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The cervical spine injury pattern without and with helmet in motorcycle accident
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Journal of Biomechanics 2006, Vol. 39 (Suppl 1)
7565 We-Th, no. 23 (P60) Utilization o f MADYMO to determine and verify occupant kinematics, kinetics and injury mechanisms during a real world collision A. Bartsch, D. Morr, J. Wiechel. SEA, Columbus, Ohio, USA Authors [1-10] have utilized MADYMO to correlate occupant kinetics and subsequent injury mechanisms in real-world accidents toisolated body regions. In this paper, the kinetics, kinematics and injury mechanisms of an unbelted occupant were modeled in MADYMO v6.2. Injuries to the head, neck, face, shoulder, thorax, abdomen and thigh were reproduced in the MADYMO simulation. Based on this simulation, a comparison of injuries was made using a scenario where the driver was wearing a three-point lap and shoulder restraint. It was shown that occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms can be closely replicated and occupant kinetics can be computed qualitatively in MADYMO without the use of crash testing. MADYMO is a 3D computer modeling tool used for occupant safety analysis; it is less frequently utilized as a to verity occupant motion or to determine occupant injury potential during real world impacts. One reason for reduced MADYMO usage in these areas is that validation for occupant safety typically involves crash testing, which is not feasible for most accident reconstruction and biomechanical analyses. Therefore, it is very desirable to find a method to determine occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms without crash testing. This paper provides a detailed description of the accident reconstruction including verification with HVE3D, construction of the MADYMO model, the iterations necessary to correlate the model with both the reconstruction analysis and occupant injury mechanisms and the correlation to real world brain injuries including utilizing NHTSA SIMon. Creation of a valid MADYMO model for reconstruction purposes can be accomplished without crash testing, but rather by fully utilizing the results from vehicle inspections, scene survey data, medical injury records and witness statements. This type of analysis requires the knowledge of an experienced accident reconstructionist to calculate the appropriate vehicle collision dynamics along with the skills of a biomechanical engineer to determine injury mechanisms and body response to input forces. References [1] Coley G, 2001. [2] Liu Xuejun, 2005. [3] LeGlatin N, 2002. [4] Moran SG, 2004. [5] Norin H, 1992. [6] Sochor MR, 2004. [7] Steffan H, 2000. [8] Steffan H, 1999. [9] Venkataramana MP, 2005. [10] VanRooij L, 2002 5560 We-Th, no. 24 (P60) Evaluation of wheelchair occupant safety in frontal & side impact of wheelchair loaded vehicle by Computer Simulation Analysis Method (Adams+Lifemod) S.M. Kim, I.C. Yang, S.Y. Park, M.P. Lee. Department ef Biomedical
Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea In this study, in order to perform a safety assessment of the effects of frontal and side impacts on wheelchair occupants, a sled impact test was performed. Each test was carried out a total of 6 times using Hybrid 1550th percentile male dummy in both lightweight and electric wheelchairs. We estimated MC (Motion Criteria), CIC (Combined Injury Criteria), HIC (Head Injury Criteria), and HNIC (Head and Neck Injury Criteria) by computer simulation method and compared the result with measured data. The computer simulation methodology is utilized by ADAMS+LifeMOD, which is able to analyze the musculoskeletal structure problem of human body. By completing this study, we are able to make an assessment of risk analysis on both the wheelchair occupant and the wheelchair. Through this study, it may be efficient way of analyzing impact problem with more precise approach and lead to set the safety standards of wheelchairs loaded on the vehicle. 5413 We-Th, no. 25 (P60) The cervical spine injury pattern without and with helmet in motorcycle accident S.-W. Yang 1, '~-L. Cheng 1, K.H. Yang 2, S.-J. Hsieh 1. 1Institute efBiemedical
Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Motorcycle is a convenient transportation especially in developing countries. Due to lack of protection enclosure, the accident always involves in fatal death or paralysis. Wearing the helmet has been proven that it can effectively protect and reduce the head injury, but studies also showed that the cervical spine injury has been increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate the advert effect of the helmet in cervical spine injury.
Poster Presentations The ligamentary finite element model of head to C7 was modeled and analyzed using LS-DYNA3D. The results showed that at 3.2 m/s impact speed, without wearing the helmet the highest effective stresses were located at the posterior of C3-4 disc, the values are 83.5Mpa (at time of 8.8msec) and 57.9Mpa (4.2msec) for 150 and -150 impact angle, respectively. After wearing the helmet, the maximum stress was located at C7-T1 and it increased to 92.9 Mpa (18.3msec) and 77.8Mpa (23.6msec) for ±1 °, respectively. The maximum normal impact force was located at C1 (5689 N, 3.6 msec) and C7 (7988 N, 4.0 msec) for ±15 °, respectively. The maximum shear force was at C6 (2254 N, 13.0msec, +150 and C5 (2933N, 9.4msec, -15°). After wearing the helmet, the forces were increased but time delayed. The maximum normal impact force for 150 was at the C1 (9028N, 17msec) and for -150 was at C4 (9640 N, 23.4 msec). The largest shear force of 3538 N/18.5 msec at C1 and 2442 N/23.4 msec at C4 were found for ±15 °, respectively. All cases showed the dens had type III fracture and second order bucking at C4-5 disc. The injury patterns with or without the helmet were about the same. Wearing the helmet resulted in force and stress increasing at the vertebral body and disc. But the helmet did protect the occipitoatalntal joint from dislocation. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the grant NSC94-2213E010q302 5276 We-Th, no. 26 (P60) Finite element simulation of pelvis during a backward fall S. Majumder 1, A. Roychowdhury 1, S. Pal 2. 1Department efApplied
Mechanics, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur Howrah, West Bengal, India, 2School of Bie-science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Injuries due to backward fall [1,2], apart from sideways fall, are also a major health problem, particularly among the aged populations [3]. The objective of this study was to simulate real life backward fall to understand and quantity the responses of pelvis and to predict the injury. Based on CT scan, a three-dimensional nonlinear and non-homogeneous [4] finite element model of human pelvis-femur complex with soft tissue [5] and spring-dashpot-mass representation of whole body [6] was developed. For body weight of 77.47 kg and average impact velocity of 2.55m/s [1], this detailed FE model could simulate the real life backward fall configuration (800 angle between the trunk and impacting floor [2]). This FE model predicted the pelvic injury situation under 16.743 kN impact load on the basis of principal strain, in terms of location and nature of injury. This information would be helpful for a better design of safety structures such as 'safety flooring' for the 'nursing home' or 'home for the aged'. References [1] Sandier and Robinovitch. An analysis of the effect of lower extremity strength on impact severity during a backward fall. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2001; 123: 590-598. [2] McGill and Callaghan. Impact forces following the unexpected removal of a chair while sitting. Accident analysis prevention 1999; 31: 85-89. [3] Tinetti et al. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England Journal of medicine 1988; 319: 1701-1707. [4] Keyak and Falkinstein. Comparison of in situ and in vitro CT scan-based finite element model predictions of proximal femoral fracture load. Medical Engineering & Physics 2003; 25: 781-787. [5] Bandak et al. On the development of an osseo-ligamentous fnite element model of the human ankle joint. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2001; 38: 1681-1697. [6] Nigam and Malik. A study on a vibratory model of a human body. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1987; 109: 148-153.
5.10. Ergonomics 6767 We-Th, no. 27 (P60) Effect of second handle positions on EMG activities during snow shoveling H. Yanagi 1, N. Yamamoto 2, K. Miyakoshi 1, P. Wu 1, R. Fukushima 1, T. Isaka 3.
1Satellite Venture Business Laboratory, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, 2japanese Red Cress Hokkaido College of Nursing, Kitami, Japan, 3 Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan Snow shoveling is hard manual labor in cold, northern regions in the winter. This paper examines the performance of shoveling snow using a modified shovel and its effect on elbow bending. We confirmed that when using a modified shovel with a second handle, stooping and squatting was reduced, while the amount of elbow bending increased (Yanagi et al., 2004, 2005). Thus, this study attempted to determine how different second handle positions affect the EMG activities during the shoveling of snow. Four right-handed male subjects volunteered to participate in the laboratory experiments. Different types of shovels were compared in the study, a regular shovel and modified shovels with a second handle mounted at the three different positions of the main shaft. Subjects used one of the four different shovels for each test, and
Journal of Biomechanics 2006, Vol. 39 (Suppl 1)
7565 We-Th, no. 23 (P60) Utilization o f MADYMO to determine and verify occupant kinematics, kinetics and injury mechanisms during a real world collision A. Bartsch, D. Morr, J. Wiechel. SEA, Columbus, Ohio, USA Authors [1-10] have utilized MADYMO to correlate occupant kinetics and subsequent injury mechanisms in real-world accidents toisolated body regions. In this paper, the kinetics, kinematics and injury mechanisms of an unbelted occupant were modeled in MADYMO v6.2. Injuries to the head, neck, face, shoulder, thorax, abdomen and thigh were reproduced in the MADYMO simulation. Based on this simulation, a comparison of injuries was made using a scenario where the driver was wearing a three-point lap and shoulder restraint. It was shown that occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms can be closely replicated and occupant kinetics can be computed qualitatively in MADYMO without the use of crash testing. MADYMO is a 3D computer modeling tool used for occupant safety analysis; it is less frequently utilized as a to verity occupant motion or to determine occupant injury potential during real world impacts. One reason for reduced MADYMO usage in these areas is that validation for occupant safety typically involves crash testing, which is not feasible for most accident reconstruction and biomechanical analyses. Therefore, it is very desirable to find a method to determine occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms without crash testing. This paper provides a detailed description of the accident reconstruction including verification with HVE3D, construction of the MADYMO model, the iterations necessary to correlate the model with both the reconstruction analysis and occupant injury mechanisms and the correlation to real world brain injuries including utilizing NHTSA SIMon. Creation of a valid MADYMO model for reconstruction purposes can be accomplished without crash testing, but rather by fully utilizing the results from vehicle inspections, scene survey data, medical injury records and witness statements. This type of analysis requires the knowledge of an experienced accident reconstructionist to calculate the appropriate vehicle collision dynamics along with the skills of a biomechanical engineer to determine injury mechanisms and body response to input forces. References [1] Coley G, 2001. [2] Liu Xuejun, 2005. [3] LeGlatin N, 2002. [4] Moran SG, 2004. [5] Norin H, 1992. [6] Sochor MR, 2004. [7] Steffan H, 2000. [8] Steffan H, 1999. [9] Venkataramana MP, 2005. [10] VanRooij L, 2002 5560 We-Th, no. 24 (P60) Evaluation of wheelchair occupant safety in frontal & side impact of wheelchair loaded vehicle by Computer Simulation Analysis Method (Adams+Lifemod) S.M. Kim, I.C. Yang, S.Y. Park, M.P. Lee. Department ef Biomedical
Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea In this study, in order to perform a safety assessment of the effects of frontal and side impacts on wheelchair occupants, a sled impact test was performed. Each test was carried out a total of 6 times using Hybrid 1550th percentile male dummy in both lightweight and electric wheelchairs. We estimated MC (Motion Criteria), CIC (Combined Injury Criteria), HIC (Head Injury Criteria), and HNIC (Head and Neck Injury Criteria) by computer simulation method and compared the result with measured data. The computer simulation methodology is utilized by ADAMS+LifeMOD, which is able to analyze the musculoskeletal structure problem of human body. By completing this study, we are able to make an assessment of risk analysis on both the wheelchair occupant and the wheelchair. Through this study, it may be efficient way of analyzing impact problem with more precise approach and lead to set the safety standards of wheelchairs loaded on the vehicle. 5413 We-Th, no. 25 (P60) The cervical spine injury pattern without and with helmet in motorcycle accident S.-W. Yang 1, '~-L. Cheng 1, K.H. Yang 2, S.-J. Hsieh 1. 1Institute efBiemedical
Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Motorcycle is a convenient transportation especially in developing countries. Due to lack of protection enclosure, the accident always involves in fatal death or paralysis. Wearing the helmet has been proven that it can effectively protect and reduce the head injury, but studies also showed that the cervical spine injury has been increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate the advert effect of the helmet in cervical spine injury.
Poster Presentations The ligamentary finite element model of head to C7 was modeled and analyzed using LS-DYNA3D. The results showed that at 3.2 m/s impact speed, without wearing the helmet the highest effective stresses were located at the posterior of C3-4 disc, the values are 83.5Mpa (at time of 8.8msec) and 57.9Mpa (4.2msec) for 150 and -150 impact angle, respectively. After wearing the helmet, the maximum stress was located at C7-T1 and it increased to 92.9 Mpa (18.3msec) and 77.8Mpa (23.6msec) for ±1 °, respectively. The maximum normal impact force was located at C1 (5689 N, 3.6 msec) and C7 (7988 N, 4.0 msec) for ±15 °, respectively. The maximum shear force was at C6 (2254 N, 13.0msec, +150 and C5 (2933N, 9.4msec, -15°). After wearing the helmet, the forces were increased but time delayed. The maximum normal impact force for 150 was at the C1 (9028N, 17msec) and for -150 was at C4 (9640 N, 23.4 msec). The largest shear force of 3538 N/18.5 msec at C1 and 2442 N/23.4 msec at C4 were found for ±15 °, respectively. All cases showed the dens had type III fracture and second order bucking at C4-5 disc. The injury patterns with or without the helmet were about the same. Wearing the helmet resulted in force and stress increasing at the vertebral body and disc. But the helmet did protect the occipitoatalntal joint from dislocation. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the grant NSC94-2213E010q302 5276 We-Th, no. 26 (P60) Finite element simulation of pelvis during a backward fall S. Majumder 1, A. Roychowdhury 1, S. Pal 2. 1Department efApplied
Mechanics, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur Howrah, West Bengal, India, 2School of Bie-science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Injuries due to backward fall [1,2], apart from sideways fall, are also a major health problem, particularly among the aged populations [3]. The objective of this study was to simulate real life backward fall to understand and quantity the responses of pelvis and to predict the injury. Based on CT scan, a three-dimensional nonlinear and non-homogeneous [4] finite element model of human pelvis-femur complex with soft tissue [5] and spring-dashpot-mass representation of whole body [6] was developed. For body weight of 77.47 kg and average impact velocity of 2.55m/s [1], this detailed FE model could simulate the real life backward fall configuration (800 angle between the trunk and impacting floor [2]). This FE model predicted the pelvic injury situation under 16.743 kN impact load on the basis of principal strain, in terms of location and nature of injury. This information would be helpful for a better design of safety structures such as 'safety flooring' for the 'nursing home' or 'home for the aged'. References [1] Sandier and Robinovitch. An analysis of the effect of lower extremity strength on impact severity during a backward fall. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2001; 123: 590-598. [2] McGill and Callaghan. Impact forces following the unexpected removal of a chair while sitting. Accident analysis prevention 1999; 31: 85-89. [3] Tinetti et al. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. New England Journal of medicine 1988; 319: 1701-1707. [4] Keyak and Falkinstein. Comparison of in situ and in vitro CT scan-based finite element model predictions of proximal femoral fracture load. Medical Engineering & Physics 2003; 25: 781-787. [5] Bandak et al. On the development of an osseo-ligamentous fnite element model of the human ankle joint. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2001; 38: 1681-1697. [6] Nigam and Malik. A study on a vibratory model of a human body. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1987; 109: 148-153.
5.10. Ergonomics 6767 We-Th, no. 27 (P60) Effect of second handle positions on EMG activities during snow shoveling H. Yanagi 1, N. Yamamoto 2, K. Miyakoshi 1, P. Wu 1, R. Fukushima 1, T. Isaka 3.
1Satellite Venture Business Laboratory, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, 2japanese Red Cress Hokkaido College of Nursing, Kitami, Japan, 3 Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan Snow shoveling is hard manual labor in cold, northern regions in the winter. This paper examines the performance of shoveling snow using a modified shovel and its effect on elbow bending. We confirmed that when using a modified shovel with a second handle, stooping and squatting was reduced, while the amount of elbow bending increased (Yanagi et al., 2004, 2005). Thus, this study attempted to determine how different second handle positions affect the EMG activities during the shoveling of snow. Four right-handed male subjects volunteered to participate in the laboratory experiments. Different types of shovels were compared in the study, a regular shovel and modified shovels with a second handle mounted at the three different positions of the main shaft. Subjects used one of the four different shovels for each test, and