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The Concomitant Use of Fat and Methionine in Broiler Diets
The Concomitant Use of Fat and Methionine in Broiler Diets HANS R. ROSENBERG AND J. T. BALDINI Stine Laboratory, Grasselli Chemicals Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Newark, Delaware M. L. SUNDE AND H. R. BIRD Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin AND T. D. RUNNELS Department of Animal and Poultry Industry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware (Received for publication March 28, 1955)
ONSIDERABLE attention has recently been paid to the beneficial effects observed when fat is added to broiler diets. Slinger et al. (1952) and Siedler et al. (1953) studied the effects of fat in poultry rations. Sunde (1954) and Runnels (1955) called particular attention to the valuable increase in feed efficiency attained by the addition of fat to poultry feeds. The use of supplemental DL-methionine and the beneficial effects in growth and in efficiency of feed utilization obtained with practical chick starter and broiler diets are also well known from the work of Bird et al. (1945), Gerry et al. (1948), Saxena and McGinnis (1952), Matterson et al. (1953) and many others. In view of the rapid acceptance of nonfood animal fats in poultry feeds, a study of the combined effect of fat and DL-methionine as supplements in broiler rations was undertaken. Investigation of this problem has been in progress at the Stine Laboratory since the summer of 1953 and similarly designed experiments were carried out at the University of Delaware and the University of Wisconsin during 1954. A summary of the results obtained at these three laboratories is presented in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL
Of the seven experiments which are reported here, five were carried out at the
Stine Laboratory and one each at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Delaware. Similar experimental conditions were maintained at the three laboratories. Day-old New Hampshire chicks were used throughout. Four of the five Stine Laboratory experiments, as well as the University of Wisconsin experiment, were conducted in batteries, while floor pens were used at the University of Delaware and for the fifth experiment at Stine Laboratory. In the battery experiments at the Stine Laboratory, duplicate groups of 16 male birds were employed for each treatment. In the floor pen experiment 70 males and 70 females in two separate groups were assigned to each treatment. At the University of Wisconsin 20 birds of mixed sex and at the University of Delaware 50 male birds were allotted to each treatment. The battery tests at the Stine Laboratory were carried out for eight weeks. All other experiments were run for ten weeks. The basal rations used were of the cornsoybean oil meal type and are shown in Table 1. At the University of Wisconsin and at the Stine Laboratory, Diet A was employed while the very similar Diet B was used at the University of Delaware. At the Stine Laboratory, the fat and methionine supplements were added to the basal ration at the expense of corn. At the University of Wisconsin and at the
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C
FAT AND METHIONINE IN BROILER DIETS
1309
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Ingredient
Total
DietB
Diet C
DietD
54.525 35.000 3.000 3.000
57.7675 35.0000 2.5000
59.060 25.200 3.000
44.278 30.000 5.000 3.000
2.500 1.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 1.750
1.6700
1.250 0.050
1.4500 0.0500
0.250 0.150 0.025 1 1.000
0.2500 0.0500 2 1.0000
1.400 1.000 0.025 0.100 0.500 0.200 0.015 3 1.000
3.000
0.500 0.022 1.000* 2.000 0.200 1.000
0.0500 0.2000 0.0125 100.000
100.0000
100.000
100.000
1
Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: thiamine 0.4 mgs., riboflavin 0.7 mgs., Ca pantothenate 2.2 mgs., niacin 3.5 mgs., pyridoxine 0.7 mgs., biotin 0.02 mgs., menadione 0.08 mgs., inositol 100 mgs., PABA 10 mgs., B12 0.0011 mgs., a-tocopherol 0.5 mgs., folic acid 0.2 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.22 mgs. 2 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.22 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.44 mgs., niacin 0.88 mgs., Bis 0.0011 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.44 mgs. 3 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.33 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.66 mgs., niacin 0.99 mgs., B12 0.0044 mgs. 4 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.32 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.5 mgs., niacin 1 mg., B12 0.0010 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.50 mgs.
University of Delaware the soy-corn ratio was adjusted to keep a constant protein level. Corn oil was used in all the work reported from the Stine Laboratory with the exception of Experiment 4 in which one group of chicks on each treatment was given animal fat (prime beef tallow) while the duplicate group received corn oil. Since there was no significant difference between the action of the two sources of fat the combined averages of the two groups are reported for each treatment. White grease was used at the University of Wisconsin and yellow grease at the University of Delaware. A. The Stine Laboratory Experiments The design and results of each of the five experiments carried out at the Stine
Laboratory are shown in Table 2. The last column gives an average of the individual data. A summary of the overall effects of the treatments in these experments is given in Table 3. There is little or no improvement in weight gain and only a slight improvement in efficiency of feed utilization when the basal diet is supplemented with methionine. When the diet contained 3 % or 6% of fat, an improved performance was observed (both in weight gain and in efficiency of feed utilization). There is a remarkable improvement in the performance when fat and methionine are used concomitantly as supplements. When the effects due to gain and feed efficiency were combined, the effect, as evident from Table 3, is greater than the sum of the effects from fat and
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Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (solv. ext.) Alfalfa meal (dehyd.) Condensed fish solubles Corn gluten meal Dried whey Fish meal Wheat bran Wheat middlings Dicalcium phosphate Steamed bone meal Calcite flour Dry D 1,500 A & D oil (3,000 A, 400 D) Iodized salt Choline chloride (100%) MnS0 4 Vitamin & antibiotic supplement Oyster shell Feeding oil (1,500 A, 300 D) Granite grit Stabilized A 10,000 Choline chloride (25%) Sulfaquinoxaline
Diet A
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ROSENBERG, BALDINI, SUNDE, BIRD AND RUNNELS TABLE 2.—Effects
of VL-methionine and fat on growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Five experiments from Sline Laboratory
EXP. 1
EXP. 2
EXP. 3
EXP. 4
EXP. 5
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Ten wks.
Avg.
Avg.
Treatment Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain (gms.)
Gain
Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain
Gain
te^
Gain
1,240
2.34
1,239
2.45
1.224
2.45
1,563
2.84
1,312
2.48
1,227
2.42
1,580
2.78
1,313
2.45
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain
Gain
1,293
2.33
Diet A + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,322
2.33
Diet A + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,261
2.30
1,277
2.31
1,222
2.45
1,224
2.40
Diet A + 3 % F a t
1,334
2.24
1,294
2.22
1,269
2.34
1,282
2.30
1,511
2.64
1,338
2.35
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,365
2.20
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,357
2.18
1,376
2.19
1,304
2.25
1,271
2.25
1,615
2.64
1,385
2.30
1,304
2.25
Diet A + 6 % F a t
1,364
2.16
1,300
2.19
1,255
2.23
1,556
2.57
1,356*
2.27
Diet A + 6 % F a t + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,311
2.12
Diet A + 6 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,405
2.11
1,283
2.24
1,607
2.51
1,385*
2.25
Diet A + 0 . 1 0 % DL-Methionine
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 1 0 % DL-Methionine
1,303
2.18
Diet A + 9 % F a t
1,284
2.15
Diet A + 9 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,319
2.12
* Averages weighted to correspond to five experiments (by averaging results of Experiments 1, 3 and 4, multiplying the average by four, adding the results of Experiment 5 and dividing by five).
methionine individually. A statistical analysis of the weight gains by the /-test (Snedecor, 1946) showed that this interaction was significant in all but one experiment (Experiment 4). B. The University of Wisconsin Experiment Table 4 gives the four and ten week results of the experiment conducted at the University of Wisconsin. At four weeks neither supplemental fat nor supplemental methionine improved the weight gain attained by the basal diet. However, with both supplements together a distinct improvement in gain was noted. Improvements in the efficiency of feed utilization were observed with both fat and methionine and the concomitant use of these supplements improved feed efficiency even
further. At ten weeks, both methionine and fat improved the weight gain and fat also increased the feed efficiency. The interaction between fat and methionine, noted at four weeks, had largely disappeared, although the trend was still noticeable. TABLE 3.—Summary of five Stine Laboratory experiments on the effect of supplemental VL-methionine and fat on growth and efficiency of feed utilization
Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine Improvement due to 3 % Fat Improvement due to 6% Fat Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine+3% Fat Improvement due to 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine+6% Fat
Gain (gm.)
Feed
1 26 44
-0.03 -0.13 -0.21
73
-0.18
73
-0.23
Gain
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Diet A
FAT AND METHIONINE IN BROILER DIETS
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TABLE 4.—Effect of supplemental fat and DL-methionine on growth and efficiency of feed utilization, University of Wisconsin experiment 10 weeks
4 weeks Feed
Gain (gms.)
Gain
Gain (gms.)
Feed Gain
398U01 384fyl
^ . i s
1,435\ 1,439/ 1,437
2.75\2 7 4 2.73r-'4
DietA+0.05% DL-Methionine
391
2.07
1,496
2.85
Diet A + 5 % Fat
396
1.95
1,558
2.47
Diet A + 5 % F a t + 0.05% DL-Methionine
440
1.91
1,565
2.45
C. The University of Delaware Experiment A factorial design was used to test the effects of DL-methionine, fat, condensed fish solubles and a complete antibioticvitamin mixture providing about twice the amounts of the vitamins recommended by the N.R.C. The outline of the experiment as well as the results at four TABLE 5.—Effect
and ten weeks are shown in Table 5. The methods used for the analysis of the results have been described previously (Runnels, 1954). When the combined data are considered, the gains in weight at ten weeks due to methionine and to fish solubles are highly significant and the interactions between fish solubles and the vita-
of methionine, fat, condensed fish solubles and vitamins on growth and feed utilization, University of Delaware experiment 4 weeks
DietB Diet B + M Diet B +F Diet B + M + F Diet B +V Diet B + M +V Diet B +F+V Diet B + M + F + V Diet B +G Diet B + M +G Diet B +F +G Diet B + M + F +G Diet B +V+G Diet B + M +V+G Diet B +F+V+G Diet B + M + F + V + G
Average wt. (lbs.) .93 .88 .99 1.04 .90 .90 1.03 .96 .90 .93 1.02 1.03 .89 .92 .102 .101
10 weeks Feed
Feed
Gain
Average weight
Gain
Feather score
2.23 2.37 2.13 2.10 2.30 2.13 2.13 2.19 2.15 2.16 2.05 2.00 2.29 2.13 2.03 1.98
3.61 3.54 3.76 3.86 3.58 3.66 3.70 3.74 3.55 3.60 3.72 3.85 3.44 3.81 3.68 3.70
2.93 3.00 2.86 2.80 2.96 2.79 2.87 2.88 2.81 2.82 2.85 2.77 2.90 2.76 2.80 2.73
100 100 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84 94 75 100 92 100
M—DL-methionine added at a level of one pound per ton. F—-Condensed fish solubles (3%). V—Vitamin mixture to supply per 100 gms. of diet: thiamine 0.4, riboflavin 0.48, Ca pantothenate 1.76, niacin2.62,pyridoxine0.7,biotin0.02, menadione0.08,inositol 100, PABA 10,B 12 0.0011,a-tocopherol 0.5, folic acid 0.2, all in mgs. G—Animal grease added a t a level of 60 pounds per ton.
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Diet A
1312
*
ROSENBERG, BALDINI, STJNDE, BIRD AND RUNNELS
TABLE 6.—Summary of the ejects of supplemental DL-methionine and fat. University of Delaware experiment
Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine Improvement due to 3% F a t Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine+3% F a t
Gain (lbs.)
Feed Gain
Feather score
+ .04 -.06
-.04 -.07
+ 2.2 -10.3
+ .08
-.14
+
0.7
D. Exploratory Tests with Different Type Diets In order to determine if this fatmethionine interaction would also be observed on other diets, two four-week tests were carried out at the Stine Laboratory TABLE 7.—Effect
DISCUSSION
In seven experiments from three different laboratories, a slight improvement in performance was obtained when 0.05% DL-methionine was added to a corn-soybean oil meal basal. When 3 % to 6% of fat was added to the basal a considerable improvement, especially in efficiency of feed utilization, was achieved. The concomitant use of fat and methionine was more effective than would have been expected if the effects were purely additive. Two laboratories used a corn-soybean oil meal basal (Diet A) of identical composition. The University of Delaware basal, Diet B, differed from this Diet A in not containing a fish product or a complete vitamin mixture. These two ingredients were, however, added to the basal diet as treatments. Those groups of chicks receiving the fully supplemented Diet B responded as those receiving Diet A in the other laboratories.
of fat and DL-methionine on the performance of diets C and D 10 week data
4 week data Diet C
Diet D Treatment
Basal Basal+DL-Methionine* Basal+Fatf Basal -j-Fatf+Methionine*
Experiment 1 r, • Gam fe1"")
Feed Gain
376 329 386 389
1.80 2.17 1.75 1.70
Experiment 2 Gain Sm-}
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain
fe^
Gain
356 370 390 400
1.96 1.95 1.82 1.77
1,399 1,443 1,472 1,534
3.00 3.12 2.74 2.69
(
* DL-Methionine added at the rate of 0.05%. f 8% Beef tallow added to Diet C, 5 % white grease added to Diet D.
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min mixture and between methionine, fish solubles and the vitamin mixture are significant. The effects due to fat and methionine are shown in Table 6. An interaction is seen both in weight gain and in efficiency of feed utilization. Statistical analysis of the weight gains showed that this interaction is approaching significance. There is also a remarkable effect of these supplements on the feather score. Fat addition to the basal diet resulted in poor feathering but the addition of methionine to the fat-supplemented diet alleviated this defect and brought about essentially normal feather development.
using Diet C with and without 8% beef tallow and a ten-week test was conducted at the University of Wisconsin using Diet D with and without 5% white grease. The results obtained when DL-methionine was added to these diets are summarized in Table 7. The fat-methionine relationship was observed with both diets.
NEWS AND NOTES
On the basis of these experiments it is concluded that, using a simple corn-soy ration, the presence of added fat enhances the response to methionine and that methionine improves the beneficial effects of fat. Further experiments to clarify this role of methionine and fat are in progress. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Bird, H. R., and J. P. Mattingly, 1945. Addition of DL-methionine to starting and growing mashes.
Poultry Sci. 24: 29-33. Gerry, R. W., C. W. Carrick and S. M. Hauge, 1948. Methionine and choline in a simplified chick ration. Poultry Sci. 27: 161-168. Matterson, L. D., L. Decker, E. P. Singsen, A. Kozeff, J. Waddell, C. J. Hasbrouck, H. R. Bird, H. Menge and T. D. Runnels, 1953. The value of supplemental methionine in practical chick starter and broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 32: 817826. Runnels, T. D., 1954. The value of unidentified growth factor supplements in broiler rations. Misc. Publ. No. 199, University of Delaware, Agric. Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. Runnels, T. D., 1955. The value of animal fat in combination with various other ingredients in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 140-144. Saxena, H. C , and J. McGinnis, 1952. Effect of DL-methionine on feed utilization by chicks and turkey poults. Washington Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ. 197. Siedler, A. J., and B. S. Schweigert, 1953. Effect of feeding graded levels of fat with and without choline and antibiotic +Bj2 supplements to chicks. Poultry Sci. 32:449^54. Slinger, S., J. Bergey, W. Pepper, E. Snyder and D. Arthur, 1952. Effect of antibiotics on the protein requirement of broilers. Poultry Sci. 31: 757-764. SnedeCor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods, Fourth Ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Sunde, M. L., 1954. Use of animal fats in poultry feeds. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 31: 49-52.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 1307) Guelph, Canada, in 1928. He was employed in the Department of Poultry Husbandry during the summer of 1927 and in 1928-29. In 1930 he obtained a M.S.A. degree at the University of Toronto. From 1930 to 1934 he was on the staff of the Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and obtained a D.Sc. degree from the CANADA NOTES University of Aberdeen in 1934, specializing in biochemistry and physiology. In 1935 he joined the Dr. A. R. G. Emslie has been appointed Chief of staff of the Chemistry Division, Department of Agrithe Division of Chemistry, Science Service, Canada culture, Ottawa, Canada, as Assistant Chemist. Department of Agriculture. He succeeds Dr. J. C. From 1940-49 he was Head of the Vitamin and Woodward who has been appointed Associate Physiological Chemistry Unit, and in 1949 became Director, Experimental Farms Service. Emslie was born in 1906 in China, and was Head of the Animal Chemistry Unit. educated in China and Scotland. He obtained a He is a member of the Poultry Science AssociaB.S.A. degree at the Ontario Agricultural College, tion, the American Statistical Association, the Bio{Continued on page 1321)
nary practice, and then became Assistant Veterinary Investigation Officer at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. In 1945 he was awarded a Wellcome Research Fellowship and studied at the London School of Hygiene. In 1949 he was appointed to the staff of the Animal Health Trust.
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Using a simple corn-soybean oil meal type diet, a small improvement in performance was observed when 0.05% DLmethionine was added to the ration. The supplementation of the basal ration with 3% to 6% fat of vegetable or animal origin brought about considerable improvement in performance, especially in the efficiency of feed utilization. When both fat and methionine were added an even greater improvement was observed. This fatmethionine interaction was noted in experiments carried out in three different laboratories and was further noted in exploratory experiments with two different diets of more varied composition.
1313
ONSIDERABLE attention has recently been paid to the beneficial effects observed when fat is added to broiler diets. Slinger et al. (1952) and Siedler et al. (1953) studied the effects of fat in poultry rations. Sunde (1954) and Runnels (1955) called particular attention to the valuable increase in feed efficiency attained by the addition of fat to poultry feeds. The use of supplemental DL-methionine and the beneficial effects in growth and in efficiency of feed utilization obtained with practical chick starter and broiler diets are also well known from the work of Bird et al. (1945), Gerry et al. (1948), Saxena and McGinnis (1952), Matterson et al. (1953) and many others. In view of the rapid acceptance of nonfood animal fats in poultry feeds, a study of the combined effect of fat and DL-methionine as supplements in broiler rations was undertaken. Investigation of this problem has been in progress at the Stine Laboratory since the summer of 1953 and similarly designed experiments were carried out at the University of Delaware and the University of Wisconsin during 1954. A summary of the results obtained at these three laboratories is presented in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL
Of the seven experiments which are reported here, five were carried out at the
Stine Laboratory and one each at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Delaware. Similar experimental conditions were maintained at the three laboratories. Day-old New Hampshire chicks were used throughout. Four of the five Stine Laboratory experiments, as well as the University of Wisconsin experiment, were conducted in batteries, while floor pens were used at the University of Delaware and for the fifth experiment at Stine Laboratory. In the battery experiments at the Stine Laboratory, duplicate groups of 16 male birds were employed for each treatment. In the floor pen experiment 70 males and 70 females in two separate groups were assigned to each treatment. At the University of Wisconsin 20 birds of mixed sex and at the University of Delaware 50 male birds were allotted to each treatment. The battery tests at the Stine Laboratory were carried out for eight weeks. All other experiments were run for ten weeks. The basal rations used were of the cornsoybean oil meal type and are shown in Table 1. At the University of Wisconsin and at the Stine Laboratory, Diet A was employed while the very similar Diet B was used at the University of Delaware. At the Stine Laboratory, the fat and methionine supplements were added to the basal ration at the expense of corn. At the University of Wisconsin and at the
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C
FAT AND METHIONINE IN BROILER DIETS
1309
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Ingredient
Total
DietB
Diet C
DietD
54.525 35.000 3.000 3.000
57.7675 35.0000 2.5000
59.060 25.200 3.000
44.278 30.000 5.000 3.000
2.500 1.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 1.750
1.6700
1.250 0.050
1.4500 0.0500
0.250 0.150 0.025 1 1.000
0.2500 0.0500 2 1.0000
1.400 1.000 0.025 0.100 0.500 0.200 0.015 3 1.000
3.000
0.500 0.022 1.000* 2.000 0.200 1.000
0.0500 0.2000 0.0125 100.000
100.0000
100.000
100.000
1
Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: thiamine 0.4 mgs., riboflavin 0.7 mgs., Ca pantothenate 2.2 mgs., niacin 3.5 mgs., pyridoxine 0.7 mgs., biotin 0.02 mgs., menadione 0.08 mgs., inositol 100 mgs., PABA 10 mgs., B12 0.0011 mgs., a-tocopherol 0.5 mgs., folic acid 0.2 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.22 mgs. 2 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.22 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.44 mgs., niacin 0.88 mgs., Bis 0.0011 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.44 mgs. 3 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.33 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.66 mgs., niacin 0.99 mgs., B12 0.0044 mgs. 4 Vitamin mix adds per 100 gms. of diet: riboflavin 0.32 mgs., Ca pantothenate 0.5 mgs., niacin 1 mg., B12 0.0010 mgs., procaine penicillin G 0.50 mgs.
University of Delaware the soy-corn ratio was adjusted to keep a constant protein level. Corn oil was used in all the work reported from the Stine Laboratory with the exception of Experiment 4 in which one group of chicks on each treatment was given animal fat (prime beef tallow) while the duplicate group received corn oil. Since there was no significant difference between the action of the two sources of fat the combined averages of the two groups are reported for each treatment. White grease was used at the University of Wisconsin and yellow grease at the University of Delaware. A. The Stine Laboratory Experiments The design and results of each of the five experiments carried out at the Stine
Laboratory are shown in Table 2. The last column gives an average of the individual data. A summary of the overall effects of the treatments in these experments is given in Table 3. There is little or no improvement in weight gain and only a slight improvement in efficiency of feed utilization when the basal diet is supplemented with methionine. When the diet contained 3 % or 6% of fat, an improved performance was observed (both in weight gain and in efficiency of feed utilization). There is a remarkable improvement in the performance when fat and methionine are used concomitantly as supplements. When the effects due to gain and feed efficiency were combined, the effect, as evident from Table 3, is greater than the sum of the effects from fat and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Universite de Sherbrooke on April 13, 2015
Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (solv. ext.) Alfalfa meal (dehyd.) Condensed fish solubles Corn gluten meal Dried whey Fish meal Wheat bran Wheat middlings Dicalcium phosphate Steamed bone meal Calcite flour Dry D 1,500 A & D oil (3,000 A, 400 D) Iodized salt Choline chloride (100%) MnS0 4 Vitamin & antibiotic supplement Oyster shell Feeding oil (1,500 A, 300 D) Granite grit Stabilized A 10,000 Choline chloride (25%) Sulfaquinoxaline
Diet A
1310
ROSENBERG, BALDINI, SUNDE, BIRD AND RUNNELS TABLE 2.—Effects
of VL-methionine and fat on growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Five experiments from Sline Laboratory
EXP. 1
EXP. 2
EXP. 3
EXP. 4
EXP. 5
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Eight wks.
Ten wks.
Avg.
Avg.
Treatment Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain (gms.)
Gain
Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain
Gain
te^
Gain
1,240
2.34
1,239
2.45
1.224
2.45
1,563
2.84
1,312
2.48
1,227
2.42
1,580
2.78
1,313
2.45
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain (gms.)
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain
Gain
1,293
2.33
Diet A + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,322
2.33
Diet A + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,261
2.30
1,277
2.31
1,222
2.45
1,224
2.40
Diet A + 3 % F a t
1,334
2.24
1,294
2.22
1,269
2.34
1,282
2.30
1,511
2.64
1,338
2.35
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,365
2.20
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,357
2.18
1,376
2.19
1,304
2.25
1,271
2.25
1,615
2.64
1,385
2.30
1,304
2.25
Diet A + 6 % F a t
1,364
2.16
1,300
2.19
1,255
2.23
1,556
2.57
1,356*
2.27
Diet A + 6 % F a t + 0 . 0 2 5 % DL-Methionine
1,311
2.12
Diet A + 6 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,405
2.11
1,283
2.24
1,607
2.51
1,385*
2.25
Diet A + 0 . 1 0 % DL-Methionine
Diet A + 3 % F a t + 0 . 1 0 % DL-Methionine
1,303
2.18
Diet A + 9 % F a t
1,284
2.15
Diet A + 9 % F a t + 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine
1,319
2.12
* Averages weighted to correspond to five experiments (by averaging results of Experiments 1, 3 and 4, multiplying the average by four, adding the results of Experiment 5 and dividing by five).
methionine individually. A statistical analysis of the weight gains by the /-test (Snedecor, 1946) showed that this interaction was significant in all but one experiment (Experiment 4). B. The University of Wisconsin Experiment Table 4 gives the four and ten week results of the experiment conducted at the University of Wisconsin. At four weeks neither supplemental fat nor supplemental methionine improved the weight gain attained by the basal diet. However, with both supplements together a distinct improvement in gain was noted. Improvements in the efficiency of feed utilization were observed with both fat and methionine and the concomitant use of these supplements improved feed efficiency even
further. At ten weeks, both methionine and fat improved the weight gain and fat also increased the feed efficiency. The interaction between fat and methionine, noted at four weeks, had largely disappeared, although the trend was still noticeable. TABLE 3.—Summary of five Stine Laboratory experiments on the effect of supplemental VL-methionine and fat on growth and efficiency of feed utilization
Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine Improvement due to 3 % Fat Improvement due to 6% Fat Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine+3% Fat Improvement due to 0 . 0 5 % DL-Methionine+6% Fat
Gain (gm.)
Feed
1 26 44
-0.03 -0.13 -0.21
73
-0.18
73
-0.23
Gain
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Diet A
FAT AND METHIONINE IN BROILER DIETS
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TABLE 4.—Effect of supplemental fat and DL-methionine on growth and efficiency of feed utilization, University of Wisconsin experiment 10 weeks
4 weeks Feed
Gain (gms.)
Gain
Gain (gms.)
Feed Gain
398U01 384fyl
^ . i s
1,435\ 1,439/ 1,437
2.75\2 7 4 2.73r-'4
DietA+0.05% DL-Methionine
391
2.07
1,496
2.85
Diet A + 5 % Fat
396
1.95
1,558
2.47
Diet A + 5 % F a t + 0.05% DL-Methionine
440
1.91
1,565
2.45
C. The University of Delaware Experiment A factorial design was used to test the effects of DL-methionine, fat, condensed fish solubles and a complete antibioticvitamin mixture providing about twice the amounts of the vitamins recommended by the N.R.C. The outline of the experiment as well as the results at four TABLE 5.—Effect
and ten weeks are shown in Table 5. The methods used for the analysis of the results have been described previously (Runnels, 1954). When the combined data are considered, the gains in weight at ten weeks due to methionine and to fish solubles are highly significant and the interactions between fish solubles and the vita-
of methionine, fat, condensed fish solubles and vitamins on growth and feed utilization, University of Delaware experiment 4 weeks
DietB Diet B + M Diet B +F Diet B + M + F Diet B +V Diet B + M +V Diet B +F+V Diet B + M + F + V Diet B +G Diet B + M +G Diet B +F +G Diet B + M + F +G Diet B +V+G Diet B + M +V+G Diet B +F+V+G Diet B + M + F + V + G
Average wt. (lbs.) .93 .88 .99 1.04 .90 .90 1.03 .96 .90 .93 1.02 1.03 .89 .92 .102 .101
10 weeks Feed
Feed
Gain
Average weight
Gain
Feather score
2.23 2.37 2.13 2.10 2.30 2.13 2.13 2.19 2.15 2.16 2.05 2.00 2.29 2.13 2.03 1.98
3.61 3.54 3.76 3.86 3.58 3.66 3.70 3.74 3.55 3.60 3.72 3.85 3.44 3.81 3.68 3.70
2.93 3.00 2.86 2.80 2.96 2.79 2.87 2.88 2.81 2.82 2.85 2.77 2.90 2.76 2.80 2.73
100 100 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84 94 75 100 92 100
M—DL-methionine added at a level of one pound per ton. F—-Condensed fish solubles (3%). V—Vitamin mixture to supply per 100 gms. of diet: thiamine 0.4, riboflavin 0.48, Ca pantothenate 1.76, niacin2.62,pyridoxine0.7,biotin0.02, menadione0.08,inositol 100, PABA 10,B 12 0.0011,a-tocopherol 0.5, folic acid 0.2, all in mgs. G—Animal grease added a t a level of 60 pounds per ton.
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Diet A
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*
ROSENBERG, BALDINI, STJNDE, BIRD AND RUNNELS
TABLE 6.—Summary of the ejects of supplemental DL-methionine and fat. University of Delaware experiment
Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine Improvement due to 3% F a t Improvement due to 0.05% DL-Methionine+3% F a t
Gain (lbs.)
Feed Gain
Feather score
+ .04 -.06
-.04 -.07
+ 2.2 -10.3
+ .08
-.14
+
0.7
D. Exploratory Tests with Different Type Diets In order to determine if this fatmethionine interaction would also be observed on other diets, two four-week tests were carried out at the Stine Laboratory TABLE 7.—Effect
DISCUSSION
In seven experiments from three different laboratories, a slight improvement in performance was obtained when 0.05% DL-methionine was added to a corn-soybean oil meal basal. When 3 % to 6% of fat was added to the basal a considerable improvement, especially in efficiency of feed utilization, was achieved. The concomitant use of fat and methionine was more effective than would have been expected if the effects were purely additive. Two laboratories used a corn-soybean oil meal basal (Diet A) of identical composition. The University of Delaware basal, Diet B, differed from this Diet A in not containing a fish product or a complete vitamin mixture. These two ingredients were, however, added to the basal diet as treatments. Those groups of chicks receiving the fully supplemented Diet B responded as those receiving Diet A in the other laboratories.
of fat and DL-methionine on the performance of diets C and D 10 week data
4 week data Diet C
Diet D Treatment
Basal Basal+DL-Methionine* Basal+Fatf Basal -j-Fatf+Methionine*
Experiment 1 r, • Gam fe1"")
Feed Gain
376 329 386 389
1.80 2.17 1.75 1.70
Experiment 2 Gain Sm-}
Feed
Gain
Feed
Gain
fe^
Gain
356 370 390 400
1.96 1.95 1.82 1.77
1,399 1,443 1,472 1,534
3.00 3.12 2.74 2.69
(
* DL-Methionine added at the rate of 0.05%. f 8% Beef tallow added to Diet C, 5 % white grease added to Diet D.
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min mixture and between methionine, fish solubles and the vitamin mixture are significant. The effects due to fat and methionine are shown in Table 6. An interaction is seen both in weight gain and in efficiency of feed utilization. Statistical analysis of the weight gains showed that this interaction is approaching significance. There is also a remarkable effect of these supplements on the feather score. Fat addition to the basal diet resulted in poor feathering but the addition of methionine to the fat-supplemented diet alleviated this defect and brought about essentially normal feather development.
using Diet C with and without 8% beef tallow and a ten-week test was conducted at the University of Wisconsin using Diet D with and without 5% white grease. The results obtained when DL-methionine was added to these diets are summarized in Table 7. The fat-methionine relationship was observed with both diets.
NEWS AND NOTES
On the basis of these experiments it is concluded that, using a simple corn-soy ration, the presence of added fat enhances the response to methionine and that methionine improves the beneficial effects of fat. Further experiments to clarify this role of methionine and fat are in progress. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Bird, H. R., and J. P. Mattingly, 1945. Addition of DL-methionine to starting and growing mashes.
Poultry Sci. 24: 29-33. Gerry, R. W., C. W. Carrick and S. M. Hauge, 1948. Methionine and choline in a simplified chick ration. Poultry Sci. 27: 161-168. Matterson, L. D., L. Decker, E. P. Singsen, A. Kozeff, J. Waddell, C. J. Hasbrouck, H. R. Bird, H. Menge and T. D. Runnels, 1953. The value of supplemental methionine in practical chick starter and broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 32: 817826. Runnels, T. D., 1954. The value of unidentified growth factor supplements in broiler rations. Misc. Publ. No. 199, University of Delaware, Agric. Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. Runnels, T. D., 1955. The value of animal fat in combination with various other ingredients in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 140-144. Saxena, H. C , and J. McGinnis, 1952. Effect of DL-methionine on feed utilization by chicks and turkey poults. Washington Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ. 197. Siedler, A. J., and B. S. Schweigert, 1953. Effect of feeding graded levels of fat with and without choline and antibiotic +Bj2 supplements to chicks. Poultry Sci. 32:449^54. Slinger, S., J. Bergey, W. Pepper, E. Snyder and D. Arthur, 1952. Effect of antibiotics on the protein requirement of broilers. Poultry Sci. 31: 757-764. SnedeCor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods, Fourth Ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Sunde, M. L., 1954. Use of animal fats in poultry feeds. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 31: 49-52.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 1307) Guelph, Canada, in 1928. He was employed in the Department of Poultry Husbandry during the summer of 1927 and in 1928-29. In 1930 he obtained a M.S.A. degree at the University of Toronto. From 1930 to 1934 he was on the staff of the Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and obtained a D.Sc. degree from the CANADA NOTES University of Aberdeen in 1934, specializing in biochemistry and physiology. In 1935 he joined the Dr. A. R. G. Emslie has been appointed Chief of staff of the Chemistry Division, Department of Agrithe Division of Chemistry, Science Service, Canada culture, Ottawa, Canada, as Assistant Chemist. Department of Agriculture. He succeeds Dr. J. C. From 1940-49 he was Head of the Vitamin and Woodward who has been appointed Associate Physiological Chemistry Unit, and in 1949 became Director, Experimental Farms Service. Emslie was born in 1906 in China, and was Head of the Animal Chemistry Unit. educated in China and Scotland. He obtained a He is a member of the Poultry Science AssociaB.S.A. degree at the Ontario Agricultural College, tion, the American Statistical Association, the Bio{Continued on page 1321)
nary practice, and then became Assistant Veterinary Investigation Officer at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. In 1945 he was awarded a Wellcome Research Fellowship and studied at the London School of Hygiene. In 1949 he was appointed to the staff of the Animal Health Trust.
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Using a simple corn-soybean oil meal type diet, a small improvement in performance was observed when 0.05% DLmethionine was added to the ration. The supplementation of the basal ration with 3% to 6% fat of vegetable or animal origin brought about considerable improvement in performance, especially in the efficiency of feed utilization. When both fat and methionine were added an even greater improvement was observed. This fatmethionine interaction was noted in experiments carried out in three different laboratories and was further noted in exploratory experiments with two different diets of more varied composition.
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