatin, agar-agar, and artificial the septum and on the outer wall of the opening ; dyes are more in favour with the " preserve manu- the vomer is formed in this mesoderm where it covers facturer than fruit itself. In a recent correspondence the back of the septum. When the layer is not opened in the Tenzes it was suggested that so-called improvebut remains as a postero-inferior wall to the fossa, out, " ment by the admixture of a little pure fruit juice its mesoderm contains potential bone, belonging to is justifiable because jam made from certain fruits, the vomerine system, spread out within it. Bone is such as strawberries, is too fluid for the popular taste therefore to be expected in the formation, continuous without someiellifying addition ; but there is no with the front and upper part of the vomer. When doubt that often this specious phrase covers deplor- the fold closes across this plate it is necessarily palate able adulteration. Of flour, Mr. Elsdon says that " it closely apposed to it. but is only attached near is no exaggeration to say that the present position of fairly the middle line. After birth, however, the height of the flour-milling industry in England should not be the vomer is increased by addition to its lower and tolerated in any civilised country, whilst at the same back so that the palatine level is pushed away part, time it may be admitted that only in such a country somewhat from the plane of the obstructing plate, would adulteration of this type be attempted." He which, with reference to the palate, can now be remarks that the use of alum to produce a white loaf described as downwards and forwards. It inclining is nowadays not at all common, though ozone and or may not possess an opening in its lower and chlorine are being used to some extent. One form of may front part, representing the original and very slightly adulteration which is now largely if not LmiverSa,lly enlarged primitive naris, from which the bucco-nasal practised is the addition of so-called improvers to membrane has disappeared. Sir James Dundas-Grant, "
"
flour. An improver may be simply a substance to lighten the colour of the flour or of the finished loaf, or it may be used to produce more loaves per sack, bv making the dough absorb more water. At first calcium phosphate was the substance used as an improver, but, Mr. Elsdon states, more objectionable still are the newer forms of adulterant. A very large percentage of flours now contain persulphates, peroxides, and other compounds, which are allied to the so-called oxygen compounds used in the modern laundry. Their nse should be prohibited. It can only be repeated that the bulk of the flour sold in this country to-day is seriously adulterated to the great Mr. Elsdon detriment of the purchasing public." :-",B’S that probably no kind of food is more adulterated than the so-called temperance drinks, fruit cordials, and similar preparations, whilst his comments on
who was in the chair during the discussion, spoke on this subject, and confirmed the existence of bone, which is, we believe, usually present in these formations.
"
BARON
LARREY. IN the Military af»rgeo7z for September Captain James D. Edgar, late ofthe United States Army, gives an account of Dominique Jean Larrey, who was the first Napoleon’s principal medical officer, and initiated modern methods of handling and evacuating war casualties. Before his time the wounded were indeed collected and dressed at once on the field, but the ambulances, heavy vehicles with 40 horses, were left behind before battle, and only reached the front after one or two days, when further time was lost
hyperglycaemia. Usually when the is changed by glucose, it undergoes the same modification with lactose and Isevulose, but the oscillations caused by the latter monosaccharide conform more to the normal. The renal permeability was found to vary, in one case reaching 2-30 per 1000, without any glycosuria ensuing ; the threshold of renal pemieability for leevulose, however, was found to be lower than for glucose and lactose. The study of glycsemic curves may be of considerable importance in morbid conditions characterised by hepatic lesions as a possible means of estimating the degree of functional alteration of the organ, and these observations of Dr. Introzzi are a valuable contribution. glycsemic
curve
medicated wines will confirm the opinion of those who prefer to take their wine, their meat juice, and their out of separate glasses.
medicine
CONGENITAL OCCLUSION NARES.
OF
POSTERIOR
CONGENITAL occlusion of the posterior nares is a condition which presents itself every now and then to the rhinologist. Outside its clinical bearing and its associated relations little is definitely known about it ; only two examples of the true affection seem to have come to autopsy, and only one of these has been treated by maceration. Prof. J. E. Frazer, in opening a discussion at the Post-Graduate Hostel in the Imperial Hotel on Sept. 21st, dealt shortly with the probable origin of the malformation in the course of an address on the Clinical Bearings of Embryology. The nasal fossae, as he pointed out, during development increase their height in an upward and backward direction, and not downwards ; in this growth the
THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD. Mr. G. D. Elsdon, Lancashire county analyst and formerly Salford Borough analyst, has published some interesting notes on food adulteration as an addendum to his report for 1925to the Salford Health Committee. The series of Acts now regulating the purity of food primitive posterior nares lengthen upwards, keeping began with the Food and Drugs Act of 1875, which, pace with the increasing height of the fossa>, so that with modifications and supplements, is still the main they finally extend from just above the premaxillary provision against sophistication. Local authorities level to that of the highest part of the roof of the taking proceedings under this Act are apt to find it mouth cavity. The bucco-nasal membrane is hard to prove their cases ; on questions of fact the stretched and in the growth. The lower and ruptured evidence of inspectors or analysts is usually accepted, of these elongated openings are then greater portions but questions of trade uses and public requirements closed by the palate folds, the unclosed portions are frequently brought forward by the defence, which the definitive cboanas. As the fossa; grow forming often has large sums of money placed at its disposal in the mesodermal bed, that part of the upward by commercial organisations. The subject of " trade tissue which remains between them forms the septum, custom," says Mr. Elsdon, is one of great urgency and the posterior edge of this is the part of the roof andimportance, since it recurs again and again where of the mouth left between the two openings, to which manufacturers are placed on their defence by charges the folds have attached themselves. The palate of adulteration. Many interesting examples of presence of congenital stenosis or occlusion is best prevalent practices are given in the report. The explained, in Prof. Frazer’s view, by assuming that mixing of a small quantity of butter with margarine the upgrowth of the posterior opening on the side .does not affect the flavour, Mr. Elsdon considers, and affected has not taken place in keeping with that of the is only done so that the publicmay be encouraged to fossa itself. The of the mouth-roof concerned is part buy some particular article and that the use of the formed of visceral mesoderm, derived from the word " butter " may be justified. As to jams and maxillary process and forming a layer on the buccal marmalade, some half dozen of the larger firms and surface of the paraxial mesoderm in which the fossa is a few of the smaller ones do produce a genuine article, embedded. Normally this visceral mesodermal layer but, generally speaking, fruit pulp, fruit substitutes, is split by the ascending opening, and is deposited on glucose, pectin, gelatin, agar-agar, and artificial the septum and on the outer wall of the opening ; dyes are more in favour with the " preserve manu- the vomer is formed in this mesoderm where it covers facturer than fruit itself. In a recent correspondence the back of the septum. When the layer is not opened in the Tenzes it was suggested that so-called improvebut remains as a postero-inferior wall to the fossa, out, " ment by the admixture of a little pure fruit juice its mesoderm contains potential bone, belonging to is justifiable because jam made from certain fruits, the vomerine system, spread out within it. Bone is such as strawberries, is too fluid for the popular taste therefore to be expected in the formation, continuous without someiellifying addition ; but there is no with the front and upper part of the vomer. When doubt that often this specious phrase covers deplor- the fold closes across this plate it is necessarily palate able adulteration. Of flour, Mr. Elsdon says that " it closely apposed to it. but is only attached near is no exaggeration to say that the present position of fairly the middle line. After birth, however, the height of the flour-milling industry in England should not be the vomer is increased by addition to its lower and tolerated in any civilised country, whilst at the same back so that the palatine level is pushed away part, time it may be admitted that only in such a country somewhat from the plane of the obstructing plate, would adulteration of this type be attempted." He which, with reference to the palate, can now be remarks that the use of alum to produce a white loaf described as downwards and forwards. It inclining is nowadays not at all common, though ozone and or may not possess an opening in its lower and chlorine are being used to some extent. One form of may front part, representing the original and very slightly adulteration which is now largely if not LmiverSa,lly enlarged primitive naris, from which the bucco-nasal practised is the addition of so-called improvers to membrane has disappeared. Sir James Dundas-Grant, "
"
flour. An improver may be simply a substance to lighten the colour of the flour or of the finished loaf, or it may be used to produce more loaves per sack, bv making the dough absorb more water. At first calcium phosphate was the substance used as an improver, but, Mr. Elsdon states, more objectionable still are the newer forms of adulterant. A very large percentage of flours now contain persulphates, peroxides, and other compounds, which are allied to the so-called oxygen compounds used in the modern laundry. Their nse should be prohibited. It can only be repeated that the bulk of the flour sold in this country to-day is seriously adulterated to the great Mr. Elsdon detriment of the purchasing public." :-",B’S that probably no kind of food is more adulterated than the so-called temperance drinks, fruit cordials, and similar preparations, whilst his comments on
who was in the chair during the discussion, spoke on this subject, and confirmed the existence of bone, which is, we believe, usually present in these formations.
"
BARON
LARREY. IN the Military af»rgeo7z for September Captain James D. Edgar, late ofthe United States Army, gives an account of Dominique Jean Larrey, who was the first Napoleon’s principal medical officer, and initiated modern methods of handling and evacuating war casualties. Before his time the wounded were indeed collected and dressed at once on the field, but the ambulances, heavy vehicles with 40 horses, were left behind before battle, and only reached the front after one or two days, when further time was lost