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The biomechanics of pushing and pulling tasks
factors problems in industry, and by the determination of appropriate work-rest cycles for various kinds of work.
4.1.15 (60628)
Anon. Environment for Older People? (In Swedish) FORM (Sweden), 1970, No.10; abstr. in ICSID Design Bibliography. At a time society takes over complete responsibility for the old in terms of pensions and long-term care, the nextof-kin of the elders no longer feel any clear responsibility for them. The old people remain alone, isolated in reservations. They lose contact with the world although old age homes are often excellently equipped. FORM devotes this complete issue to the environment of old, sick and handicapped people and takes up both the negative and positive sides of current efforts to solve these problems. Some articles describe residential dwellings and their equipment, others are concerned with traffic-behaviour and social life of old people; in short a summary of the needs of our old people.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 4o1.16 (60655)
Guitar, S.O., Kazakov, P.M., Barats, lu. M., Pesok, V.I., Ivanin, A.O. and Rudenko, V.G. Variation of Certain Physiological Functions in Aqualung-Diver Drillers (Smina Deiakikh Fiziologihcnikh Funkstii u Akvalangistivburil'nikiv).(In Ukranian). Fiziologichnii Zhurnal, Nov.-Dec. 1970, 1 6 , 7 6 8 - 7 7 3 ; abstr, in
Aerospace Medicine. Respiration,blood circulation, thermoregulation, energy output, and the state of muscles were studied in eight underwater labourers (drillers) before, during and after performing their work functions. It is shown that during manual exertion under water, the organism undergoes changes whose severity depends on the nature of the labour and on the working conditions. The results are given in tables of physiological indices, including the respiration rate, minute volume, oxygen uptake, energy loss, and pulse rate. The low-temperature environment is shown to cause significant changes in the operation of
50
Applied Ergonomics March 1973
the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and thermoregulatory mechanism.
4.1.17 (60658) Streimer, I. Human Performance Characteristics in a Complex Manual Task Underwater. Human Factors, Feb. 1972, 14.1, 95-99. Five subjects executed a complex maintenance task at a pool depth of 6 ft (1.8m). Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and task accomplishment times were contunuously monitored. The results indicate that significant performance degradations may be anticipated during the performance of manual work under water.
4.1.18 (60660)
Hettinger, Th. The Lifting, Carrying and Handling of Loads by Women (Heben, Tragen sowie Umsetzen von Lasten durch Frauen). (In German). Arbeitsschutz, Apr. 1971, No. 4, 8 9 - 9 3 ; abstr, in Occupational
4.1.20 (60672)
Brown, J.R. Lifting as an Industrial Hazard.
Labour Safety Council of Ontario, Ontario Department of Labour, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 54 pp.; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. This is a report on studies sponsored by the Labour Safety Council of Ontario (Canada). Following a statistical analysis of handling accidents, which shows clearly that lifting is a serious industrial hazard, the author deals in turn with postures during handling and lifting operations (standing erect, bending down, reaching up or down, walking and carrying, sitting, and climbing stairs). The results of numerous physiological experiments are presented in graphs. Photographs of examples of lifting situations encountered in everyday work life are appended. The author advocates a dynamic 'free lift' and gives evidence of its physiological economy.
Safety and Health Abstracts. Following an introductory statement of the maximum permissible loads established in various countries, the author discusses certain factors which play a part in determining these loads: the muscular system and its adaptability; the psychomotor system and the extent to which it can be exercised and trained; the strength of the spinal column; gynaecological factors. The author proposes what he considers to be reasonable maximum loads, taking into account the frequency of lifting and carrying tasks and the stresses to which the various body systems are subjected.
4.1.19 (60671)
Ayoub, M.M. and McDaniel, J.W. The Biomechanics of Pushing and Pulling Tasks. Aug. 1971, 253 pp.; abstr, in U.S.
Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. AD-729 827). A considerable amount of work has been done to determine the forces that man can exert on loads. However, very little has been done to determine the skeletal configurations an operator should assume in front of a load to be most efficient. This report investigates these skeletal configurations and selects an optimum for pushing as well as pulling of loads. It also includes a biomechanical analysis of the forces and torques developed at the joints as well as on the lower spine.
Visual displays 4.1.21 (60718)
Robinson, D.O., Abbamonte, M. and Evans, S.H. Why Serifs are Important: the Perception of Small Print. Visible Language, 1971, V.4, 353-359. The use of serif type styles has continued to dominate printing since the introduction of sans-serif type a century and a half ago. Several theories are considered to account for the continued popularity of the older typefaces. It is suggested that the neurological structure of the human visual system benefits from serifs in the preservation of the main features of letters during neural processing. A computer simulation of visual processing supports this theory, and suggestions are made concerning the function of serifs in letters of different sizes.
4.1.22 (60702) Van Nes, F.L. Determining Temporal Differences with Analogue and Digital Time Displays. Ergonomics, Jan. 1972, 15.1, 7 3 - 7 9 . In daily life one often has to subtrac the time shown by an analogue display, e.g. a conventional watch, from a time presented digitally, e.g. in a timetable. In view of this discrepancy,
4.1.15 (60628)
Anon. Environment for Older People? (In Swedish) FORM (Sweden), 1970, No.10; abstr. in ICSID Design Bibliography. At a time society takes over complete responsibility for the old in terms of pensions and long-term care, the nextof-kin of the elders no longer feel any clear responsibility for them. The old people remain alone, isolated in reservations. They lose contact with the world although old age homes are often excellently equipped. FORM devotes this complete issue to the environment of old, sick and handicapped people and takes up both the negative and positive sides of current efforts to solve these problems. Some articles describe residential dwellings and their equipment, others are concerned with traffic-behaviour and social life of old people; in short a summary of the needs of our old people.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 4o1.16 (60655)
Guitar, S.O., Kazakov, P.M., Barats, lu. M., Pesok, V.I., Ivanin, A.O. and Rudenko, V.G. Variation of Certain Physiological Functions in Aqualung-Diver Drillers (Smina Deiakikh Fiziologihcnikh Funkstii u Akvalangistivburil'nikiv).(In Ukranian). Fiziologichnii Zhurnal, Nov.-Dec. 1970, 1 6 , 7 6 8 - 7 7 3 ; abstr, in
Aerospace Medicine. Respiration,blood circulation, thermoregulation, energy output, and the state of muscles were studied in eight underwater labourers (drillers) before, during and after performing their work functions. It is shown that during manual exertion under water, the organism undergoes changes whose severity depends on the nature of the labour and on the working conditions. The results are given in tables of physiological indices, including the respiration rate, minute volume, oxygen uptake, energy loss, and pulse rate. The low-temperature environment is shown to cause significant changes in the operation of
50
Applied Ergonomics March 1973
the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and thermoregulatory mechanism.
4.1.17 (60658) Streimer, I. Human Performance Characteristics in a Complex Manual Task Underwater. Human Factors, Feb. 1972, 14.1, 95-99. Five subjects executed a complex maintenance task at a pool depth of 6 ft (1.8m). Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and task accomplishment times were contunuously monitored. The results indicate that significant performance degradations may be anticipated during the performance of manual work under water.
4.1.18 (60660)
Hettinger, Th. The Lifting, Carrying and Handling of Loads by Women (Heben, Tragen sowie Umsetzen von Lasten durch Frauen). (In German). Arbeitsschutz, Apr. 1971, No. 4, 8 9 - 9 3 ; abstr, in Occupational
4.1.20 (60672)
Brown, J.R. Lifting as an Industrial Hazard.
Labour Safety Council of Ontario, Ontario Department of Labour, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 54 pp.; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. This is a report on studies sponsored by the Labour Safety Council of Ontario (Canada). Following a statistical analysis of handling accidents, which shows clearly that lifting is a serious industrial hazard, the author deals in turn with postures during handling and lifting operations (standing erect, bending down, reaching up or down, walking and carrying, sitting, and climbing stairs). The results of numerous physiological experiments are presented in graphs. Photographs of examples of lifting situations encountered in everyday work life are appended. The author advocates a dynamic 'free lift' and gives evidence of its physiological economy.
Safety and Health Abstracts. Following an introductory statement of the maximum permissible loads established in various countries, the author discusses certain factors which play a part in determining these loads: the muscular system and its adaptability; the psychomotor system and the extent to which it can be exercised and trained; the strength of the spinal column; gynaecological factors. The author proposes what he considers to be reasonable maximum loads, taking into account the frequency of lifting and carrying tasks and the stresses to which the various body systems are subjected.
4.1.19 (60671)
Ayoub, M.M. and McDaniel, J.W. The Biomechanics of Pushing and Pulling Tasks. Aug. 1971, 253 pp.; abstr, in U.S.
Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. AD-729 827). A considerable amount of work has been done to determine the forces that man can exert on loads. However, very little has been done to determine the skeletal configurations an operator should assume in front of a load to be most efficient. This report investigates these skeletal configurations and selects an optimum for pushing as well as pulling of loads. It also includes a biomechanical analysis of the forces and torques developed at the joints as well as on the lower spine.
Visual displays 4.1.21 (60718)
Robinson, D.O., Abbamonte, M. and Evans, S.H. Why Serifs are Important: the Perception of Small Print. Visible Language, 1971, V.4, 353-359. The use of serif type styles has continued to dominate printing since the introduction of sans-serif type a century and a half ago. Several theories are considered to account for the continued popularity of the older typefaces. It is suggested that the neurological structure of the human visual system benefits from serifs in the preservation of the main features of letters during neural processing. A computer simulation of visual processing supports this theory, and suggestions are made concerning the function of serifs in letters of different sizes.
4.1.22 (60702) Van Nes, F.L. Determining Temporal Differences with Analogue and Digital Time Displays. Ergonomics, Jan. 1972, 15.1, 7 3 - 7 9 . In daily life one often has to subtrac the time shown by an analogue display, e.g. a conventional watch, from a time presented digitally, e.g. in a timetable. In view of this discrepancy,