The demand for travel and the gasoline crisis

PUBLICATIONSIN REVIEW t a k e n at centres far away from the island itself. The financial beneficiaries of t o u r i s m have not been the local population b u t the foreign t o u r operators. Cultural c h a n g e has been a c o n t i n u o u s process a n d has resulted in a n evaporation of traditional values a n d beliefs. Although t h i s c a n n o t be a t t r i b u t e d solely to tourism, the first years of massive tourist arrivals did accelerate the process of des t r u c t i o n of still existing customs. The environmental d e s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n caused by a n d is a direct result of economic exploitation based on the capitalist principle of m a x i m u m profit. In the long r u n it leads to i n a d e q u a t e use of n a t u r a l resources a n d to the nonutilization of the h a b i t a t for the benefit of the c o m m u n i t y . The rural t r a n s f o r m a t i o n d u e to t o u r i s m is a n example of m o d e r n i z a t i o n b u t not of development. • Operationalizing E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p a n d Administration: Controllers in Large Hospitals a n d Hotels. Robert William Moore, Ph.D. Claremont Graduate School, 1977 [October 1977:2230]. Entrepreneurial work is the b u s i n e s s of c r e a t i n g a new tomorrow; of redirecting resources from declining to growing areas. Administration, on the o t h e r hand, is work marked by economic considerations: optim i z i n g the yield on w h a t is already b e i n g done. The three objectives of t h i s s t u d y are to operationalize the c o n s t r u c t s of entrepreneurship a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in t e r m s of the controllers job" to b r i n g one's u n d e r s t a n d i n g of controllership u p to date; to explore some of the organizational d e t e r m i n a n t s a n d the controller's demographic characteristics as they relate to t h e s e constructs. Because the service sector typifies m o d e r n industry, controllers were r a n d o m l y selected from large hotels a n d hospitals, organizations t h a t c o m b i n e c o n t r a s t and similarity. Controllers a n d their peers a n d superiors who m a d e up the top m a n a g e m e n t t e a m assessed the controllers' involvement in specific decision. Five factors emerged from the analysis that accounted for 62% of t h e variance. TWo factors were clearly entrepreneurial in scope a n d three were administrative. Even t h o u g h factors were s o u g h t from a c o m m o n pool they were f o u n d to d i s c r i m i n a t e between two industries. Hospital controllers scored h i g h e r on the entrepreneurial a n d hotel controllers on the administrative factors. • The D e m a n d for Travel a n d the Gasoline Crisis. William C a r t e r Lee, Ph.D. University of California, S a n t a Barbara, 1976 [October 1977:2243]. Using traffic c o u n t d a t a f u r n i s h e d by the State of California, D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , this s t u d y analyzes the d e m a n d for gasoline a n d different k i n d s of work a n d leisure travel in 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH

611

PUBLICATIONS IN REVIEW

California from 1970-1975. Empirical results of the o r d i n a r y least s q u a r e s regressions s h o w the price elasticity of gasoline a n d travel to be quite inelastic. The results also s u g g e s t t h a t leisure oriented travel is less price a n d income sensitive t h a n work oriented travel a n d t h a t travel a n d gasoline are affected by seasonal variation. The s t u d y also devotes a c h a p t e r to a n investigation of the gasoline crisis a n d s h o w s the gross welfare loss of r a t i o n i n g gasoline. In a d d i t i o n it was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t the m e t h o d of r a t i o n i n g was inefficient because the true price of gasoline was not the same in all uses. • An Economic Analysis of Fee Versus Non-Fee Recreational Areas at Three O k l a h o m a Lakes. Ronald Wayne Presley, Ph.D. O k l a h o m a State University, 1975 [March 1977: 5948]. To compare a n d c o n t r a s t fee a n d non-fee area u s e r s at the Tenkiller, Fort Cubson, a n d Eufala lakes in Oklahoma. The specific objectives are to analyze traditional aspects of providing water-based outdoor recreation by public institutions; to analyze c o n s u m p t i o n activities related to the above; to e s t i m a t e d e m a n d curves for the above; a n d to analyze implications for f u t u r e water-based recreation policy. Questionnaire-based d a t a is analyzed to identify similarities or differences between the two groups. The s t u d y f o u n d t h a t greater n u m b e r of visitors were from a n area t h a t c o n t a i n e d a major city a n d the l e n g t h of stay was s i m i l a r across all classifications. The analysis of facility preferences indicated t h a t u s e r s desire more utility type facilities (i.e., showers, flush-type toilets, electric hookups) as opposed to activity related facilities s u c h as s w i m m i n g areas a n d boat ramps. No significant differences were f o u n d between the d e m a n d curves, of the two groups, u s i n g the econometric model. All elasticity coefficients indicate inelasticity. • A New Product Design Model: The Case of a C a r i b b e a n Resort Destination. Richard Allen Bjorklund, D.BA. I n d i a n a University 1977 [July 1977:447]. The model designed in t h i s s t u d y is a new p r o d u c t w h i c h is a C a r i b b e a n resort d e s t i n a t i o n , w h e r e resort d e s t i n a t i o n is a f u n c t i o n of hotel designs a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l attractiveness. Since there is more t h a n one hotel at a resort d e s t i n a t i o n the model d e s i g n s m a n y hotels that m i g h t be t h o u g h t of as a new p r o d u c t line. The model defines a hotel u s i n g the design a t t r i b u t e s c o n s u m e r s use to evaluate hotels. A preference a n a l y s i s is undert a k e n a n d an iteratlve h e u r i s t i c search is developed t h a t allows each p e r s o n in the sample to design a more satisfying hotel. The n u m b e r of rooms, potential a n d m e a n utility at each hotel is developed. Hotels t h a t are u n p r o f i t a b l e are eliminated a n d c o n s u m e r s not 612

1982 ANNALS O F T O U R I S M R E S E A R C H