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The development of an abbreviated form of the revised Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia
0191-8869/92 $5.00+O.OO
Person. indioid. 01% Vol. 13, No. 4,pp. 443449, 1992 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
Copyright 0 I992 Pergamon Press plc
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ABBREVIATED FORM OF THE REVISED EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE (EPQR-A): ITS USE AMONG STUDENTS IN ENGLAND, CANADA, THE U.S.A. AND AUSTRALIA
LESLIE J. FRANCIS,’ LAURENCE B. BROWN’ and
RONALD PHILIPCHALK~
‘Manse1 Jones Fellow, Trinity College, Carmarthen Dyfed SA31 3EP, Wales, rThe University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia and 3Department of Psychology, Trinity Western University, 7600 Clover Road, Langley, British Columbia, Canada V3A 6H4 (Received 9 June 1991)
Summary-An abbreviated form of the EPQR, consisting of four scales of 6 items each, is developed from the 48-item short form EPQR. The reliability of the scales of this abbreviated questionnaire, together with their correlations with the longer parent scales of the short form EPQR and the well established EPQ, are explored among samples of 685 students from England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. The data are presented for the four cultural contexts separately. The 24-item abbreviated EPQR (EPQR-A) is recommended as a reliable functional equivalent to the 48-item short form EPQR (EPQR-S). Attention is drawn to the need for further research and development to improve short indices of psychoticism.
INTRODUCTION
One of the consequences of the continued development and refinement of the Eysenckian Scales for the measurement of personality among adults has been a progressive increase in their length. The early Maudsley Medical Questionnaire (MMQ) contains 40 items (Eysenck, 1952), the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) contains 48 items (Eysenck, 1959), the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) contains 57 items (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1964a), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) contains 90 items (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR) contains 100 items (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985). This increase in length can be accounted for by the introduction of an additional dimension of personality within Eysenck’s scheme (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1976) and by the psychometric principle that greater length enhances reliability (Gulliksen, 1950; Lord & Novick, 1968). There are, however, some practical disadvantages in long tests. In particular, there are numerous occasions when a research project would benefit from including a personality measure, but when an additional 90 or 100 items would increase the overall questionnaire to an unacceptable length. In recognition of this fact, Eysenck (1958) undertook to develop and test two short indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism, each containing only 6 items, for use among adults and based on the MPI. He reported split-half reliabilities of 0.79 for Neuroticism and 0.71 for Extraversion. These short scales were used, for example, among a quota sample of the English population by Eysenck (1960) among neurotic patients by Crookes and Hutt (1963) and among an urban population by Shaw and Hare (1965). They have been employed to study the relationship between personality and job incentives (Rim, 1961) religious belief (Brown, 1962), risk taking (Rim, 1964), the Archimedes spiral aftereffect (Knowles and Krasner, 1965), occupational choice (Sinha, 1966), psychomotor performance (McDonald & Parker, 1971), stress (Hare, Payne, Laurence & Rawnsley, 1972), driving record (Smith & Kirkham, 1981), consumer behaviour (Potter, 1984) consumer cognition (Coshall & Potter, 1986) coping styles (Rim, 1987), handedness (Lester, 1987) and adult psychiatric distress (Rodgers, 1990). This short form of the MPI continued in use long after the full version had given place to the more recent EPI and EPQ. Six-item indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism were subsequently developed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1964b) for use among adults, based on the EPI. Reliability coefficients are not quoted 443
444
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
for this scale. Floderus (1974) also developed 9-item indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism based on the EPI for use among adults. Again reliability coefficients are not published for this scale. Floderus’ short scales were used to explore the relationships between personality and smoking by McCrae, Costa and Bosse (1978). More recently, Eysenck, Eysenck and Barrett (1985) devised a short form of the EPQR for use among adults. In this form the four indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale each contain 12 items. They report reliabilities for males and females respectively of 0.84 and 0.80 for Neuroticism, 0.88 and 0.84 for Extraversion, 0.62 and 0.61 for Psychoticism, and 0.77 and 0.73 for the Lie Scale. This short EPQR has, as yet, received comparatively little use, apart from studies like those of Raine and Manders (1988), Francis and Pearson (1988) Pearson (1989, 1990a, 1990b), Heaven (1990) and Lester (1990). Although the short scale EPQR was explicitly developed ‘for use when time is very limited’, it could well be the case that researchers find a 48-item questionnaire still too long for convenience and consequently either omit personality variables from their questionnaire surveys or employ the earlier and more limited measures based on the MPI. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to develop an abbreviated form of the short scale EPQR in which the four dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale are measured by 6 items each. Given the importance of cross-cultural studies in personality research (Barrett & Eysenck, 1984) this development is based on data from England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. Given the importance of maintaining continuity between successive editions of Eysenck’s personality measures (Rocklin & Revelle, 1981), these new scales will be compared with those from the established EPQ.
METHOD
All the items in the EPQ (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and the EPQR-S (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985) were answered by 685 undergraduate students, including 59 men and 153 women in England, 57 men and 92 women in Canada, 51 men and 81 women in the U.S.A. and 53 men and 139 women in Australia. The data were analysed by the SPSSX statistical package (SPSS Inc. 1988).
RESULTS
The first step in data analysis involved computing item rest of test correlations for each of the four scales of the short form EPQR (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale) for each of the four national groups separately. The figures are displayed in Table 1. Since the Australian survey had omitted some of the items from the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale, this part of the table is left blank. From this table it can be seen that the scales of the short form EPQR perform quite similarly in the four groups. On the basis of these correlations the 6 items from each scale that performed best across the four contexts were selected to constitute abbreviated forms of the scales (EPQR-A). These items are presented in the Appendix in the same order in which they appear in the short form EPQR, together with an indication of the scale to which they belong and the direction in which they are scored. Table 2 examines the reliability of the EPQR-A measures of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale, in terms of the Cronbach alpha coefficient (Cronbach, 1951), in comparison with the longer measures provided by the short form EPQR and the EPQ, for the four separate groups. Table 3 presents the correlations between the EPQR-A scores of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale and the scores recorded on the short form EPQR and the EPQ, for the four groups separately. Table 4 presents the correlations between the four scales of the EPQR-A in the four separate groups and compares them with correlations from the short term EPQR. Table 5 presents the partial correlations for the same sets of variables after controlling for sex differences.
Use of EPQR-A Table 1. The Extraversion 3 7 II 15 19 23 27 32 36 41 44 48 Neuroticism I 5 9 I3 I7 21 25 30 34 38 42 46 Lie Scale 4 8 I2 I6 20 24 29 33 31 40 45 47
item rest of test correlations
445
for the four scales of the EPQR-S
in England,
Canada,
the U.S.A. and Australia
England
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
Are you a talkative person? Are you rather lively? Do you enjoy meeting new people? Can you usually let yourself go and enjoy yourself at a lively party? Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends? Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party? Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions? Do you like mixing with people? Do you like plenty of bustle and excitement around you? Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people? Do other people think of you as being very lively? Can you get a party going?
0.6394 0.6556 0.2983 0.4671
0.5796 0.6462 0.3381 0.478 I
0.5604 0.5436 0.1611 0.3993
0.5068 0.4242 0.2595 0.4058
0.5313 0.5179 0.631 I 0.3412 0.4174 0.5405 0.6574 0.5367
0.6137 0.5348 0.6805 0.5288 0.4091 0.7104 0.6698 0.5301
0.4961 0.5197 0.5881 0.3900 0.4245 0.6470 0.5978 0.5522
0.3068 0.4897 0.4677 0.3631 0.2505 0.4647 0.5879 0.5397
Does your mood often go up and down? Do you ever feel ‘just miserable’ for no reason? Are you an irritable person? Are your feelings easily hurt? Do you often feel ‘fed-up’? Would you call yourself a nervous person? Are you a worrier? Would you call yourself tense or ‘highly strung’? Do you worry too long after an embarrassing experience? Do you suffer from ‘nerves’? Do you often feel lonely? Are you often troubled about feelings of guilt?
0.4978 0.3403 0.4020 0.4251 0.6089 0.5656 0.5538 0.4368 0.4508 0.4943 0.5302 0.4684
0.4725 0.4304 0.3 I57 0.4744 0.4049 0.5330 0.5013 0.41 I4 0.4927 0.5471 0.4127 0.3896
0.4877 0.3815 0.2934 0.4369 0.4857 0.41 I9 0.5459 0.3519 0.3884 0.4758 0.5229 0.3813
0.3972 0.3436 0.4016 0.4151 0.5109 0.5727 0.5939 0.4439 0.3556 0.5635 0.3276 0.5343
If you say you will do something, do you always keep your promise no matter how inconvenient it might be? Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything? Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault? Are aN your habits good and desirable ones? Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else? Have you ever broken or lost something belonging to someone else? Have you ever said anything bad or nasty about anyone? As a child were you ever cheeky to your parents? Have you ever cheated at a game? Have you ever taken advantage of someone? Do you always practice what you preach? Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you ought to do today?
0.2465
0.2915
0.3727
0.2077
0.3381
0.4713
0.3892
0.5141
0.471 I
0.4067
0.4621
0.3845
0.2750 0.3241
0.2100 0.3309
0.1604 0.2091
0.2680 0.3842
0.2714
0.2342
0.3252
0.3796
0.0945 0.1861 0.3627 0.4564 0.2989 0.1213
0.3469 0.2920 0.4242 0.4831 0.3699 0.2479
0.1516 0.2598 0.3167 0.3475 0.3379 0.2014
0.2968 0.3822 0.3399 0.4052 0.3866 0.1382
0.0897 0.2945 0.2132
0.0750 0.1620 0.1988
-0.1152 0.0777 0.2338
0.3302 0.2312 0.1524
0.4383 0.0750 0.0999
0.2081 0.1048 0.1890
0.0947 0.3375 0.1479
0.0818 0.1333 0.1155
0.1790 0.1087 0.1823
0.0887 0.1014 0.2655
0.1428 0.0467 0.1703
0.2095 -0.0638 0.0477
Psychoticism 2 Do you take much notice of what people think? 6 Would being in debt worry you? IO Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects? I4 Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules? IX Do good manners and cleanliness matter much to you? 22 Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with? 26 Do you enjoy co-operating with others? 28 Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? 31 Do you think people spend too much time safeguarding their future with savings and insurance? 35 Do you try not to be rude to people? 39 Would you like other people to be afraid of you? 43 Is it better to follow society’s rules than go your own way?
DISCUSSION Reliability
As predicted from test construction theory (Gulliksen, 1950; Lord & Novick, 1968), these shorter scales recorded lower reliability coefficients than the longer scales from which they were derived. Nevertheless, the EPQR-A Extraversion Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.74 and 0.84 and the Neuroticism Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.70 and 0.77, which is impressive for scales of only 6 items each. The EPQR-A Lie Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.59 PAID 13/&E
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
446 Table 2. Reliability
coefficients for the EPQR-A,
short form EPQR and EPQ in England, Canada, and Australia Cronbach’s
Personality dimension
England
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
6 12 21
0.8238 0.8520 0.8524
0.8375 0.8725 0.8864
0.8061 0.8361 0.8420
0.7384 0.7828 0.8212
6 12 23
0.7659 0.8265 0.8542
0.6961 0.8034 0.8376
0.7192 0.7899 0.8441
0.7271 0.8076 0.8486
EPQ
6 I2 21
0.6257 0.6545 0.7599
0.6504 0.7015 0.7067
0.5893 0.6600 0.7317
0.6528 0.7087 0.7531
EPQR-A EPQR-S EPO
6 I2 25
0.5187 0.5138 0.7286
0.3886 0.4063 0.3672
0.3285 0.3142 0.5799
0.5854
EPQR-A EPQR-S
EPQ Neuroticism
EPQR-A EPQR-S
EPQ Lie Scale
EPQR-A EPQR-S
Psychoticism
Table
alpha
N items
Scale
Extraversion
the U.S.A.
3. Correlations
between the EPQR-A England. Canada.
Scales and the short form EPQR the U.S.A. and Australia
and the EPQ in
Personality dimension
Correlate
Eneland
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
Extraversion
EPQR-S
+0.9495 + 0.9042
+ 0.9536 +0.9022
f0.9352 +0.8970
f0.9252 +0.8376
+ 0.9424 +0.8786
+ 0.9320 +0.8917
+ 0.9295 +0.8899
+0.9232 +0.8801
+0.9165 +0.8541
+ 0.9246 f0.8373
+0.8907 +0.8458
+0.91 IO +0.8599
+ 0.8690 +0.5237
+0.8746 +0.5101
+ 0.8009 +0.4401
EPQ Neuroticism
EPQR-S
EPQ Lie Scale
EPQR-S
EPQ Psychoticism
EPQR-S
EPQ
and 0.65 which is less impressive but still satisfactory for a 6-item scale and in line with the lower reliability of the Lie Scale in the longer questionnaires. A problem emerges, however, in relationship to the EPQR-A Psychoticism Scale where the alpha coefficients ranged between 0.33 and 0.52. This problem is shared among the present samples of students by the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale, from which the abridged form was derived. Measures of psychoticism are a more recent addition to Eysenck’s model of personality and the early forms suffered from a variety of psychometric faults (Bishop, 1977; Block, 1977). While independent studies have confirmed the improved pychometric properties of the measure of Psychoticism in the full EPQR (Torrubia & Muntaner, 1987; Corulla, 1987), it would seem that further consideration still needs to be given to the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale. Meanwhile
Table 4. Correlations England,
between Canada,
the indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Lie Scale in the U.S.A. and Australia for the EPQR-A and the EPQR-S
E&N
E&L
N&L
E&P
N&P
L&P
-0.2006 0.001 -0.3627 0.001 -0.1551 0.05 -0.0016 NS
-0.0775 NS -0.1397 0.05 -0.0496 NS -0.1734 0.05
-0.0281 NS -0.0350 NS +0.1382 NS -0.1592 0.05
+0.1705 0.01 +0.1439 NS +O. I527 0.05
+0.2028 0.001 +0.0480 NS -0.1239 NS
+ 0.0442 NS -0.0679 NS -0.2167 0.01
-0.2223 0.001 -0.3735 0.001 -0.1599 0.05 +0.0130 NS
- 0.0898 NS -0.1322 NS -0.1451 NS -0.1830 0.01
- 0.0890 NS -0.0559 NS +0.0689 NS -0.1511 0.05
+0.0845 NS +0.2172 0.01 f0.0828 NS
f0.1275 0.05 -0.0559 NS -0.0390 NS
+0.0157 NS + 0.0332 NS f0.1399 NS
EPQR-A
England Canada U.S.A. Australia EPQR-S
England Canada U.S.A. Australia
447
Use of EPQR-A Table 5. Partial correlations between the indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Lie Scale in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia for the EPQR-A and the EPQR-S controlling for sex differences E&N EPQR-A England Canada U.S.A. Australia EPQR-S England Canada U.S.A. Australia
E&L
N&L
E&P
N&P
L&P
-0.2230 0.001 -0.3645 0.001 -0.1700 0.05 -0.0094 NS
-0.0940 NS -0.1407 0.05 -0.1140 NS -0.1729 0.05
-0.0913 NS -0.0230 NS f0.1338 NS -0.1282 0.05
+ 0.0999 NS +0.1495 0.05 +0.1608 0.05
+0.1392 0.05 +0.0773 NS -0.1237 NS
+0.0515 NS -0.1058 NS -0.2200 0.01
-0.2001 0.01 -0.3779 0.001 -0.1915 0.05 -0.0162 NS
- 0.0809 NS -0.1364 NS -0.1818 0.05 -0.1717 0.05
-0.0254 NS -0.0239 NS f0.0542 NS -0.1576 0.05
+0.1819 0.01 +0.2218 0.01 +0.1066 NS
f0.2028 0.01 +0.0408 NS -0.0287 NS
+0.0739 NS -0.0131 NS -0.1290 NS
the present data demonstrate the EPQR-S 1Zitem scale.
that the EPQR-A
6-item Psychoticism
Scale is no less reliable
than
Validity Concurrent validity of the EPQR-A scales of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale can be assessed through their correlations with the parent short form EPQR scales. Correlations between the two versions of the Extraversion (+0.93 through +0.95), Neuroticism (+0.92 through +0.94) and Lie (+0.90 through +0.92) Scales are all highly satisfactory, while correlations between the two forms of the Psychoticism Scale (+ 0.80 through +0.87) are acceptable. These figures indicate that the abbreviated scales mirror thoroughly the personality dimensions covered by the longer parent scales and commend the EPQR-A Scales as abbreviated functional equivalents of the short form EPQR. Correlations between the EPQR-A and the EPQ indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism and the Lie Scale, which all range between +0.84 and +0.90, also support the similarity between these abbreviated scales and the well established EPQ measures. The considerably lower correlations between the EPQR-A and the EPQ Psychoticism Scales is consistent with the intention of the EPQR to modify the earlier form of this construct.
Intercorrelations The pattern of inter-correlations and partial correlations between the scales of the EPQR-A is very similar to the pattern recorded between the scales of the short form EPQR, which lends further support to the functional equivalence of the two sets of indices. Generally the Lie Scale is independent of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Psychoticism. There is a slight tendency for Psychoticism to be positively correlated with Extraversion and Neuroticism and a more pronounced tendency for Extraversion to be negatively correlated with Neuroticism.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of these results, from four national contexts, the reliability and validity of the 6-item scales of the EPQR-A can be recommended as a functional equivalent to the short form EPQR, when the research context does not adequately permit the application of the 48-item EPQR-S or the full loo-item EPQR. At the same time, while both the EPQR-A and EPQR-S Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie Scale demonstrate impressive psychometric properties, these data emphasize the need for further research and development to produce more reliable short indices of psychoticism.
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
448
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Use of EPQR-A
449
APPENDIX The EPQR-A
Item
Key
Scale
1
Yes Yes No
N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
No Yes No
No Yes No
Yes Yes
E P E L P L P N L N P E N
E P L N L E N
P E L
Does your mood often go up and down? Are you a talkative person? Would being in debt worry you? Are you rather lively? Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything? Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects? Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault? Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules? Do you often feel ‘fed-up’? Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else? Would you call yourself a nervous person? Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with? Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party? Are you a worrier? Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions? Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? Have you ever cheated at a game? Do you suffer from ‘nerves’? Have you ever taken advantage of someone? Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people? Do you often feel lonely? Is it better to follow society’s rules than go your own way? Do other people think of you as being very lively? Do you always practice what you preach?
Person. indioid. 01% Vol. 13, No. 4,pp. 443449, 1992 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
Copyright 0 I992 Pergamon Press plc
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ABBREVIATED FORM OF THE REVISED EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE (EPQR-A): ITS USE AMONG STUDENTS IN ENGLAND, CANADA, THE U.S.A. AND AUSTRALIA
LESLIE J. FRANCIS,’ LAURENCE B. BROWN’ and
RONALD PHILIPCHALK~
‘Manse1 Jones Fellow, Trinity College, Carmarthen Dyfed SA31 3EP, Wales, rThe University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia and 3Department of Psychology, Trinity Western University, 7600 Clover Road, Langley, British Columbia, Canada V3A 6H4 (Received 9 June 1991)
Summary-An abbreviated form of the EPQR, consisting of four scales of 6 items each, is developed from the 48-item short form EPQR. The reliability of the scales of this abbreviated questionnaire, together with their correlations with the longer parent scales of the short form EPQR and the well established EPQ, are explored among samples of 685 students from England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. The data are presented for the four cultural contexts separately. The 24-item abbreviated EPQR (EPQR-A) is recommended as a reliable functional equivalent to the 48-item short form EPQR (EPQR-S). Attention is drawn to the need for further research and development to improve short indices of psychoticism.
INTRODUCTION
One of the consequences of the continued development and refinement of the Eysenckian Scales for the measurement of personality among adults has been a progressive increase in their length. The early Maudsley Medical Questionnaire (MMQ) contains 40 items (Eysenck, 1952), the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) contains 48 items (Eysenck, 1959), the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) contains 57 items (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1964a), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) contains 90 items (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR) contains 100 items (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985). This increase in length can be accounted for by the introduction of an additional dimension of personality within Eysenck’s scheme (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1976) and by the psychometric principle that greater length enhances reliability (Gulliksen, 1950; Lord & Novick, 1968). There are, however, some practical disadvantages in long tests. In particular, there are numerous occasions when a research project would benefit from including a personality measure, but when an additional 90 or 100 items would increase the overall questionnaire to an unacceptable length. In recognition of this fact, Eysenck (1958) undertook to develop and test two short indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism, each containing only 6 items, for use among adults and based on the MPI. He reported split-half reliabilities of 0.79 for Neuroticism and 0.71 for Extraversion. These short scales were used, for example, among a quota sample of the English population by Eysenck (1960) among neurotic patients by Crookes and Hutt (1963) and among an urban population by Shaw and Hare (1965). They have been employed to study the relationship between personality and job incentives (Rim, 1961) religious belief (Brown, 1962), risk taking (Rim, 1964), the Archimedes spiral aftereffect (Knowles and Krasner, 1965), occupational choice (Sinha, 1966), psychomotor performance (McDonald & Parker, 1971), stress (Hare, Payne, Laurence & Rawnsley, 1972), driving record (Smith & Kirkham, 1981), consumer behaviour (Potter, 1984) consumer cognition (Coshall & Potter, 1986) coping styles (Rim, 1987), handedness (Lester, 1987) and adult psychiatric distress (Rodgers, 1990). This short form of the MPI continued in use long after the full version had given place to the more recent EPI and EPQ. Six-item indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism were subsequently developed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1964b) for use among adults, based on the EPI. Reliability coefficients are not quoted 443
444
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
for this scale. Floderus (1974) also developed 9-item indices of Extraversion and Neuroticism based on the EPI for use among adults. Again reliability coefficients are not published for this scale. Floderus’ short scales were used to explore the relationships between personality and smoking by McCrae, Costa and Bosse (1978). More recently, Eysenck, Eysenck and Barrett (1985) devised a short form of the EPQR for use among adults. In this form the four indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale each contain 12 items. They report reliabilities for males and females respectively of 0.84 and 0.80 for Neuroticism, 0.88 and 0.84 for Extraversion, 0.62 and 0.61 for Psychoticism, and 0.77 and 0.73 for the Lie Scale. This short EPQR has, as yet, received comparatively little use, apart from studies like those of Raine and Manders (1988), Francis and Pearson (1988) Pearson (1989, 1990a, 1990b), Heaven (1990) and Lester (1990). Although the short scale EPQR was explicitly developed ‘for use when time is very limited’, it could well be the case that researchers find a 48-item questionnaire still too long for convenience and consequently either omit personality variables from their questionnaire surveys or employ the earlier and more limited measures based on the MPI. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to develop an abbreviated form of the short scale EPQR in which the four dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale are measured by 6 items each. Given the importance of cross-cultural studies in personality research (Barrett & Eysenck, 1984) this development is based on data from England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. Given the importance of maintaining continuity between successive editions of Eysenck’s personality measures (Rocklin & Revelle, 1981), these new scales will be compared with those from the established EPQ.
METHOD
All the items in the EPQ (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and the EPQR-S (Eysenck, Eysenck & Barrett, 1985) were answered by 685 undergraduate students, including 59 men and 153 women in England, 57 men and 92 women in Canada, 51 men and 81 women in the U.S.A. and 53 men and 139 women in Australia. The data were analysed by the SPSSX statistical package (SPSS Inc. 1988).
RESULTS
The first step in data analysis involved computing item rest of test correlations for each of the four scales of the short form EPQR (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale) for each of the four national groups separately. The figures are displayed in Table 1. Since the Australian survey had omitted some of the items from the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale, this part of the table is left blank. From this table it can be seen that the scales of the short form EPQR perform quite similarly in the four groups. On the basis of these correlations the 6 items from each scale that performed best across the four contexts were selected to constitute abbreviated forms of the scales (EPQR-A). These items are presented in the Appendix in the same order in which they appear in the short form EPQR, together with an indication of the scale to which they belong and the direction in which they are scored. Table 2 examines the reliability of the EPQR-A measures of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale, in terms of the Cronbach alpha coefficient (Cronbach, 1951), in comparison with the longer measures provided by the short form EPQR and the EPQ, for the four separate groups. Table 3 presents the correlations between the EPQR-A scores of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale and the scores recorded on the short form EPQR and the EPQ, for the four groups separately. Table 4 presents the correlations between the four scales of the EPQR-A in the four separate groups and compares them with correlations from the short term EPQR. Table 5 presents the partial correlations for the same sets of variables after controlling for sex differences.
Use of EPQR-A Table 1. The Extraversion 3 7 II 15 19 23 27 32 36 41 44 48 Neuroticism I 5 9 I3 I7 21 25 30 34 38 42 46 Lie Scale 4 8 I2 I6 20 24 29 33 31 40 45 47
item rest of test correlations
445
for the four scales of the EPQR-S
in England,
Canada,
the U.S.A. and Australia
England
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
Are you a talkative person? Are you rather lively? Do you enjoy meeting new people? Can you usually let yourself go and enjoy yourself at a lively party? Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends? Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party? Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions? Do you like mixing with people? Do you like plenty of bustle and excitement around you? Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people? Do other people think of you as being very lively? Can you get a party going?
0.6394 0.6556 0.2983 0.4671
0.5796 0.6462 0.3381 0.478 I
0.5604 0.5436 0.1611 0.3993
0.5068 0.4242 0.2595 0.4058
0.5313 0.5179 0.631 I 0.3412 0.4174 0.5405 0.6574 0.5367
0.6137 0.5348 0.6805 0.5288 0.4091 0.7104 0.6698 0.5301
0.4961 0.5197 0.5881 0.3900 0.4245 0.6470 0.5978 0.5522
0.3068 0.4897 0.4677 0.3631 0.2505 0.4647 0.5879 0.5397
Does your mood often go up and down? Do you ever feel ‘just miserable’ for no reason? Are you an irritable person? Are your feelings easily hurt? Do you often feel ‘fed-up’? Would you call yourself a nervous person? Are you a worrier? Would you call yourself tense or ‘highly strung’? Do you worry too long after an embarrassing experience? Do you suffer from ‘nerves’? Do you often feel lonely? Are you often troubled about feelings of guilt?
0.4978 0.3403 0.4020 0.4251 0.6089 0.5656 0.5538 0.4368 0.4508 0.4943 0.5302 0.4684
0.4725 0.4304 0.3 I57 0.4744 0.4049 0.5330 0.5013 0.41 I4 0.4927 0.5471 0.4127 0.3896
0.4877 0.3815 0.2934 0.4369 0.4857 0.41 I9 0.5459 0.3519 0.3884 0.4758 0.5229 0.3813
0.3972 0.3436 0.4016 0.4151 0.5109 0.5727 0.5939 0.4439 0.3556 0.5635 0.3276 0.5343
If you say you will do something, do you always keep your promise no matter how inconvenient it might be? Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything? Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault? Are aN your habits good and desirable ones? Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else? Have you ever broken or lost something belonging to someone else? Have you ever said anything bad or nasty about anyone? As a child were you ever cheeky to your parents? Have you ever cheated at a game? Have you ever taken advantage of someone? Do you always practice what you preach? Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you ought to do today?
0.2465
0.2915
0.3727
0.2077
0.3381
0.4713
0.3892
0.5141
0.471 I
0.4067
0.4621
0.3845
0.2750 0.3241
0.2100 0.3309
0.1604 0.2091
0.2680 0.3842
0.2714
0.2342
0.3252
0.3796
0.0945 0.1861 0.3627 0.4564 0.2989 0.1213
0.3469 0.2920 0.4242 0.4831 0.3699 0.2479
0.1516 0.2598 0.3167 0.3475 0.3379 0.2014
0.2968 0.3822 0.3399 0.4052 0.3866 0.1382
0.0897 0.2945 0.2132
0.0750 0.1620 0.1988
-0.1152 0.0777 0.2338
0.3302 0.2312 0.1524
0.4383 0.0750 0.0999
0.2081 0.1048 0.1890
0.0947 0.3375 0.1479
0.0818 0.1333 0.1155
0.1790 0.1087 0.1823
0.0887 0.1014 0.2655
0.1428 0.0467 0.1703
0.2095 -0.0638 0.0477
Psychoticism 2 Do you take much notice of what people think? 6 Would being in debt worry you? IO Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects? I4 Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules? IX Do good manners and cleanliness matter much to you? 22 Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with? 26 Do you enjoy co-operating with others? 28 Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? 31 Do you think people spend too much time safeguarding their future with savings and insurance? 35 Do you try not to be rude to people? 39 Would you like other people to be afraid of you? 43 Is it better to follow society’s rules than go your own way?
DISCUSSION Reliability
As predicted from test construction theory (Gulliksen, 1950; Lord & Novick, 1968), these shorter scales recorded lower reliability coefficients than the longer scales from which they were derived. Nevertheless, the EPQR-A Extraversion Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.74 and 0.84 and the Neuroticism Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.70 and 0.77, which is impressive for scales of only 6 items each. The EPQR-A Lie Scale recorded alpha coefficients between 0.59 PAID 13/&E
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
446 Table 2. Reliability
coefficients for the EPQR-A,
short form EPQR and EPQ in England, Canada, and Australia Cronbach’s
Personality dimension
England
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
6 12 21
0.8238 0.8520 0.8524
0.8375 0.8725 0.8864
0.8061 0.8361 0.8420
0.7384 0.7828 0.8212
6 12 23
0.7659 0.8265 0.8542
0.6961 0.8034 0.8376
0.7192 0.7899 0.8441
0.7271 0.8076 0.8486
EPQ
6 I2 21
0.6257 0.6545 0.7599
0.6504 0.7015 0.7067
0.5893 0.6600 0.7317
0.6528 0.7087 0.7531
EPQR-A EPQR-S EPO
6 I2 25
0.5187 0.5138 0.7286
0.3886 0.4063 0.3672
0.3285 0.3142 0.5799
0.5854
EPQR-A EPQR-S
EPQ Neuroticism
EPQR-A EPQR-S
EPQ Lie Scale
EPQR-A EPQR-S
Psychoticism
Table
alpha
N items
Scale
Extraversion
the U.S.A.
3. Correlations
between the EPQR-A England. Canada.
Scales and the short form EPQR the U.S.A. and Australia
and the EPQ in
Personality dimension
Correlate
Eneland
Canada
U.S.A.
Australia
Extraversion
EPQR-S
+0.9495 + 0.9042
+ 0.9536 +0.9022
f0.9352 +0.8970
f0.9252 +0.8376
+ 0.9424 +0.8786
+ 0.9320 +0.8917
+ 0.9295 +0.8899
+0.9232 +0.8801
+0.9165 +0.8541
+ 0.9246 f0.8373
+0.8907 +0.8458
+0.91 IO +0.8599
+ 0.8690 +0.5237
+0.8746 +0.5101
+ 0.8009 +0.4401
EPQ Neuroticism
EPQR-S
EPQ Lie Scale
EPQR-S
EPQ Psychoticism
EPQR-S
EPQ
and 0.65 which is less impressive but still satisfactory for a 6-item scale and in line with the lower reliability of the Lie Scale in the longer questionnaires. A problem emerges, however, in relationship to the EPQR-A Psychoticism Scale where the alpha coefficients ranged between 0.33 and 0.52. This problem is shared among the present samples of students by the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale, from which the abridged form was derived. Measures of psychoticism are a more recent addition to Eysenck’s model of personality and the early forms suffered from a variety of psychometric faults (Bishop, 1977; Block, 1977). While independent studies have confirmed the improved pychometric properties of the measure of Psychoticism in the full EPQR (Torrubia & Muntaner, 1987; Corulla, 1987), it would seem that further consideration still needs to be given to the short form EPQR Psychoticism Scale. Meanwhile
Table 4. Correlations England,
between Canada,
the indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Lie Scale in the U.S.A. and Australia for the EPQR-A and the EPQR-S
E&N
E&L
N&L
E&P
N&P
L&P
-0.2006 0.001 -0.3627 0.001 -0.1551 0.05 -0.0016 NS
-0.0775 NS -0.1397 0.05 -0.0496 NS -0.1734 0.05
-0.0281 NS -0.0350 NS +0.1382 NS -0.1592 0.05
+0.1705 0.01 +0.1439 NS +O. I527 0.05
+0.2028 0.001 +0.0480 NS -0.1239 NS
+ 0.0442 NS -0.0679 NS -0.2167 0.01
-0.2223 0.001 -0.3735 0.001 -0.1599 0.05 +0.0130 NS
- 0.0898 NS -0.1322 NS -0.1451 NS -0.1830 0.01
- 0.0890 NS -0.0559 NS +0.0689 NS -0.1511 0.05
+0.0845 NS +0.2172 0.01 f0.0828 NS
f0.1275 0.05 -0.0559 NS -0.0390 NS
+0.0157 NS + 0.0332 NS f0.1399 NS
EPQR-A
England Canada U.S.A. Australia EPQR-S
England Canada U.S.A. Australia
447
Use of EPQR-A Table 5. Partial correlations between the indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Lie Scale in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia for the EPQR-A and the EPQR-S controlling for sex differences E&N EPQR-A England Canada U.S.A. Australia EPQR-S England Canada U.S.A. Australia
E&L
N&L
E&P
N&P
L&P
-0.2230 0.001 -0.3645 0.001 -0.1700 0.05 -0.0094 NS
-0.0940 NS -0.1407 0.05 -0.1140 NS -0.1729 0.05
-0.0913 NS -0.0230 NS f0.1338 NS -0.1282 0.05
+ 0.0999 NS +0.1495 0.05 +0.1608 0.05
+0.1392 0.05 +0.0773 NS -0.1237 NS
+0.0515 NS -0.1058 NS -0.2200 0.01
-0.2001 0.01 -0.3779 0.001 -0.1915 0.05 -0.0162 NS
- 0.0809 NS -0.1364 NS -0.1818 0.05 -0.1717 0.05
-0.0254 NS -0.0239 NS f0.0542 NS -0.1576 0.05
+0.1819 0.01 +0.2218 0.01 +0.1066 NS
f0.2028 0.01 +0.0408 NS -0.0287 NS
+0.0739 NS -0.0131 NS -0.1290 NS
the present data demonstrate the EPQR-S 1Zitem scale.
that the EPQR-A
6-item Psychoticism
Scale is no less reliable
than
Validity Concurrent validity of the EPQR-A scales of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and the Lie Scale can be assessed through their correlations with the parent short form EPQR scales. Correlations between the two versions of the Extraversion (+0.93 through +0.95), Neuroticism (+0.92 through +0.94) and Lie (+0.90 through +0.92) Scales are all highly satisfactory, while correlations between the two forms of the Psychoticism Scale (+ 0.80 through +0.87) are acceptable. These figures indicate that the abbreviated scales mirror thoroughly the personality dimensions covered by the longer parent scales and commend the EPQR-A Scales as abbreviated functional equivalents of the short form EPQR. Correlations between the EPQR-A and the EPQ indices of Extraversion, Neuroticism and the Lie Scale, which all range between +0.84 and +0.90, also support the similarity between these abbreviated scales and the well established EPQ measures. The considerably lower correlations between the EPQR-A and the EPQ Psychoticism Scales is consistent with the intention of the EPQR to modify the earlier form of this construct.
Intercorrelations The pattern of inter-correlations and partial correlations between the scales of the EPQR-A is very similar to the pattern recorded between the scales of the short form EPQR, which lends further support to the functional equivalence of the two sets of indices. Generally the Lie Scale is independent of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Psychoticism. There is a slight tendency for Psychoticism to be positively correlated with Extraversion and Neuroticism and a more pronounced tendency for Extraversion to be negatively correlated with Neuroticism.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of these results, from four national contexts, the reliability and validity of the 6-item scales of the EPQR-A can be recommended as a functional equivalent to the short form EPQR, when the research context does not adequately permit the application of the 48-item EPQR-S or the full loo-item EPQR. At the same time, while both the EPQR-A and EPQR-S Extraversion, Neuroticism and Lie Scale demonstrate impressive psychometric properties, these data emphasize the need for further research and development to produce more reliable short indices of psychoticism.
LESLIEJ. FRANCISet al.
448
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Use of EPQR-A
449
APPENDIX The EPQR-A
Item
Key
Scale
1
Yes Yes No
N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
No Yes No
No Yes No
Yes Yes
E P E L P L P N L N P E N
E P L N L E N
P E L
Does your mood often go up and down? Are you a talkative person? Would being in debt worry you? Are you rather lively? Were you ever greedy by helping yourself to more than your share of anything? Would you take drugs which may have strange or dangerous effects? Have you ever blamed someone for doing something you knew was really your fault? Do you prefer to go your own way rather than act by the rules? Do you often feel ‘fed-up’? Have you ever taken anything (even a pin or button) that belonged to someone else? Would you call yourself a nervous person? Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be done away with? Can you easily get some life into a rather dull party? Are you a worrier? Do you tend to keep in the background on social occasions? Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? Have you ever cheated at a game? Do you suffer from ‘nerves’? Have you ever taken advantage of someone? Are you mostly quiet when you are with other people? Do you often feel lonely? Is it better to follow society’s rules than go your own way? Do other people think of you as being very lively? Do you always practice what you preach?