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The Case Study on the Evaluation Method for Green Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones
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ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366
10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 1910th International Symposium on22Heating, Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 19OctoberVentilation 2017, Jinan,and China 22 October 2017, Jinan, China
The Case Study on the Evaluation Method for Green Retrofitting of Existing The Case Study on the Evaluation Method for Green Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones Liang Yua,* , Qi Lubb, Siwen Wang, Yingchuan Liu, Guohui Feng a,* Liang Yu , Qi Lu , Siwen Wang, Yingchuan Liu, Guohui Feng Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China b Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China a ab
Abstract Abstract In order to clarify the actual operation effect of the comprehensive environmental performance of the existing residential buildings after the green retrofitting in the severe and cold zones,environmental this paper selects the existing residential of In order to clarify the actual operation effect of cold the comprehensive performance of the existingbuildings residential buildings the severe green retrofitting the research severe cold andusing cold the zones, this paper selects the existing residential buildings of typical cityafter in the cold zone asin the object, established evaluation method—EM-GRERB (Evaluation Methodcity of Green Existing Buildings cold and cold zones) and through field investigation typical in the Retrofitting severe cold for zone as the Residential research object, using inthesevere established evaluation method—EM-GRERB (Evaluation and fieldofmeasurement, the comprehensive environmental performance of zones) the project is confirmed .The results Method Green Retrofitting for Existing Residential Buildings in severeimprovement cold and cold and through field investigation and the comprehensive environmental performance improvement of the project is confirmed results showfield that measurement, the degree of green retrofitting of the project is not obvious, need to further enhance the green retrofitting .The effect. This paper that further analyzes problems existing the green of the project,enhance and puts the green effect. retrofitting show the degree of the green retrofitting of theinproject is notretrofitting obvious, need to further theforward green retrofitting This program, which providesthe a reference the green retrofitting of the existing residential severe cold and cold zones. paper further analyzes problemsfor existing in the green retrofitting of the project,buildings and putsinforward the green retrofitting program, which provides a reference for the green retrofitting of the existing residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier the scientific © 2017 The Authors. Published by Ltd. committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Air Conditioning. Conditioning. Keywords: Severe cold and cold zones; Existing residential buildings; Evaluation method of green retrofitting; Comprehensive environmental performance Keywords: Severe cold and cold zones; Existing residential buildings; Evaluation method of green retrofitting; Comprehensive environmental performance
1. Introduction 1. Introduction At present, china has a huge amount of buildings, of which the total area of urban existing residential buildings At present, china 30% has aofhuge ofofbuildings, of which the total areaAsofthe urban residential buildings accounted for about the amount total area existing buildings. Generally, age existing of completion increased, the accounted for abouthave 30%many of theproblems, total area such of existing buildings. Generally, As low the age of completion the existing buildings as large energy consumption, comfort level andincreased, poor service existing buildings have many problems, such as large energy consumption, low comfort level and poor service * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15840391122. address: author. [email protected] *E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +86-15840391122. E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review©under the scientific committee 1877-7058 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.842
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
3360 2
function. If the demolition of the use of a relatively short period of non -green buildings, which will cause a great waste of resources at the same time will cause the secondary damage and pollution of the ecological environment. Therefor, the green retrofitting for existing buildings will be an important way and key links to solve the current resources and environmental problems in our country[1][2]. As of June 2016, get the number of green building label accumulated for 4314 projects, of which about 120 projects were identified by existing building retrofitting, accounting for about 2.8% of the total number of identified projects. There are 8 operational identification items, accounting for 6.7% of the total, there are 3 projects in the severe cold zones, accounting for 2.5% of the total[3]. Therefore, the above conditions together constitute the basis for EM. This paper takes the existing residential buildings in Shenyang as a research object, and collects the relevant data through investigation and measurement, using the EM-GRERB to case review, analysis of the retrofitting degree, provide a reference for the green retrofitting of existing buildings in severe cold and cold zones. 2. Methods EM-GRERB is a set of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the analytic hierarchy process and the method of deviation maximization. It is suitable for the evaluation of the actual operation performance of the comprehensive environmental performance of the buildings after the retrofitting of the existing residential buildings in the severe cold and cold zones . Through the investigation of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, combined with China's severe cold and cold climate characteristics and energy consumption characteristics, according to the current national standard " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings"GB/T51141-2015[4], the target It is divided into seven first-level indicators, namely: planning and architecture, structure and materials, HVAC, water supply and drainage, electricity, construction management and operation and management, a total of 24 secondary indicators, 86 qualitative and quantitative index. In this paper, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to establish the structural model and the commentary set. The evaluation level is composed of 5 fuzzy language variables, which is the green retrofitting degree is excellent (V1), the green retrofitting degree is better (V2), the green retrofitting degree is qualified (V3), the green retrofitting degree is poor (V4), the green retrofitting degree is very poor (V5), corresponding to the quantization level of reviews vectors is Vk = (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5) = (100,80,60, 40, 20); The subjective weight and objective weight of the evaluation index are calculated by AHP and AHP respectively. The linear combination of the two is taken as the comprehensive weight. In order to distinguish the specificity of different evaluation objects, according to the background material of the object to be evaluated, the objective weight is determined by the method of maximum deviation ;And then all of the two indicators of evaluation subordination degree evaluation, single factor fuzzy evaluation matrix is formed, it can determine the level of comprehensive evaluation index membership vector (Y), finally obtains the comprehensive evaluation target layer membership vector (X), EM=Vk·X as a comprehensive evaluation of the value of the object, the specific meaning of the range ,as shown in Table 1, in order to determine the degree of participating green transformation of objects. Table. 1. Evaluation grade EM range
Scoring meaning
[0，40)
Green retrofitting effect is not obvious, great potential for retrofitting
[40，60)
Green retrofitting effect in general, the degree of retrofitting is relatively low, can be part of the green retrofitting
[60，100]
Green retrofitting effect is good, no need for further green retrofitting
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3. Results This paper takes the existing residential buildings of typical cities in severe cold zones as the case. The project is located in the cold C area, completed in 2005, with a total construction area of 98,000 m2, the total number of buildings 14, the total number of households 913 , The measured population is located in the project unit 4, 3rd floor, apartment layout for the a living room with three bedrooms and two bathrooms, the total construction area of 107 m2, the total population of 5 people, the resident population of two elderly people. The project was carried out in April to October 2011, the retrofitting of the contents of the indoor heating system measurement and temperature control transformation, heat and heat pipe network heat balance transformation, transformation scale coverage of the whole area. Fig. 1 for the project satellite map, Fig. 2 for the Projects and tenants real map.
Fig.. 1. Project satellite map
Fig.. 2. Projects and tenants real map
The measurement mainly around the indoor thermal environment, indoor sound environment, indoor light environment in three areas, the actual details as shown in Table 2, Fig. 3 shows the experimental instrument. Table .2. Measured content Measured content
Measured date
Indoor temperature
Indoor relative humidity
Aug.12 to Aug.17,2016
Aug.12 to Aug.17,2016
Jan.15 to Jan. 19, 2017
Jan.15 to Jan.19, 2017
Fig.. 3. Experimental apparatus
Light environment
Aug.12,2016
Sound environment
Aug.12,2016
Fig.. 4. Measuring point arrangement
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
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3.1. Measured analysis (1) Indoor thermal and humid environment In the measured household function rooms are set temperature and humidity measurement points, as shown in Fig. 4. The temperature and humidity self-recording instrument for 24 hours without interruption test, data read time interval of 10 minutes. Summer indoor temperature and humidity as shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6. During the test period, the maximum temperature of the room is 31℃, the minimum temperature is 25.8℃, the average temperature of each room is between 27~30.3℃, except the kitchen, bathroom, room3, the other room indoor average temperature above 28℃, Indoor relative humidity maintained at between 40%~85%, failed to meet the thermal comfort level requirements of " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015. The main reasons are as follows: the window area of dining room is larger, and the dining room staff flow is more concentrated, gathered in the dining time, easy to cause the temperature; the living room and dining room accessible connectivity, large window area, and personnel activities more time.
Fig. .5. Indoor temperature (summer)
Fig. .6. Indoor relative humidity (summer)
Winter indoor temperature and humidity as shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8. It can be seen that the indoor temperature and humidity are maintained at 18~23.3℃, 26-49%, to meet the relevant requirements of the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings "GB/T51141-2015.Besides the kitchen temperature is relatively low, the other room temperature maintained at 21~23.3℃, the main reasons are as follows: the kitchen activity area is small, in order to exclude the kitchen fume smell, household will usually take open windows in the way of ventilation casual flavor, and the kitchen is closed design, sometimes long time remain outside the window head the open state, to keep the indoor air quality.
Fig.. 7. Indoor temperature (winter)
Fig.. 8. Indoor relative humidity (winter)
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(2) Indoor light environment By comparing the measured data with the relevant requirements in the "Building Lighting Design Standard" GB50034-2013[5], see Fig. 9, you can get the illumination value of each room in addition to the bathroom are meet the standard requirements, and more than 10% of the standard value , Failed to meet the relevant provisions of the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015. The main reason for considering the general household for the room lighting requirements are higher, most like the room more bright effect, the choice of most of the high-power lamps, and the completion of the project earlier, in the energy efficiency of the lamp and the current advanced Lamps have a certain gap, so in terms of lighting, there is a large energy consumption of lamps, illumination is too strong and other issues, with greater potential for transformation.
Fig.. 9. The illumination value of each room
Fig.. 10. The sound level of each room
(3) sound environment This article is based on the provisions of Article 4.2.15 of the" Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015 (main function room indoor noise level reaches the current national standard "Code for design of sound insulation of civil building " GB50118-2010[6]for each room for noise detection and analysis, the test time for the day, while keeping the windows closed. According to the measured data and standard requirements for comparative analysis, see Fig. 10, found the room2, living room, and room3 were unable to meet the standard requirements of the noise level, exceeding the standard value of more than 10%, consider the main reason is that these rooms are located on the edge of the park, close to the parking lot on the ground, closer to the main road traffic, stream of people, traffic is large, so the noise caused by the relatively large. 3.2. Comprehensive evaluation results In this paper, the background of the object to be submitted to the expert assessment, the establishment of the evaluation team, the use of analytical hierarchy process and the maximum deviation method to determine the final weight value, as shown in Table 3. This paper submitted for evaluation of background materials to the experts, the establishment of a panel of judges, using AHP and deviation maximization method to determine the final weights, see Table 3. Using the fuzzy evaluation principle, calculating the First - level index comprehensive evaluation of membership degree vector (Y), and then determine the target layer comprehensive evaluation of membership vector X=A · Y, A is the comprehensive weight vector of each level index , A=（a1，a2，…，a7），Y=（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T, so the calculation can be X=（a1，a2，…，a7）·（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T=（0.207，0.162，0.163，0.139，0.108， 0.106，0.114）·（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T=（0，0.072，0.438，0.106，0）, and normalized processing to obtain the comprehensive evaluation of membership vector X=（0，0.117，0.711，0.172，0); Finally, we can calculate the comprehensive evaluation value of the green retrofitting degree of the building EM=Vk·X=（100，80，60，
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
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40，20）·（0，0.117，0.711，0.172，0）=58.90∈［40，60）, indicating that the green retrofitting effect of the project in general, the degree of green retrofitting is relatively low, can be part of the green retrofitting. 0 0 Y= 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 348
0 . 586
0 . 066
0 0
0 0 . 533
0 0 . 133
0 0
0 . 726 0 . 679
0 . 158 0 . 111
0 0
0 0 . 484
0 0 . 322
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(1)
Table. 3. First grade index First grade index
Subjective weight
Objective weight
Comprehensive weight（A）
planning and architecture
0.290
0.152
0.207
structure and materials
0.180
0.150
0.162
HVAC
0.180
0.152
0.163
Water supply and drainage
0.120
0.152
0.139
Electricity
0.070
0.134
0.108
Construction management
0.063
0.135
0.106
Operation and management
0.100
0.124
0.114
3.3. Green retrofitting project From the measured results of indoor temperature and humidity of the two seasons of winter and summer can be seen, the household indoor temperature is too high, the heating condition of main function room winter indoor temperature are standard, the reason for this phenomenon is the building envelope thermal performance is poor, and the winter heating temperature is too high, resulting in a great waste of energy. Table. 4. Before and after retrofitting
Before retrofitting
After retrofitting
Component
Material Science
Exterior wall
Standard value 2
Actual value
（W/m ·k）
（W/m2·k）
The red clay brick 240mm+ cement mortar 10mm+ red clay brick 120mm + polystyrene foam 25mm
0.68
0.65
Outside the window
Double layer aluminum alloy window
3
3
Exterior wall
The red clay brick 240mm+ cement mortar 10mm+ red clay brick 120mm + polystyrene foam 50mm
0.5
0.48
Outside the window
Double layer reflection hollow glass window
2
2
Therefore, according to the completion date of the project and the current standard requirements of "Energy Quality Design Standard for Residential Buildings in Cold and Cold Areas" JGJ26-2010[7], the DEST software is used to simulate the external walls and windows of the house, and get the heat load changes, analyze whether the retrofitting value. Table 4 for the retrofitting of the external walls and windows before and after the situation.
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
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Table. 5. Energy consumption of rooms before and after retrofitting Room name
Living room
Room2
Dining room
Room1
Toilet
kitchen
Room3
Mean
The load of before Retrofitting （W/m2）
42.66
43.92
28.02
44.86
42.95
46.02
44.52
42.64
The load of after Retrofitting （W/m2）
35.76
30.02
23.85
35.18
34.94
33.36
35.68
33.72
Energy saving （kwh/m2）
25.01
50.37
15.11
35.08
29.03
45.88
32.04
32.33
Energy saving rate （%）
16.17
31.65
14.88
21.58
18.65
27.51
19.86
20.92
Through the analysis of the simulation results show that the load of each room were significantly reduced, the energy saving effect of the room2 is the most obvious, during the winter heating period, energy saving can reach 50.37kwh/m2, the retrofitting of energy-saving rate of 31.65%. After the transformation of the average household energy saving 32.33kwh/m2, about 3.97kg standard coal calorific value, energy efficiency reached 20.92%. Therefore, the project has the potential to transform the external walls and windows, can further enhance the effectiveness of green retrofitting.
4. Conclusion Through the use of cold residential area of existing residential green retrofitting evaluation method (EM-GRERB) to carry out a practical assessment of the project, we can clearly see that the residential buildings should be further green retrofitting. In addition, the results of the actual case and the results of the project basically consistent with the results, fully illustrates the cold area of existing residential building green retrofitting evaluation method (EMGRERB) in the project phase of the rigorous and scientific. From the whole process of the case review and the results of the output the following conclusions are obtained: (1) During the test, all the rooms in the summer average temperature between 27~30.3 ℃, in addition to the kitchen, bathroom and room3, the average temperature was 28 degrees centigrade, the indoor humidity is maintained at between 40%~85%, both failed to reach the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015 on thermal comfort level requirements;In winter, the indoor temperature and humidity of each measuring point were kept at 18~23.3 ℃, 26~49%, to meet the relevant requirements of the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015; (2) The project of indoor light environment can meet the "standard architectural lighting design requirements" GB/T50034-2013, but failed to reach the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015(achieve the current national standard GB50034-2013 premise, illuminance is not more than 10% of the standard value); (3) The indoor noise environment of the project is poor, the main bedroom, living room, and bedroom 3 are not able to meet the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015 noise level requirements, exceeding the standard value of more than 10%; (4) Through simulation analysis, the heat transfer coefficient of exterior wall by 0.65w/m2·K to 0.48w/m2·K, the window heat transfer coefficient by 0.3w/m2·K to 0.2w/m2·K, the average energy saving households can 32.33 kwh/m2, about 3.97 kg of standard coal calorific value, energy-saving rate reached 20.92%.
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Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Acknowledgements The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China project (Grant No: 51408376). China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fund project (Grant No: 2016M591457). LiaoNing S&T project (Grant No: 2015020631). References [1] Annual report on building energy conservation in China 2016. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2016. [2] Jun Wang , the practice and development suggestion of the green transformation of existing buildings in China. Construction science and technology, 2015, (6): 38-40. [3] National green building logo project Statistics. Green building evaluation identification network, http://www.cngb.org.cn/. [4] Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings GB/T51141-2015. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2015. [5] Standard for lighting design of buildings GB / T50034-2013. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2013. [6] Code for design of sound insulation of civil building GB50118-2010. Beijing:Ministry of environmental protection of urban and rural construction of People's Republic of China, 2010. [7] Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in serve cold and cold zonesJGJ26-2010. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2010.
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366
10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 1910th International Symposium on22Heating, Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 19OctoberVentilation 2017, Jinan,and China 22 October 2017, Jinan, China
The Case Study on the Evaluation Method for Green Retrofitting of Existing The Case Study on the Evaluation Method for Green Retrofitting of Existing Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones Residential Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Zones Liang Yua,* , Qi Lubb, Siwen Wang, Yingchuan Liu, Guohui Feng a,* Liang Yu , Qi Lu , Siwen Wang, Yingchuan Liu, Guohui Feng Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China b Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China a ab
Abstract Abstract In order to clarify the actual operation effect of the comprehensive environmental performance of the existing residential buildings after the green retrofitting in the severe and cold zones,environmental this paper selects the existing residential of In order to clarify the actual operation effect of cold the comprehensive performance of the existingbuildings residential buildings the severe green retrofitting the research severe cold andusing cold the zones, this paper selects the existing residential buildings of typical cityafter in the cold zone asin the object, established evaluation method—EM-GRERB (Evaluation Methodcity of Green Existing Buildings cold and cold zones) and through field investigation typical in the Retrofitting severe cold for zone as the Residential research object, using inthesevere established evaluation method—EM-GRERB (Evaluation and fieldofmeasurement, the comprehensive environmental performance of zones) the project is confirmed .The results Method Green Retrofitting for Existing Residential Buildings in severeimprovement cold and cold and through field investigation and the comprehensive environmental performance improvement of the project is confirmed results showfield that measurement, the degree of green retrofitting of the project is not obvious, need to further enhance the green retrofitting .The effect. This paper that further analyzes problems existing the green of the project,enhance and puts the green effect. retrofitting show the degree of the green retrofitting of theinproject is notretrofitting obvious, need to further theforward green retrofitting This program, which providesthe a reference the green retrofitting of the existing residential severe cold and cold zones. paper further analyzes problemsfor existing in the green retrofitting of the project,buildings and putsinforward the green retrofitting program, which provides a reference for the green retrofitting of the existing residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier the scientific © 2017 The Authors. Published by Ltd. committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Air Conditioning. Conditioning. Keywords: Severe cold and cold zones; Existing residential buildings; Evaluation method of green retrofitting; Comprehensive environmental performance Keywords: Severe cold and cold zones; Existing residential buildings; Evaluation method of green retrofitting; Comprehensive environmental performance
1. Introduction 1. Introduction At present, china has a huge amount of buildings, of which the total area of urban existing residential buildings At present, china 30% has aofhuge ofofbuildings, of which the total areaAsofthe urban residential buildings accounted for about the amount total area existing buildings. Generally, age existing of completion increased, the accounted for abouthave 30%many of theproblems, total area such of existing buildings. Generally, As low the age of completion the existing buildings as large energy consumption, comfort level andincreased, poor service existing buildings have many problems, such as large energy consumption, low comfort level and poor service * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15840391122. address: author. [email protected] *E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +86-15840391122. E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review©under the scientific committee 1877-7058 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.842
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
3360 2
function. If the demolition of the use of a relatively short period of non -green buildings, which will cause a great waste of resources at the same time will cause the secondary damage and pollution of the ecological environment. Therefor, the green retrofitting for existing buildings will be an important way and key links to solve the current resources and environmental problems in our country[1][2]. As of June 2016, get the number of green building label accumulated for 4314 projects, of which about 120 projects were identified by existing building retrofitting, accounting for about 2.8% of the total number of identified projects. There are 8 operational identification items, accounting for 6.7% of the total, there are 3 projects in the severe cold zones, accounting for 2.5% of the total[3]. Therefore, the above conditions together constitute the basis for EM. This paper takes the existing residential buildings in Shenyang as a research object, and collects the relevant data through investigation and measurement, using the EM-GRERB to case review, analysis of the retrofitting degree, provide a reference for the green retrofitting of existing buildings in severe cold and cold zones. 2. Methods EM-GRERB is a set of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the analytic hierarchy process and the method of deviation maximization. It is suitable for the evaluation of the actual operation performance of the comprehensive environmental performance of the buildings after the retrofitting of the existing residential buildings in the severe cold and cold zones . Through the investigation of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, combined with China's severe cold and cold climate characteristics and energy consumption characteristics, according to the current national standard " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings"GB/T51141-2015[4], the target It is divided into seven first-level indicators, namely: planning and architecture, structure and materials, HVAC, water supply and drainage, electricity, construction management and operation and management, a total of 24 secondary indicators, 86 qualitative and quantitative index. In this paper, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to establish the structural model and the commentary set. The evaluation level is composed of 5 fuzzy language variables, which is the green retrofitting degree is excellent (V1), the green retrofitting degree is better (V2), the green retrofitting degree is qualified (V3), the green retrofitting degree is poor (V4), the green retrofitting degree is very poor (V5), corresponding to the quantization level of reviews vectors is Vk = (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5) = (100,80,60, 40, 20); The subjective weight and objective weight of the evaluation index are calculated by AHP and AHP respectively. The linear combination of the two is taken as the comprehensive weight. In order to distinguish the specificity of different evaluation objects, according to the background material of the object to be evaluated, the objective weight is determined by the method of maximum deviation ;And then all of the two indicators of evaluation subordination degree evaluation, single factor fuzzy evaluation matrix is formed, it can determine the level of comprehensive evaluation index membership vector (Y), finally obtains the comprehensive evaluation target layer membership vector (X), EM=Vk·X as a comprehensive evaluation of the value of the object, the specific meaning of the range ,as shown in Table 1, in order to determine the degree of participating green transformation of objects. Table. 1. Evaluation grade EM range
Scoring meaning
[0，40)
Green retrofitting effect is not obvious, great potential for retrofitting
[40，60)
Green retrofitting effect in general, the degree of retrofitting is relatively low, can be part of the green retrofitting
[60，100]
Green retrofitting effect is good, no need for further green retrofitting
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
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3. Results This paper takes the existing residential buildings of typical cities in severe cold zones as the case. The project is located in the cold C area, completed in 2005, with a total construction area of 98,000 m2, the total number of buildings 14, the total number of households 913 , The measured population is located in the project unit 4, 3rd floor, apartment layout for the a living room with three bedrooms and two bathrooms, the total construction area of 107 m2, the total population of 5 people, the resident population of two elderly people. The project was carried out in April to October 2011, the retrofitting of the contents of the indoor heating system measurement and temperature control transformation, heat and heat pipe network heat balance transformation, transformation scale coverage of the whole area. Fig. 1 for the project satellite map, Fig. 2 for the Projects and tenants real map.
Fig.. 1. Project satellite map
Fig.. 2. Projects and tenants real map
The measurement mainly around the indoor thermal environment, indoor sound environment, indoor light environment in three areas, the actual details as shown in Table 2, Fig. 3 shows the experimental instrument. Table .2. Measured content Measured content
Measured date
Indoor temperature
Indoor relative humidity
Aug.12 to Aug.17,2016
Aug.12 to Aug.17,2016
Jan.15 to Jan. 19, 2017
Jan.15 to Jan.19, 2017
Fig.. 3. Experimental apparatus
Light environment
Aug.12,2016
Sound environment
Aug.12,2016
Fig.. 4. Measuring point arrangement
Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
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3.1. Measured analysis (1) Indoor thermal and humid environment In the measured household function rooms are set temperature and humidity measurement points, as shown in Fig. 4. The temperature and humidity self-recording instrument for 24 hours without interruption test, data read time interval of 10 minutes. Summer indoor temperature and humidity as shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6. During the test period, the maximum temperature of the room is 31℃, the minimum temperature is 25.8℃, the average temperature of each room is between 27~30.3℃, except the kitchen, bathroom, room3, the other room indoor average temperature above 28℃, Indoor relative humidity maintained at between 40%~85%, failed to meet the thermal comfort level requirements of " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015. The main reasons are as follows: the window area of dining room is larger, and the dining room staff flow is more concentrated, gathered in the dining time, easy to cause the temperature; the living room and dining room accessible connectivity, large window area, and personnel activities more time.
Fig. .5. Indoor temperature (summer)
Fig. .6. Indoor relative humidity (summer)
Winter indoor temperature and humidity as shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8. It can be seen that the indoor temperature and humidity are maintained at 18~23.3℃, 26-49%, to meet the relevant requirements of the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings "GB/T51141-2015.Besides the kitchen temperature is relatively low, the other room temperature maintained at 21~23.3℃, the main reasons are as follows: the kitchen activity area is small, in order to exclude the kitchen fume smell, household will usually take open windows in the way of ventilation casual flavor, and the kitchen is closed design, sometimes long time remain outside the window head the open state, to keep the indoor air quality.
Fig.. 7. Indoor temperature (winter)
Fig.. 8. Indoor relative humidity (winter)
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(2) Indoor light environment By comparing the measured data with the relevant requirements in the "Building Lighting Design Standard" GB50034-2013[5], see Fig. 9, you can get the illumination value of each room in addition to the bathroom are meet the standard requirements, and more than 10% of the standard value , Failed to meet the relevant provisions of the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015. The main reason for considering the general household for the room lighting requirements are higher, most like the room more bright effect, the choice of most of the high-power lamps, and the completion of the project earlier, in the energy efficiency of the lamp and the current advanced Lamps have a certain gap, so in terms of lighting, there is a large energy consumption of lamps, illumination is too strong and other issues, with greater potential for transformation.
Fig.. 9. The illumination value of each room
Fig.. 10. The sound level of each room
(3) sound environment This article is based on the provisions of Article 4.2.15 of the" Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015 (main function room indoor noise level reaches the current national standard "Code for design of sound insulation of civil building " GB50118-2010[6]for each room for noise detection and analysis, the test time for the day, while keeping the windows closed. According to the measured data and standard requirements for comparative analysis, see Fig. 10, found the room2, living room, and room3 were unable to meet the standard requirements of the noise level, exceeding the standard value of more than 10%, consider the main reason is that these rooms are located on the edge of the park, close to the parking lot on the ground, closer to the main road traffic, stream of people, traffic is large, so the noise caused by the relatively large. 3.2. Comprehensive evaluation results In this paper, the background of the object to be submitted to the expert assessment, the establishment of the evaluation team, the use of analytical hierarchy process and the maximum deviation method to determine the final weight value, as shown in Table 3. This paper submitted for evaluation of background materials to the experts, the establishment of a panel of judges, using AHP and deviation maximization method to determine the final weights, see Table 3. Using the fuzzy evaluation principle, calculating the First - level index comprehensive evaluation of membership degree vector (Y), and then determine the target layer comprehensive evaluation of membership vector X=A · Y, A is the comprehensive weight vector of each level index , A=（a1，a2，…，a7），Y=（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T, so the calculation can be X=（a1，a2，…，a7）·（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T=（0.207，0.162，0.163，0.139，0.108， 0.106，0.114）·（Y1，Y2，…Y7）T=（0，0.072，0.438，0.106，0）, and normalized processing to obtain the comprehensive evaluation of membership vector X=（0，0.117，0.711，0.172，0); Finally, we can calculate the comprehensive evaluation value of the green retrofitting degree of the building EM=Vk·X=（100，80，60，
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40，20）·（0，0.117，0.711，0.172，0）=58.90∈［40，60）, indicating that the green retrofitting effect of the project in general, the degree of green retrofitting is relatively low, can be part of the green retrofitting. 0 0 Y= 0 0 0 0 0
0 . 348
0 . 586
0 . 066
0 0
0 0 . 533
0 0 . 133
0 0
0 . 726 0 . 679
0 . 158 0 . 111
0 0
0 0 . 484
0 0 . 322
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(1)
Table. 3. First grade index First grade index
Subjective weight
Objective weight
Comprehensive weight（A）
planning and architecture
0.290
0.152
0.207
structure and materials
0.180
0.150
0.162
HVAC
0.180
0.152
0.163
Water supply and drainage
0.120
0.152
0.139
Electricity
0.070
0.134
0.108
Construction management
0.063
0.135
0.106
Operation and management
0.100
0.124
0.114
3.3. Green retrofitting project From the measured results of indoor temperature and humidity of the two seasons of winter and summer can be seen, the household indoor temperature is too high, the heating condition of main function room winter indoor temperature are standard, the reason for this phenomenon is the building envelope thermal performance is poor, and the winter heating temperature is too high, resulting in a great waste of energy. Table. 4. Before and after retrofitting
Before retrofitting
After retrofitting
Component
Material Science
Exterior wall
Standard value 2
Actual value
（W/m ·k）
（W/m2·k）
The red clay brick 240mm+ cement mortar 10mm+ red clay brick 120mm + polystyrene foam 25mm
0.68
0.65
Outside the window
Double layer aluminum alloy window
3
3
Exterior wall
The red clay brick 240mm+ cement mortar 10mm+ red clay brick 120mm + polystyrene foam 50mm
0.5
0.48
Outside the window
Double layer reflection hollow glass window
2
2
Therefore, according to the completion date of the project and the current standard requirements of "Energy Quality Design Standard for Residential Buildings in Cold and Cold Areas" JGJ26-2010[7], the DEST software is used to simulate the external walls and windows of the house, and get the heat load changes, analyze whether the retrofitting value. Table 4 for the retrofitting of the external walls and windows before and after the situation.
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Table. 5. Energy consumption of rooms before and after retrofitting Room name
Living room
Room2
Dining room
Room1
Toilet
kitchen
Room3
Mean
The load of before Retrofitting （W/m2）
42.66
43.92
28.02
44.86
42.95
46.02
44.52
42.64
The load of after Retrofitting （W/m2）
35.76
30.02
23.85
35.18
34.94
33.36
35.68
33.72
Energy saving （kwh/m2）
25.01
50.37
15.11
35.08
29.03
45.88
32.04
32.33
Energy saving rate （%）
16.17
31.65
14.88
21.58
18.65
27.51
19.86
20.92
Through the analysis of the simulation results show that the load of each room were significantly reduced, the energy saving effect of the room2 is the most obvious, during the winter heating period, energy saving can reach 50.37kwh/m2, the retrofitting of energy-saving rate of 31.65%. After the transformation of the average household energy saving 32.33kwh/m2, about 3.97kg standard coal calorific value, energy efficiency reached 20.92%. Therefore, the project has the potential to transform the external walls and windows, can further enhance the effectiveness of green retrofitting.
4. Conclusion Through the use of cold residential area of existing residential green retrofitting evaluation method (EM-GRERB) to carry out a practical assessment of the project, we can clearly see that the residential buildings should be further green retrofitting. In addition, the results of the actual case and the results of the project basically consistent with the results, fully illustrates the cold area of existing residential building green retrofitting evaluation method (EMGRERB) in the project phase of the rigorous and scientific. From the whole process of the case review and the results of the output the following conclusions are obtained: (1) During the test, all the rooms in the summer average temperature between 27~30.3 ℃, in addition to the kitchen, bathroom and room3, the average temperature was 28 degrees centigrade, the indoor humidity is maintained at between 40%~85%, both failed to reach the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015 on thermal comfort level requirements;In winter, the indoor temperature and humidity of each measuring point were kept at 18~23.3 ℃, 26~49%, to meet the relevant requirements of the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015; (2) The project of indoor light environment can meet the "standard architectural lighting design requirements" GB/T50034-2013, but failed to reach the "Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings" GB/T 51141-2015(achieve the current national standard GB50034-2013 premise, illuminance is not more than 10% of the standard value); (3) The indoor noise environment of the project is poor, the main bedroom, living room, and bedroom 3 are not able to meet the " Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings " GB/T 51141-2015 noise level requirements, exceeding the standard value of more than 10%; (4) Through simulation analysis, the heat transfer coefficient of exterior wall by 0.65w/m2·K to 0.48w/m2·K, the window heat transfer coefficient by 0.3w/m2·K to 0.2w/m2·K, the average energy saving households can 32.33 kwh/m2, about 3.97 kg of standard coal calorific value, energy-saving rate reached 20.92%.
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Liang Yu et al. / Procedia Engineering 205 (2017) 3359–3366 Liang Yu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000
Acknowledgements The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China project (Grant No: 51408376). China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fund project (Grant No: 2016M591457). LiaoNing S&T project (Grant No: 2015020631). References [1] Annual report on building energy conservation in China 2016. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2016. [2] Jun Wang , the practice and development suggestion of the green transformation of existing buildings in China. Construction science and technology, 2015, (6): 38-40. [3] National green building logo project Statistics. Green building evaluation identification network, http://www.cngb.org.cn/. [4] Assessment standard for green retrofitting of existing buildings GB/T51141-2015. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2015. [5] Standard for lighting design of buildings GB / T50034-2013. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2013. [6] Code for design of sound insulation of civil building GB50118-2010. Beijing:Ministry of environmental protection of urban and rural construction of People's Republic of China, 2010. [7] Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in serve cold and cold zonesJGJ26-2010. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2010.