The advance in operating conditions in steam power stations

APPENDIX Β

The advance in operating conditions in steam power stations

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

F I G . B . l . Average annual station efficiency of all power stations in the United Kingdom.

280

Vacuum (Pressure)

°F

2

%

inHg (kN/m )

( ° Q

°F

CO

26 (13.5)

-

-

-

-17

2

175 (79)

-

—

-

°F

( ° Q

27.6

28.5-29.0 (5.1-3.4)

3

340 (171)

-

-

850 (454)

600 (316)

500 (260)

°F

( ° Q

600 (4.1)

200 (1.4)

190 (1.3)

2

lbf/in (MN/m )

2

30

20

1938

30.5

4

385 (196)

-

-

900 (482)

900 (6.2)

60

1950

35.6

28.9 (3.7)

6

435 (224)

-

1000 (538)

1000 (538)

1500 (10.3)

120

1958

37.5

28.9 (3.7)

6

460 (238)

-

1000 (538)

1050 (566)

2350 (16.2)

200

500

1966

39.8

28.7 (4.4)

7

485 (252)

-

1050 (566)

1050 (566)

39.5

28.4 (5.4)

8

(485) 252

-

(1049) 565

(1049) 565

2300 (15.9)

660

1973

in fossil-fuel

2300 (15.9)

outputs

1959

and machine

United Kingdom

conditions

5

1919

in terminal

MW

1907

B . l . Advance

28.7 (4.4)

8

505 (263)

-

1050 (566)

1100 (593)

3500 (24.1)

28.5 (5.1)

9

547 (286)

1050 (566)

1050 (566)

1050 (566)

3500 (24.1)

-40

28.5 (5.1)

7

548 (287)

1050 (566)

1025 (552)

1000 (538)

3500 (24.1)

1972 800

1965 375

1959 450

USA

28.5 (5.1)

8

554 (290)

1000 (538)

1000 (538)

1000 (538)

3500 (24.1)

+

1975 1300

41.7

1050 (566)

1050 (566)

1050 (566)

4500 (31.0)

1990 700

Japan

Supercritical pressure machines

stations

UK

power

f

108

Β

Cross-compound two-shaft machine at 3 6 0 0 r e v / m i n . Double-flow H . P . turbine and two double-flow L.P. turbines o n one shaft, double-flow reheat turbine and two double-flow L.P. turbines o n the other shaft.( >

This table is far from being comprehensive, but shows s o m e of the major steps over the years. The table indicates the approximate dates at which installation of machines at the conditions listed became commercially attractive; single pioneering machines of advanced design in many cases antedated those shown in the table.

Overall efficiency

Condenser

N o . of feed heaters

Final feed temp.

2nd reheat temp.

1st reheat temp.

Initial temp.

Gauge pressure

Output

Approximate of installation

TABLE

Appendix 281