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The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
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The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids Qiang Wang*, Zhi Lan National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
article info
abstract
Article history:
This study analyses the elderly, disabled and injured people use rehabilitation aids fuel cell
Received 11 March 2016
product market in the sector of population and health, at the same time efforts to assess
Accepted 25 March 2016
the future prospects of the fuel cell. This paper describes the advantages and disadvan-
Available online xxx
tages of fuel cell, the difference between the fuel cell and battery, elaborated rehabilitation aids products on the power requirements, and from the categories of rehabilitation aids
Keywords:
such as mobile aids products, rehabilitation robotics and intelligent home products details
Fuel cell
their advantages and market prospects of the fuel cell. Finally, the analysis concluded that
Rehabilitation aids
the above view, and to discuss the direction of development for fuel cell applications.
Prospects
Copyright © 2016, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Applications
Introduction Fuel cell is the fuel supplied to the chemical to be directly converted into electric energy an energy conversion device, by continuously supplying the fuel so that it can obtain a continuous power generation device. Because of its high power generation efficiency, adapt to a variety of fuels and good environmental characteristics, etc., in recent years has been actively developed. Fuel cell is an energy conversion device, there must be at work energy (fuel) input, to output power. Normal battery is an energy storage device, it must first energy storage battery, when power output can only work when the work does not require energy input, does not produce electricity, which is the difference between the fuel cell and the nature of ordinary batteries. Once the technical performance of the fuel cell is determined, it can generate electric power and supplying fuel only relevant, as long as the fuel can be supplied to generate electrical energy, which is carried out continuously discharging
characteristics. After determining the technical performance of ordinary batteries, only within its rated output power range, and must be recharged before possible re-use, the discharge characteristics is carried out intermittently. The quality and volume of the fuel cell body is not large, but fuel cells require a fuel storage or fuel switching devices and ancillary equipment, in order to obtain hydrogen, which fuels storage or fuel switching devices and ancillary equipment quality and volume far more than the fuel cell itself, in the course of their work, the fuel will be as the fuel cell power generation gradually consumed gradually reduce quality. Fuel cell is currently attracting a lot of attention in publications, Hydrogen especially, since its use as an energy vector in fuel cells for both mobile and stationary applications may become a very lucrative market in the future (2030e2050) [1]. Estimates of the potential development for hydrogen as an energy source from the past ten years shows automotive market penetration rates by 2050 could reach as high as 40% [2]. Currently, human race is facing a common problem: the aging population. The so-called aging population,
* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Wang), [email protected] (Z. Lan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150 0360-3199/Copyright © 2016, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
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i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
internationally recognized society is defined as greater than 60 years the population of more than 10 percent of the population, or more than 65-year-old population of more than 7% of the total population. In the 20th century, life expectancy has changed dramatically, the average life expectancy in 1950 extended over 20 years, 66 years, 2050 will be extended for 10 years; half of this substantial progress on the structure of population and 21st century rapid population growth leaf means people aged 60 and over in 2000 from about 600 million in 2050 to nearly 2 billion. In 2005 the United Nations released forecast, the percentage of elderly people aged over 60 in the world by 10.0% in 2000, rising to 15.1% in 2025, 21.7% in 2050; the proportion of the elderly population over 65 years from 6.9% to the corresponding 10.5% and 16.1%. Smaller families and longer life is to make the world population age distribution shift from the older youth. In the 1950s, the population aged 60 or over accounted for only 8% of the world's population. By 2009, this proportion had risen to 11%, is expected to reach 22% by 2050. Worldwide, the population aged 60 or over is expected to increase about twice the increase from 743 million in 2009e2050 2 billion. By that time, the number of elderly will exceed the number of children under 15 years old. Whether it is the elderly, disabled and injured people, their lives are subject to the scope of a lot of restrictions and greatly reduce their quality of life and the life of freedom. With the progress of science and technology, human studies out sophisticated means of transport to improve the quality of life of older persons with disabilities and lower limbs to improve their freedom of action, to help them integrate into society. Now developed a new rehabilitation aids mainly mobile aids [3], and the latest rehabilitation robots and smart home products [4e7]. These products to elderly, disabled and injured people's lives has brought great convenience. Fuel cells has broad application prospects in these products.
Mobile aids products All of these, whether elderly or disabled persons in case of loss of ability to walk is clearly on the future development of China's economy is very negative, in order to save labor, so that able-
bodied person to contribute to the creation of social wealth country, you should take care to make the elderly and physically disabled persons and other aspects of self-reliance in daily life as much as possible. Therefore, based on this consideration, equipment for basic research and product development in this regard will be for the future economic development of our country an important issue. From this loss of ability to walk large number of elderly and disabled people, these people not only to his family tremendous mental and economic burden on future economic development are unfavorable. Mobile aids are better able to help them technically, improve their quality of life and the greatest extent possible to meet their needs in life and work, is an important direction of rehabilitation and assistive engineering research, the whole society has become the focus of attention one of the issues for the development of this area of basic research and product equipment will be an important topic for future economic development. Can be seen from Fig. 1, the mobile aids electronic control, the battery plays a considerable role. Good battery performance determines the quality of products, most of these products are currently used in lithium batteries, so that the fuel cell application in a mobile aids products is very wide.
Rehabilitation robot Stroke is often referred to as “stroke” or cerebrovascular accident, is defined by acute cerebrovascular disease caused by sustained brain impairment, the sick, 85% caused hemiplegia symptoms, in particular, mostly in the elderly [1]. According to the World Health Organization MONICA study data show that: in the United States each year, about 79.5 million people suffer from stroke [8], the cost of the treatment of stroke in 2009 spent about $ 68.9 billion. In the UK, 11 million people suffer from stroke each year, of which 75% can survive, 50% suffer from hemiplegia [9]. In Canada, each year there are 50,000 new cases of stroke, there are currently about 30 million patients, about 1.6 million people die of the disease each year, spending about $ 2.7 billion per year [10]. As can be seen, stroke has become one of a growing major hazard to human health disorders. In developed country such as Japan, aging has become a serious issue, as there is a disproportionate increasing of elderly
Fig. 1 e Mobile aids electrical block diagram. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
population who are no longer able to look after themselves. In order to tackle this issue, we introduce human-friendly robot partner to support the elderly people in their daily life. However, to realize this, it is essential for the robot partner to be able to have a natural communication with the human [11]. The very first application of active exoskeleton robot was to provide external power to a soldier so that he can carry extra weight. Since then this technology has focused on developing systems for assisting and augmenting human power. Later this technology has been used in other applications such as limb rehabilitation and tele-operations. Exoskeleton research is still a growing area and demands multi-disciplinary approaches in solving complex technical issues [12]. Current health services are struggling to provide optimal rehabilitation therapy to victims of stroke. This has motivated researchers to explore the use of robotic devices to provide rehabilitation therapy for stroke patients. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Hogan proposed 2-DOF (degrees of freedom) plane rehabilitation robot arm system MITMANUS, has a certain gravity compensation [13]. And later he proposed a 2-DOF wrist rehabilitation robot [14,15], and MITMANUS arm to form a complete system, can achieve 4-DOF rehabilitation exercise, and it has been used in clinical treatment. Training, MIT-MANUS can promote, guide, or interfere with the patient's upper limb movement, to provide different training patterns; can collect position, velocity, force and other information for analysis; motion state information may be displayed on the computer screen to provide patients visual feedback. Stanford University developed a system based on upper limb rehabilitation robot PUMA500,560 industrial robot MIME (mirror image motion enabler) [16e18], can assist patients completed the ipsilateral upper extremity and contralateral mirror movement. The system collects trace contralateral upper extremity movement, mirrored to the affected side, and assisted by an industrial robot ipsilateral motion, it has also begun clinical rehabilitation patients. In 2000, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and the University of California developed to achieve the 3-DOF upper limb movement rehabilitation robot ARM Guide (assisted rehabilitation and measurement guide), having an active DOF. Driven by a motor to drive the linear guide arm flexion-extension and other sports implement [19,20]. Rehabilitation Robot electronic control, the battery plays a considerable role. Good battery
3
performance determines the quality of products, most of these products are currently used in lithium batteries, so that the fuel cell application in Rehabilitation Robot products is very wide, too. Fig. 2 is electrical block diagram of Rehabilitation Robot.
Smart home products With respect to the proportion of the community to improve the aging population, the development of appropriate health care and pension institutions resources is relatively backward. Because fast-paced society, serving officers busy work, children elderly care and care for the elderly is also not enough. Because school, better career prospects and other reasons, a large number of young life, and even settled in the field, even foreign, long-term stay in their parents. Elderly people in their daily lives, the lack of emotional mental care. For the loss of ability to live independently due to illness of the elderly more severe, their children are mostly selected for their hiring nannies and care workers, instead of returning home to live together. Often seen in newspapers reported: EMERGENCY attack unmanned rescue the elderly living alone, some time after the death was discovered; the elderly feeling lonely, suffering from depression, committed suicide; nanny abuse incapacitated elderly, children a few months after the discovery. The concept of smart home first appeared in the United States, it is a residential smart home platform, both construction equipment, network communications, information appliances and automation equipment, set system, structure, service and management as one of the efficient, comfortable, safe, convenient, environmentally friendly living environment. Smart home use of advanced computer technology and network communication technology, the various subsystems associated with home life together organically, through integrated management to optimize the way people live, helping people to organize time effectively, enhance security and home life convenience. Smart home has been for decades, and since the world's first intelligent building in the United States after a building appears, the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia and other economically more developed countries have proposed a variety of smart home program [21]. Smart home in the United States, Germany, Singapore, Japan and other countries have been more
Fig. 2 e Electrical block diagram of Rehabilitation Robot. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
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widely used. Singapore model of intelligent systems includes three table cc function, security alarm, video intercom features, functions, and so the monitoring center [22], such as Fig. 3. Future development of smart home will happen then? Simply speaking, the ultimate goal is to make people smart home thinking, so that the smart home can fit more people's will to achieve, from a technical point of view, mainly to achieve the following areas: (1) Touch mode the next five years, will become a popular type of smart home control mode, punched through a screen can be achieved within the family, electrical lighting, curtains, security, access control and other intelligent control, which is necessary. (2) Smart phones will become the first mobile terminal to realize the control process within the family smart phone WEB way to achieve remote unlocking of the home, you need to confirm the customer image, remote turn on air-conditioning and heating equipment. It is each person must be moved in a controlled manner. (3) Wireless and wired control system, seamless integration, wiring the trunk area using the control system, is the future direction of smart home control system. Based on the above point of view, the smart home industry demand for clean energy is broader advantages of fuel cells easier to play. Fig. 3 is schematic diagram of Smart Home.
Discussion The difference between the fuel cell and battery is: (1) High energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell, the effective energy efficiency up to 60%e70%, the theoretical energy conversion efficiency up to 90%. At present, the maximum efficiency of the turbine or diesel engine is 40%e50%, when the heat engine to drive a generator with an efficiency of only 35%e40%, and other physical battery, such as the temperature difference between cell efficiency of 10%, the solar cell efficiency 20% are not compared with the fuel cell. Moreover, according to the latest reports, Cao [23] have studied an energy recovery system capable of a fuel cell stack heat recovery losses, improve the utilization of the fuel cell. This system allows the energy of the fuel cell can be improved by 40%, and the heat loss from the battery stack 90% can be recovered. (2) High specific power or specific energy. (3) Applicable ability, you can use a variety of primary fuel. Such as natural gas, coal gas, methanol, ethanol, gasoline; you can also use low-quality fuel power plants should not be used, such as lignite, wood waste, waste paper, and even municipal waste, but they are subject to special means reforming the system.
Fig. 3 e Schematic diagram of Smart Home. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
(4) Pollution, low noise, can greatly reduce pollution emissions. Especially hydrogen fuel cells, which generate electricity after the product is only water, can achieve zero pollution, it is the focus of future research. 25kw purification has been developed methanol fuel processor that produces hydrogen speeds up 25nm3/h, the resulting purity hydrogen is 99.9995% [24]. In addition, since the fuel cell without mechanical transmission parts heat engine piston engine, etc., so the operating environment without noise pollution [25].
[6]
[7]
[8]
Prospects for fuel cell applications: (1) Determine the characteristics of the fuel cell which has broad application prospects. It can be used as a small power generation equipment; as long battery life; application in electric vehicles. (2) The fuel cell used as a power generation equipment because of its price may be related to the general power generation equipment to compete. However, prospects of commercial application of fuel cell electric vehicles are on the long-term, because the car needs is a generator, fuel cell generator price than the cheaper, so in the short term, the price of fuel cell vehicles and other automotive difficult compete. All kinds of advanced fuel cell technology is widely applied to the field of rehabilitation aids Rehabilitation is the most direct driving force for product development. With a variety of advanced battery technology, humanemachine interface technology, electronics Integration% remote control technology introduced to the field of rehabilitation, assistive technology intelligence will quickly improve. Finally, it is easy to conclusion that mobile aids products, rehabilitation robotics and smart home products require fuel cells as their power supply. Market advantages of these products makes the market optimistic about the prospects of the fuel cell. It is desired that fuel cell technology is widely applied to rehabilitation aids product in the world.
[9]
[10] [11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
references [18] [1] Le Duigou Alain, Miguet Marianne, Amalric Yves. French hydrogen markets in 2008 e Overview and future prospects. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011;36:8822e30. [2] Bellevrat E, Kitous A, Cha^teau B. ENERDATA. The role of hydrogen in long-term energy system: an updated quantitative analysis with the POLES Model e IEW 2009. 19 June 2009. Venice. [3] Qinghua He, Suping Huang, Zhixiong Huang. Current situation and development trend of intelligent wheelchair. Robot Appl 2003;2:12e6. [4] Kawamoto Hiroaki, Lee Suwoong. Power assist method forHAL-3 using EMG-based feedback controller. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on systems, 2; 2003. 1 648-1 653. [5] Kawamoto H, Sankai Y. Comfortable power assist control method for walking aid by HAL-3. In: Proceedings of the IEEE
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international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, 4; 2002. p. 447e52. Low KH, Liu Xiaopeng, Yu Hao Yong, et al. Developmentofa lower extremity exoskeleton preliminary study for dynamic walking. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on control automation, robotics and vision; 2004. p. 2088e93. Liu Xiaopeng, Low KH, Yu Hao Yong. Developmentofa lower extremity exoskeleton for human performance enhancement. In: 8th international conference on control automation, robotics and vision; 2004. p. 2088e93. Zhang H, Austin H, Buchanan S, et al. Feasibility studies of robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation at clinic and home settings using RUPERT. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics. Piscataway, USA: IEEE; 2011. Meadmore KL, Cai ZL, Tong D, et al. Upper limb stroke rehabilitation: the effectiveness of stimulation assistance through iterative learning (SAIL). In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics. Piscataway, USA: IEEE; 2011. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Stroke statistics[EB/ OL]. 2007 [2012-12-02], http://www.heartandstroke.ca. nos, Kubota Naoyuki, Tang Dalai, Yusuf Bakhtiar, Botzheim Ja Chan Chee Seng. A novel multimodal communication framework using robot partner for aging population. Expert Syst Appl 2015;42:4540e55. Gopura RARC, Bandara DSV, Kiguchi K, Man GKI. Developments in hardware systems of active upper-limb exoskeleton robots: a review. Robot Aut Syst 2016;75(1):203e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.robot.2015.10.001. Fasoli SE, Krebs HI, Stein J, et al. Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84(4):477e82. Charles SK, Krebs HI, Volpe BT, et al. Wrist rehabilitation following stroke: initial clinical results. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics. Piscataway, USA: IEEE; 2005. p. 13e6. Krebs HI, Dipietro L, Levy-Tzedek S, et al. A paradigm shift for rehabilitation robotics. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2008;27(4):61e70. Lum PS, Burgar CG, van der Loos M, et al. Use of the MIME robotic system to retrain multi-joint reaching in post stroke hemiparesis: why some movement patterns work better than others. In: IEEE international conference on rehabilitation robotics. Piscataway, USA: IEEE; 2005. p. 511e4. Lum PS, Burga CG, Shor PC. Use of the MIME robotic system to retrain multi-joint reaching in post-stroke hemiparesis: why some movement patterns work better than others. In: Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology. Piscataway, USA: IEEE; 2003. p. 1475e8. Burgar CG, Lum PS, Shor PC, et al. Development of robots for rehabilitation therapy: the palo Alto VA/Stanford experience. J Rehabil Res Dev 2000;37(6):663e73. Kahn LE, Zygman ML, Rymer WZ, et al. Robot-assisted reaching exercise promotes arm movement recovery in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Neuro Eng Rehabil 2006;3(12). Reinkensmeyer David J, Kahn Leonard E, Averbuch Michele, McKenna-Cole Alicia, Schmit Brian D, Rymer W Zev. Understanding and treating arm movement impairment after chronic brain injury: progress with the ARM guide. J Rehabil Res Dev 2000;37(6):653e62. Minling ZHU, Nin LI. State of art and trend of smart home in China. Video Eng 2015;39(4):82e5.
Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
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[22] Wei Pingjun. Design and realization of home appliances remote controlling server. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University; 2006. [23] Cao Yiding, Guo Zhen. Performance evaluation of an energy recovery system for fuel reforming of PEM fuel cell power plants. J Power Sources 2002;109(2):287e93.
[24] Pehnt Martin. Life-cycle assessment of fuel cell stacks. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2001;26(1):91e101. [25] Han Jaesung, Seok-Min L, Chang HS. Metal membrane-type 25-kW methanol fuel processor for fuel-cell hybrid vehicle. J Power Sources 2002;112(2):484e90.
Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he
The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids Qiang Wang*, Zhi Lan National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
article info
abstract
Article history:
This study analyses the elderly, disabled and injured people use rehabilitation aids fuel cell
Received 11 March 2016
product market in the sector of population and health, at the same time efforts to assess
Accepted 25 March 2016
the future prospects of the fuel cell. This paper describes the advantages and disadvan-
Available online xxx
tages of fuel cell, the difference between the fuel cell and battery, elaborated rehabilitation aids products on the power requirements, and from the categories of rehabilitation aids
Keywords:
such as mobile aids products, rehabilitation robotics and intelligent home products details
Fuel cell
their advantages and market prospects of the fuel cell. Finally, the analysis concluded that
Rehabilitation aids
the above view, and to discuss the direction of development for fuel cell applications.
Prospects
Copyright © 2016, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Applications
Introduction Fuel cell is the fuel supplied to the chemical to be directly converted into electric energy an energy conversion device, by continuously supplying the fuel so that it can obtain a continuous power generation device. Because of its high power generation efficiency, adapt to a variety of fuels and good environmental characteristics, etc., in recent years has been actively developed. Fuel cell is an energy conversion device, there must be at work energy (fuel) input, to output power. Normal battery is an energy storage device, it must first energy storage battery, when power output can only work when the work does not require energy input, does not produce electricity, which is the difference between the fuel cell and the nature of ordinary batteries. Once the technical performance of the fuel cell is determined, it can generate electric power and supplying fuel only relevant, as long as the fuel can be supplied to generate electrical energy, which is carried out continuously discharging
characteristics. After determining the technical performance of ordinary batteries, only within its rated output power range, and must be recharged before possible re-use, the discharge characteristics is carried out intermittently. The quality and volume of the fuel cell body is not large, but fuel cells require a fuel storage or fuel switching devices and ancillary equipment, in order to obtain hydrogen, which fuels storage or fuel switching devices and ancillary equipment quality and volume far more than the fuel cell itself, in the course of their work, the fuel will be as the fuel cell power generation gradually consumed gradually reduce quality. Fuel cell is currently attracting a lot of attention in publications, Hydrogen especially, since its use as an energy vector in fuel cells for both mobile and stationary applications may become a very lucrative market in the future (2030e2050) [1]. Estimates of the potential development for hydrogen as an energy source from the past ten years shows automotive market penetration rates by 2050 could reach as high as 40% [2]. Currently, human race is facing a common problem: the aging population. The so-called aging population,
* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Wang), [email protected] (Z. Lan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150 0360-3199/Copyright © 2016, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
2
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
internationally recognized society is defined as greater than 60 years the population of more than 10 percent of the population, or more than 65-year-old population of more than 7% of the total population. In the 20th century, life expectancy has changed dramatically, the average life expectancy in 1950 extended over 20 years, 66 years, 2050 will be extended for 10 years; half of this substantial progress on the structure of population and 21st century rapid population growth leaf means people aged 60 and over in 2000 from about 600 million in 2050 to nearly 2 billion. In 2005 the United Nations released forecast, the percentage of elderly people aged over 60 in the world by 10.0% in 2000, rising to 15.1% in 2025, 21.7% in 2050; the proportion of the elderly population over 65 years from 6.9% to the corresponding 10.5% and 16.1%. Smaller families and longer life is to make the world population age distribution shift from the older youth. In the 1950s, the population aged 60 or over accounted for only 8% of the world's population. By 2009, this proportion had risen to 11%, is expected to reach 22% by 2050. Worldwide, the population aged 60 or over is expected to increase about twice the increase from 743 million in 2009e2050 2 billion. By that time, the number of elderly will exceed the number of children under 15 years old. Whether it is the elderly, disabled and injured people, their lives are subject to the scope of a lot of restrictions and greatly reduce their quality of life and the life of freedom. With the progress of science and technology, human studies out sophisticated means of transport to improve the quality of life of older persons with disabilities and lower limbs to improve their freedom of action, to help them integrate into society. Now developed a new rehabilitation aids mainly mobile aids [3], and the latest rehabilitation robots and smart home products [4e7]. These products to elderly, disabled and injured people's lives has brought great convenience. Fuel cells has broad application prospects in these products.
Mobile aids products All of these, whether elderly or disabled persons in case of loss of ability to walk is clearly on the future development of China's economy is very negative, in order to save labor, so that able-
bodied person to contribute to the creation of social wealth country, you should take care to make the elderly and physically disabled persons and other aspects of self-reliance in daily life as much as possible. Therefore, based on this consideration, equipment for basic research and product development in this regard will be for the future economic development of our country an important issue. From this loss of ability to walk large number of elderly and disabled people, these people not only to his family tremendous mental and economic burden on future economic development are unfavorable. Mobile aids are better able to help them technically, improve their quality of life and the greatest extent possible to meet their needs in life and work, is an important direction of rehabilitation and assistive engineering research, the whole society has become the focus of attention one of the issues for the development of this area of basic research and product equipment will be an important topic for future economic development. Can be seen from Fig. 1, the mobile aids electronic control, the battery plays a considerable role. Good battery performance determines the quality of products, most of these products are currently used in lithium batteries, so that the fuel cell application in a mobile aids products is very wide.
Rehabilitation robot Stroke is often referred to as “stroke” or cerebrovascular accident, is defined by acute cerebrovascular disease caused by sustained brain impairment, the sick, 85% caused hemiplegia symptoms, in particular, mostly in the elderly [1]. According to the World Health Organization MONICA study data show that: in the United States each year, about 79.5 million people suffer from stroke [8], the cost of the treatment of stroke in 2009 spent about $ 68.9 billion. In the UK, 11 million people suffer from stroke each year, of which 75% can survive, 50% suffer from hemiplegia [9]. In Canada, each year there are 50,000 new cases of stroke, there are currently about 30 million patients, about 1.6 million people die of the disease each year, spending about $ 2.7 billion per year [10]. As can be seen, stroke has become one of a growing major hazard to human health disorders. In developed country such as Japan, aging has become a serious issue, as there is a disproportionate increasing of elderly
Fig. 1 e Mobile aids electrical block diagram. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e6
population who are no longer able to look after themselves. In order to tackle this issue, we introduce human-friendly robot partner to support the elderly people in their daily life. However, to realize this, it is essential for the robot partner to be able to have a natural communication with the human [11]. The very first application of active exoskeleton robot was to provide external power to a soldier so that he can carry extra weight. Since then this technology has focused on developing systems for assisting and augmenting human power. Later this technology has been used in other applications such as limb rehabilitation and tele-operations. Exoskeleton research is still a growing area and demands multi-disciplinary approaches in solving complex technical issues [12]. Current health services are struggling to provide optimal rehabilitation therapy to victims of stroke. This has motivated researchers to explore the use of robotic devices to provide rehabilitation therapy for stroke patients. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Hogan proposed 2-DOF (degrees of freedom) plane rehabilitation robot arm system MITMANUS, has a certain gravity compensation [13]. And later he proposed a 2-DOF wrist rehabilitation robot [14,15], and MITMANUS arm to form a complete system, can achieve 4-DOF rehabilitation exercise, and it has been used in clinical treatment. Training, MIT-MANUS can promote, guide, or interfere with the patient's upper limb movement, to provide different training patterns; can collect position, velocity, force and other information for analysis; motion state information may be displayed on the computer screen to provide patients visual feedback. Stanford University developed a system based on upper limb rehabilitation robot PUMA500,560 industrial robot MIME (mirror image motion enabler) [16e18], can assist patients completed the ipsilateral upper extremity and contralateral mirror movement. The system collects trace contralateral upper extremity movement, mirrored to the affected side, and assisted by an industrial robot ipsilateral motion, it has also begun clinical rehabilitation patients. In 2000, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and the University of California developed to achieve the 3-DOF upper limb movement rehabilitation robot ARM Guide (assisted rehabilitation and measurement guide), having an active DOF. Driven by a motor to drive the linear guide arm flexion-extension and other sports implement [19,20]. Rehabilitation Robot electronic control, the battery plays a considerable role. Good battery
3
performance determines the quality of products, most of these products are currently used in lithium batteries, so that the fuel cell application in Rehabilitation Robot products is very wide, too. Fig. 2 is electrical block diagram of Rehabilitation Robot.
Smart home products With respect to the proportion of the community to improve the aging population, the development of appropriate health care and pension institutions resources is relatively backward. Because fast-paced society, serving officers busy work, children elderly care and care for the elderly is also not enough. Because school, better career prospects and other reasons, a large number of young life, and even settled in the field, even foreign, long-term stay in their parents. Elderly people in their daily lives, the lack of emotional mental care. For the loss of ability to live independently due to illness of the elderly more severe, their children are mostly selected for their hiring nannies and care workers, instead of returning home to live together. Often seen in newspapers reported: EMERGENCY attack unmanned rescue the elderly living alone, some time after the death was discovered; the elderly feeling lonely, suffering from depression, committed suicide; nanny abuse incapacitated elderly, children a few months after the discovery. The concept of smart home first appeared in the United States, it is a residential smart home platform, both construction equipment, network communications, information appliances and automation equipment, set system, structure, service and management as one of the efficient, comfortable, safe, convenient, environmentally friendly living environment. Smart home use of advanced computer technology and network communication technology, the various subsystems associated with home life together organically, through integrated management to optimize the way people live, helping people to organize time effectively, enhance security and home life convenience. Smart home has been for decades, and since the world's first intelligent building in the United States after a building appears, the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia and other economically more developed countries have proposed a variety of smart home program [21]. Smart home in the United States, Germany, Singapore, Japan and other countries have been more
Fig. 2 e Electrical block diagram of Rehabilitation Robot. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
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widely used. Singapore model of intelligent systems includes three table cc function, security alarm, video intercom features, functions, and so the monitoring center [22], such as Fig. 3. Future development of smart home will happen then? Simply speaking, the ultimate goal is to make people smart home thinking, so that the smart home can fit more people's will to achieve, from a technical point of view, mainly to achieve the following areas: (1) Touch mode the next five years, will become a popular type of smart home control mode, punched through a screen can be achieved within the family, electrical lighting, curtains, security, access control and other intelligent control, which is necessary. (2) Smart phones will become the first mobile terminal to realize the control process within the family smart phone WEB way to achieve remote unlocking of the home, you need to confirm the customer image, remote turn on air-conditioning and heating equipment. It is each person must be moved in a controlled manner. (3) Wireless and wired control system, seamless integration, wiring the trunk area using the control system, is the future direction of smart home control system. Based on the above point of view, the smart home industry demand for clean energy is broader advantages of fuel cells easier to play. Fig. 3 is schematic diagram of Smart Home.
Discussion The difference between the fuel cell and battery is: (1) High energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell, the effective energy efficiency up to 60%e70%, the theoretical energy conversion efficiency up to 90%. At present, the maximum efficiency of the turbine or diesel engine is 40%e50%, when the heat engine to drive a generator with an efficiency of only 35%e40%, and other physical battery, such as the temperature difference between cell efficiency of 10%, the solar cell efficiency 20% are not compared with the fuel cell. Moreover, according to the latest reports, Cao [23] have studied an energy recovery system capable of a fuel cell stack heat recovery losses, improve the utilization of the fuel cell. This system allows the energy of the fuel cell can be improved by 40%, and the heat loss from the battery stack 90% can be recovered. (2) High specific power or specific energy. (3) Applicable ability, you can use a variety of primary fuel. Such as natural gas, coal gas, methanol, ethanol, gasoline; you can also use low-quality fuel power plants should not be used, such as lignite, wood waste, waste paper, and even municipal waste, but they are subject to special means reforming the system.
Fig. 3 e Schematic diagram of Smart Home. Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150
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(4) Pollution, low noise, can greatly reduce pollution emissions. Especially hydrogen fuel cells, which generate electricity after the product is only water, can achieve zero pollution, it is the focus of future research. 25kw purification has been developed methanol fuel processor that produces hydrogen speeds up 25nm3/h, the resulting purity hydrogen is 99.9995% [24]. In addition, since the fuel cell without mechanical transmission parts heat engine piston engine, etc., so the operating environment without noise pollution [25].
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Prospects for fuel cell applications: (1) Determine the characteristics of the fuel cell which has broad application prospects. It can be used as a small power generation equipment; as long battery life; application in electric vehicles. (2) The fuel cell used as a power generation equipment because of its price may be related to the general power generation equipment to compete. However, prospects of commercial application of fuel cell electric vehicles are on the long-term, because the car needs is a generator, fuel cell generator price than the cheaper, so in the short term, the price of fuel cell vehicles and other automotive difficult compete. All kinds of advanced fuel cell technology is widely applied to the field of rehabilitation aids Rehabilitation is the most direct driving force for product development. With a variety of advanced battery technology, humanemachine interface technology, electronics Integration% remote control technology introduced to the field of rehabilitation, assistive technology intelligence will quickly improve. Finally, it is easy to conclusion that mobile aids products, rehabilitation robotics and smart home products require fuel cells as their power supply. Market advantages of these products makes the market optimistic about the prospects of the fuel cell. It is desired that fuel cell technology is widely applied to rehabilitation aids product in the world.
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Please cite this article in press as: Wang Q, Lan Z, The application prospect of fuel cell for the rehabilitation aids, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.150