STOVARSOL.-THE BRITISH SPA FEDERATION.
majority of
those
diagnosed
as
779
trypanosomiasis substances. Its value apart from syphilis has been pointed out by many workers. Thus E. Marchaux4
seemed to be in good health. The presence of these infected people in a settlement on the mainland in close contact with Jaluo natives, of whom none so far have acquired the disease, is certainly strong evidence that the glossina is the chief agent in its dissemination.
described its
use
in lamblia infections and in amoebic
dysentery. C. Baermann described cures effected by it in cases of framboesia. Levaditi summarised the views of his school upon the prophylaxis of syphilis in an address to a conference at the Institut Pasteur in April, 1923, where he said : " T’estime STOVARSOL. qu’en pratique, lorsqu’il s’agira d’un sujet ayant eu des rapports suspects, une cure de deux a, trois THE first three months of the present year have seen de stovarsol, commencee des le lendemain, what might be termed a revival of discussions upon grammes a jeun suffiront. En cas de contagion certaine ou therapy in syphilis. The various medical journals ties probable (rapports repetes avec un syphilitique of European countries and America have published a manifestations ouvertes), il y aura lieu de suivre original papers, comments, and discussions on both: une cure de 4 a, 5 grammes a raison d’un gramme par the classical forms of treatment, and also on some new jour (4 compr;m6s).’ methods. Whereas the English and American publiDuring the last few weeks two papers upon this cations deal almost exclusively with such problems: have appeared. M. Petzetakisdeals with the question as the merits of bismuth in the treatment of syphilis, use of the drug in amoebic dysentery. His conclusions ____
,
,
,
’
French and German papers refer in addition to a are instructive. He found that in doses of 0-5 to 1-0 g. comparatively new remedy, stovarsol, or 190. The by mouth, stovarsol was of the greatest use in the C. is as In 1922 follows. Levaditi and history treatment of amoebic dysentery. In the acute stages A. Navarro-Martinl began to study the spirillicidall the remedy could be given with complete safety, and action of bodies related to atoxyl and prepared by very beneficial results were obtained, as evidenced by Fourneau. One of the first of their series was amino- a decrease in the number of stools and a diminution oxy-phenyl arsenite of sodium, or 189. Although.of pain, and other clinical manifestations of the conthis substance possesses marked therapeutic properties,’ ditions. From an extensive examination of the faeces the ratio of the tolerated dose to the curative dose this observer concluded that the drug possessed was low, and the investigators prepared a further " amcebicides incontestables." Resistant : proprietes series of derivatives on similar lines. They found that or chronic cases responded particularly well; and the acetyl derivative of 189 possessed much greater: in cases intolerant to emetine and - id infants it is curative powers, and the toxic properties were muchl the author as invaluable. He also regarded by reduced. The relation of the three bodies, atoxyl, 189, recommends its use as a These prophylactic. r r and the acetyl derivative, 190, or stovarsol, can readily observations of Petzetakis thus the work supplant be seen from the following formul-se:— of Marchaux already quoted. Weiner Worms’ considers the drug from an experimental point of view. His results of the curative effects of stovarsol upon spirochsetal infections in rabbits are not in strict agreement with those of the original investigators. His results are summarised in a series of tables, and the word " nichtgeheilt " is applied frequently to 3 rabbits infected with the Spirochcrta cuniculi. That the drug possesses marked protective powers Weiner Worms does not deny, but he implies that in order to get complete protection, there is a danger of One of the most remarkable properties of stovarsol1 pushing the drug to toxic limits. It could hardly be expected that the new remedy is that it can be readily absorbed from the alimentary canal. All the curative experiments of Levaditi and would prove to be entirely free from the disadvantage Navarro-Martin were conducted by oral administra- which limited the practical value of its predecessors, tion of the remedy. The first test of stovarsol was toD the difficulty of finding a dosage adequate for the try its curative powers upon the various spirocheetali destruction of the invading organism and yet not infections in rabbits, and since it was proved to bee toxic to the tissues of the host. However that may be, the convenience of oral administration is so great that very potent, the investigators applied it to human1 profession will welcome the introduction of this syphilis. In collaboration with A. Marie, Levaditi, the If the results hitherto obtained are and Navarro-Martin performed a very interesting compound. in wider fields there can be no doubt substantiated experiment. A volunteer was scarified on both arms and a " virus dermotrope " was rubbed in. At thee that the drug is a remarkable advance on former products. same time a monkey was inoculated with the same e THE BRITISH SPA FEDERATION. virus. Two and a half hours later 2 g. of stovarsol were given to the human subject by mouth, and the AT the annual meeting of this Federation, repredose was repeated 16 hours later. Whereas the monkey Bath, Buxton, Cheltenham, Droitwich, senting developed typical syphilitic lesions, the volunteer Harrogate, Leamington, Llandrindod Wells, Woodrested immune from any symptoms, and his Wasser- hall Spa, Strathpeffer and the New Zealand GovernThis mann reaction remained negative throughout. ment Spas, which has just been held in London, experiment suggested that stovarsol might be used as the conditions of membership, with which every spa 2 3 a prophylactic. In collaboration with other workers admitted to the Federation must comply, were it was demonstrated that this drug, taken by the formulated and Under these principles of mouth, was able to protect against syphilis. These standardisation adopted. a spa, to be recognised by the clinical experiments, of which detailed protocols have waters of been published, were conducted with great care and Federation, must possess natural mineral known therapeutic value ; an approved bathing or thoroughness. Thus it was shown that the wives of pump-room to be in the hands of a syphilitics with primary lesions, although fully public body establishment, a local or an approved private body ; exposed to infection, could be protected by the oral medical the in specialty ; authority suitably equipped administration of stovarsol alone. 2 to 4 g. may be proper hotel accommodation, with approved given with safety, and the investigators claim that in and Further, the stovarsol lie the properties of the ideal prophylactic amenities and sanitary conditions. Federation enjoins that treatments can be given 1 Note présentée par M. Roux à l’Acad. de Sci., Séance du only under medical prescription not more than ,
.
.
-
e
————
27 Mars, 1922, p. 893.
2 Fournier, L., Levaditi, C., Navarro-Martin, A., and Schwartz, A.: Compt. rend. Acad. des Sciences, 21 Mai, 1922, p. 1380. 3 Fournier, L., Guenot, L., and Schwartz, A. : Ann. de l’Institut Pasteur, No. 11, November, 1922, p. 729.
4
Cf. Biol. Médical, No. 4, Mai, 1923, p. 178. Arch. f. Sch. und Trop.-Hyg., 1923, p. 229. Presse Médicale, March 7th, 1925, p. 299. 7 Deutsch. Med. Woch., Numm. 11, 428, 1925. 5
6
780 12 months
THE ENERGY UTILISATION IN EMOTIVE EXPRESSION.
old, except in the
case
lesion, the supreme importance of absolute and complete rest has long been recognised. During the stage of convalescence, however, the institution of
of certain minor
treatments definitely specified by the local authority. Before the admission of any spa to the Federation,
massage and breathing exercises is of value in aiding the venous return to the heart and in promoting the nutrition of the tissues, whereas the gradual addition of passive and active movements forms a suitable preparation for the somewhat sudden change to which a patient is subjected when he is allowed to get up for the first time. "The increase in pulse-rate produced by standardised test exercises " affords a
three representatives of that body (one being a spa medical practitioner) will visit and report along the lines thus indicated, the Federation in this way emphasising the necessity of a high standard of practice at the British spas and of’ cooperation between its members and the medical profession. It is the aim of the federated British spas by these and other means, combined with the research work which is now going on at several spas, to provide medical men with hydrological centres in this country, at which they may be sure of their patients receiving efficiently administered treatment. The hon. secretaryship of the Federation is to be held in turn by representatives of the various spas, and Mr. John Hatton, the director of the baths of Bath, was elected to that office in succession to Mr. F. J. C. Broome, general manager of the Royal Baths, Harrogate, who received the warm thanks of the Federation for the valuable service he has rendered.
and reliable means of graduating the duration and extent of the treatment at any particular stage of the illness, and serves to indicate the progress which is being made. At the present day various functional tests of the exercise tolerance have been so universally adopted, in supplementing the mere physical examination in cases of heart disease, that it is rather surprising that more attention has not hitherto been paid to the use of physiotherapy in this particular department of medicine.
simple
————
THE ENERGY UTILISATION IN EXPRESSION.
PROFESSOR WARDROP GRIFFITH.
EMOTIVE
Dr. T. Wardrop Griffith has placed before the Council of the University of Leeds his resignation of the SOME experiments have recently been carried out Professorship of Medicine. In a letter to the Council has pointed out that in harmony with the rules by Dr. Hermann V. Schroetter, of Vienna,in which he the energy usages in expression have been compared of the General Infirmary at Leeds he becomes a with those of ordinary speech. The experiments member of the consulting staff next September, by were made on a well-known elocutionist, who for which time he will have served for twenty years on him to purposes of control remained at rest, or read, as in the full staff. It is this fact which has led a lecture, without emotional expression. The results anticipate the age-limit for the tenure of office which so obtained were compared with those obtained in attaches to professorships in the University; for as is happily the case in Leeds, members laughing, crying, or sobbing. In the ordinary reading although, it was found that about 20 L. of air were breathed of the consulting staff have the privilege of admitting per minute, while the energy expenditure deduced a limited number of patients to be under their care from the respiration data showed an increase of in the infirmary and continue to work within its 85 cal. per hour above the resting value. For laughing walls, he felt that the best interests of the University and sobbing the volumes breathed were 22 and 12 L. would be served if he did not retain the professorship after he had retired from the full staff and the regular per minute respectively, while the increase above the teaching which that involved. resting value was 12 and 5-5 cal. respectively. The routine The resolution parsed by the Council of the Uniactual work involved in speech amounted to 9250 of Leeds in response to Dr. Wardrop kilogram-metres per hour, that in laughter 1300 kgm., versity letter was as follows :Griffith’s in 580 hour. and that sobbing only kmg. per Sobbing The Council accepts the resignation of the senior professor is thus, from the physiological standpoint, a cheap form of entertainment. Each spoken syllable is - proof. T. Wardrop Griffith, with deep regret. He was to the Chair of Anatomy in 1887 and transferred calculated to cost about 0-5 kgm. The loss of moisture appointed to the Chair of Medicine in 1910, a continuous record of by the lungs is about the same in speech as in laughter 38 years. He began work in the old Medical School in Park-viz., about 42 g. per hour-while sobbing only street and took an active share in the construction of the accounts for a loss of about 18 g. per hour. Dr. new school in Thoresby-place, in which he established one Schroetter’s experiments are of a thoroughly interesting ofthe best anatomical departments in the Kingdom, filling it with many valuable collections, and in one cardiac section character. ____
unique collection of specimens prepared by his own hands. His assiduous attention rendered his tenure ofoffice of the PHYSIOTHERAPY IN HEART DISEASE. Chair of Anatomy little different from a full-time office, DURING and after the war graduated exercise as every hour spared from hospital work and consulting practice was spent with energy in the department, and proved to be the mainstay in the treatment of soldiers there is no department of its kind more entirely the creation Dr. G. H. from as D.A.H. ; yet, suffering In his tenure of the Chair of one man’s zeal and love. rightly says in the first of a series of articles2 dealing Medicine he has added to the lustre of its history by the with massage and remedial exercises in medicine, high quality of his observations in clinical fields and able writers on this subject have devoted but little exposition of his subject, attaining an eminence acknowattention to the fundamental principles which underlie ledged by his admission to the Order of St. Michael and St. the use of these measures in the treatment of organic George and the conferment of the honorary doctorate of heart disease. This appears to be due principally to Laws by his own University of Aberdeen. In both departlack of cooperation between the physician and the ments his courses of lectures have been noted for their vivid quality and the perfection of arrangement and masseur, the former having been not unnaturally delivery. In the Faculty and University he has played an prejudiced against the use of massage on account of important part by sound advice and an example of devotion certain practices based on fundamentally unsound for which a heavy debt of gratitude and affection is due. doctrines which still find a place in some of the text- His resignation marks the completion of one of the soundest books on the subject. The so-called " local heart pillars on which the school has been reared, and the Council, treatment " is a case in point. It is totally valueless looking forward to the support which will remain in his in organic disease ; and, by directing the patient’s work and the effects of his work, desires to record its appreciation of his most valuable and enthusiastic services, attention to the heart, it is positively harmful in the its grateful thanks for the distinction he has brought to the the acute stages of University, purely functional disorders. In and its cordial hope that he will, for many years heart disease, whether one is dealing with an activeI to come, enjoy the ability to pursue the practice of his infection or with acute myocardial profession and add to the many contributions by which he supervening in the course of chronic disease, where has advanced the cause of medicine. the heart is already the seat of an old-established From this resolution, upon whose we a
I
Hunti of
insufficiency1
accuracy congratulate Dr. Wardrop Griffith, it will be gathered Laryngo-Rhinologie, that resignation of the official position is not 2 Guy’s Hospital Reports, January, 1925, p. 20. accompanied by withdrawal from practice.
1 Monatschr. f. Ohrenheilkunde 1925, lix., pp. 1-27.
und