The dietary supplementation of canthaxanthin in combination with 25OHD3 results in reproductive, performance, and progeny quality gains in broiler breeders

The dietary supplementation of canthaxanthin in combination with 25OHD3 results in reproductive, performance, and progeny quality gains in broiler breeders

∗

Department of Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil; † Departament of Animal Nutrition and Production, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil; ‡ Departament of Animal Reproduction, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and § DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, Brazil ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of canthaxanthin and cholecalciferol (25OHD3 ) to broiler breeders and their progenies on their performance. Eighty 25-wk-old Cobb 500 broiler breeders were distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 experimental treatments, with 10 replicates of 4 birds each. The treatments consisted of the supplementation or not of a corn–soybean meal diet with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 to broiler breeders fed from 25 to 62 wk of age. Egg production, fertility, hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, embryonic mortality, and egg specific gravity were evaluated. Breeders were inseminated at 35, 45, and 62 wk of age, the eggs were incubated, and the performance of the progenies was evaluated. From the progeny of each breeder age, 300 male chicks were distributed according to a completely

randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (chicks from breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 and chicks supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 ), totaling 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 15 birds each. Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 were supplied to the chicks until 21 D of age. The combination of canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 , containing 69 mg of 25OHD3 and 6 g of canthaxanthin, was supplemented at 1 kg/t of feed. Breeders supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 showed higher egg production, total hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, and lower early embryo mortality compared with those fed the control diet. Broilers from breeders fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 and supplemented with this additive up to 21 D of age presented a better feed conversion ratio and higher carcass and breast yields than those derived from nonsupplemented breeders.

Key words: carotenoid, eggshell quality, incubation, performance, vitamin D 2019 Poultry Science 98:5801–5808 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez377

INTRODUCTION The main objective of broiler breeder operations is to produce as many good-quality chicks as possible. This requires proper bird management, biosecurity programs, animal welfare practices, and, in particular, adequate nutrition. Nutrition is key because some nutrients supplied in the diet are transferred to the eggs and utilized for embryonic development (Saunders-Blades and Korver, 2015). Canthaxanthin and cholecalciferol (25OHD3 ) are essential nutrients for the production of good-quality chicks. Canthaxanthin is a carotenoid that has a high antioxidant activity, alleviating lipid peroxidation in several tissues, including in embryos, whose development is associated with a high oxidative activity (Surai © 2019 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received March 1, 2019. Accepted June 9, 2019. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]

et al., 2003). In birds, canthaxanthin is mainly deposited in the liver, skin, fat, and egg yolk (Esatbeyoglu and Rimbach, 2016), protecting the embryo during the early stages of development against oxidative stress and, consequently, reducing embryo mortality (Karadas et al., 2005; Robert et al., 2007). Vitamin D3 metabolites include 25OHD3 , which is biologically more active than vitamin D3 and less toxic than the metabolite 1,25OHD3 (Soares et al., 1995), making its inclusion safer in commercial poultry diets (Ward, 1995). Similarly to canthaxanthin, there is a strong relationship between vitamin D levels in broiler breeder diets and its deposition in the egg yolk (Saunders-Blades and Korver, 2015). In poultry, vitamin D is essential for bone maintenance and improves chick quality through its transfer in the egg to the developing embryo (Saunders-Blades and Korver, 2014). According to Mattila et al. (2011), 25OHD3 supplementation in broiler breeder diets increases its deposition in the egg, improving hatchability and chick quality,

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L. F. Araujo,∗,1 C. S. S. Araujo,† R. J. G. Pereira,‡ L. C. Bittencourt,§ C. C. Silva,§ F. Cisneros,§ R. G. Hermes,§ Y. G. A. Sartore,† and M. T. Dias†

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Table 1. Ingredients and calculated and analyzed composition of broiler breeder diets. Ingredients (%)

Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3

51.95 6.00 26.19 5.07 8.07 1.53 0.38 0.04 0.22 0.05 0.40 0.10 0.00 100.00

51.95 6.00 26.19 5.07 8.07 1.53 0.38 0.04 0.22 0.05 0.40 0.00 0.10 100.00

2900 15.50 3.50 0.42 0.60 0.80

2900 15.50 3.50 0.42 0.60 0.80

7160 2850 59 – –

6240 2110 66 81 7.84

1 Composition per kg diet: vitamin A (vitamin A acetate) 7,300 IU; cholecalciferol 2,800 IU; vitamin E (nonspecific source) 70 IU; menadione, 1.4 mg; vitamin B12 , 16.7 μg; choline, 576 mg; riboflavin, 7.6 mg; niacin, 50 mg; D-biotin, 0.09 mg; pyridoxine, 1.4 mg; ethoxyquin, 42.6 mg; Mn, 83 mg; Zn, 75 mg; Fe, 42.6 mg; Cu, 10.6 mg; I, 1.5 mg.

as well as the growth rate and feed efficiency of the progeny. Coto et al. (2010) observed higher egg production, eggshell thickness, and hatchability of fertile eggs in broiler breeders fed diets supplemented with 25OHD3 . Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of canthaxanthin or 25OHD3 supplementation of the maternal diet on the reproductive parameters of broiler breeders and on the live performance and carcass yield of their progenies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment I—Broiler Breeders Birds and Management Birds used in the present study were managed according to the directives of the Committee of Ethics and Use of Animals of the University of São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Eighty 21-wk-old Cobb 500 broilers breeders were housed in an air-conditioned shed with negative pressure and evaporative panels. Birds were subjected to an adaptation period between 21 and 24 wk of age, during which a prelaying diet, without the evaluated product, was fed. At 25 wk of age, birds were individually weighed and distributed according to a completely randomized design in 2 treatments (T1—control diet; T2—control diet supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 ), with 10 replicates per treatment and of 4

Experiment II—Progeny Birds and Management The fertile eggs (n = 650) of the breeders inseminated at 35, 45, and 62 wk of age were incubated in a single-stage incubator (PAS Reform Incubator, Zeddam, the Netherlands) for 21 D, under standard conditions as recommended by the manufacturer. On day 10 of incubation, eggs were candled and infertile eggs were removed. On day 18 of incubation, eggs were transferred to the hatcher. At day 21 of incubation, unhatched eggs were opened to determine the stage of embryonic mortality. After hatch and feather sexing, 300 chicks (150 males and 150 females) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement

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Corn Wheat middlings Soybean meal Soybean oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt Lysine DL-methionine Threonine Mineral-vitamin supplement1 Inert material Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 Total Calculated nutritional levels Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Crude protein, % Calcium, % Available phosphorus, % Met + Cys, % Lysine, % Analyzed nutritional levels Vitamin A, IU/kg Vitamin D3 , IU/kg Vitamin E, mg/kg 25OHD3 , µg/kg Canthaxanthin, mg/kg

Control

birds each. Canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 were supplemented as a blend at the level of 1 kg/mt and contained 69 mg of 25OHD3 and 6 g of canthaxanthin. The diets were based on corn and soybean meal, formulated to contain equal nutrient levels (Table 1), and supplied as mash. Birds were fed from 25 to 62 wk of age. Broilers breeders were housed in 1.00 × 1.20 m pens, equipped with a nipple drinker, a trough feeder, and a nest. The management practices as well as the lighting program were applied according to the recommendations of the genetic company manual (Cobb-Vantress, 2013). Artificial Insemination Semen was individually collected from 12 roosters, and 50-µL semen ejaculate samples were diluted in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to a final concentration of 100 × 106 sperm/mL. The roosters were housed in the same shed as the females and received a common diet supplemented with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 (69 mg and 6 g, respectively). Females were inseminated 10 D before the expected incubation date. Females were inseminated at 35, 45, and 62 wk of age using a single semen dose. Eggs were collected for 7 D, starting 2 D after insemination. Until the last day of the egg collection period, eggs were stored in an air-conditioned room with temperature between 17°C and 18°C. Evaluated Parameters Egg specific gravity was used as eggshell quality parameter and measured in eggs laid during the last 2 D of weeks 34, 44, and 51. The collected eggs were immersed in saline solutions with graded densities (1065, 1070, 1075, 1080, 1085, 1090, and 1095 g/cm3 ). The eggs of breeders inseminated at 35, 45, and 62 wk of age were evaluated for fertility, hatching rate, and hatchability of fertile eggs. After hatch, the nonhatched eggs were broken to determine the period of embryonic mortality, which was classified as early (week 1 of incubation), intermediate (week 2 of incubation), and late (week 3 of incubation) mortality, according to Kidd et al. (2013). Yolk canthaxanthin content was determined in 2 eggs per replicate collected in weeks 49 and 59, using a portable photometer (iCheck, BioAnalyt, Teltow, Germany).

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CANTHAXANTHIN AND 25OHD3 IN BROILER BREEDERS DIETS Table 2. Ingredients and calculated and analyzed composition of the progeny diets. Starter Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3

Finisher

59.48 33.90 3.00 0.23 0.05 1.23 1.26 0.35 0.40 0.10 0.00 100.00

59.48 33.90 3.00 0.23 0.05 1.23 1.26 0.35 0.40 0.00 0.10 100.00

65.70 28.41 2.80 0.17 0.01 1.17 0.99 0.35 0.40 0.00 0.00 100.00

3.020 21.00 0.94 0.40 0.82 1.05 0.70

3.020 21.00 0.94 0.40 0.82 1.05 0.70

5.140 1.460 14 – –

5.456 1.475 13 71 4,55

3.070 19.00 0.84 0.35 0.72 0.90 0.65 – – – – –

1 Composition per kg diet (1–21 d): vitamin A (vitamin A acetate) 5,500 IU; cholecalciferol 1,500 IU; vitamin E (nonspecific source) 15 IU; menadione, 1.6 mg; vitamin B12 , 12 μg; choline, 328 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; niacin, 35 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; nicarbazin + narazin, 100 mg; virginiamycin, 10 mg; Mn, 70 mg; Zn, 50 mg; Fe, 50 mg; Cu, 100 mg; I, 1.2 mg; Se, 0.2 mg. 2 Composition per kg diet (22–42 d): vitamin A (vitamin A acetate) 5,000 IU; cholecalciferol 1,000 IU; vitamin E (nonspecific source) 8 IU; menadione, 1.6 mg; vitamin B12 , 5 μg; choline, 128 mg; riboflavin, 2 mg; niacin, 20 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; nicarbazin + narazin, 100 mg; virginiamycin, 10 mg; Mn, 70 mg; Zn, 50 mg; Fe, 50 mg; Cu, 100 mg; I, 1.2 mg; Se, 0.2 mg.

(progenies of breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 ; progenies supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 ), totaling 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 15 birds each. The combination of canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 was supplemented at 1 kg/t of diet until birds were 21 days old, after which a common diet, based on corn and soybean meal, was fed (Table 2). Evaluated Parameters Broilers were reared from 1 to 42 D of age, and their body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were evaluated. At 42 D of age, 2 broilers per replicate were randomly selected, fasted for 6 h, and processed to measure carcass yield and breast meat (deboned and skinless breast) and leg (thigh and drumstick) yields. Carcass yield was calculated as empty carcass weight (eviscerated, with no head, neck, or feet) relative to live weight. Breast and leg yields were calculated as breast and leg weight relative to empty carcass weight. Statistical Analysis Each replicate was considered an experimental unit in both the parent and the progeny experiments. The data were analyzed using SAS statistical package (SAS Institute Inc., 2009). Residue normality was evaluated by the Shapiro–Wilk test (PROC GLM) and homoscedasticity by the Levene test. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and

means were separated by the Tukey test when P-value <0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment 1—Broiler Breeders Broiler breeders fed diet supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 showed higher egg production, fertility, total hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, and lower early embryo mortality in all evaluated periods (P < 0.05) compared with those fed the control diet (Table 3). There was no effect of treatments on intermediate and late embryonic mortality. Egg specific gravity measured at 34 and 44 wk was not influenced by the treatments; however, higher values were obtained in the eggs of 61-wk-old breeders fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 than those fed the control diet (P = 0.004). Several studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of carotenoids on poultry production (Damron et al., 1984; Meng and Shan, 2002; Liang et al., 2004). However, differently from the results of the present experiment, Duarte et al. (2015) did not observe any effects of dietary canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplementation on the egg production of broiler breeders, possibly because

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Corn Soybean meal Soybean oil DL-methionine L-lysine HCl Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt Mineral-vitamin supplement1,2 Inert material Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 Total Calculated nutritional levels ME, kcal/kg Crude protein, % Calcium, % Available phospphorus, % Dig. Met + Cys, % Dig. Lys, % Dig. Thr, % Analyzed nutritional levels Vitamin A, IU/kg Vitamin D3 , IU/kg Vitamin E, mg/kg 25OHD3 , µg/kg Canthaxanthin, mg/kg

Control

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ARAUJO ET AL. Table 3. Performance of broiler breeders fed diets supplemented or not (control) with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 . Treatments

a,b

Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3

85.32b 95.48b 86.21b 86.70b 5.62b 1.47 2.18 1.079

86.63a 96.64a 88.80ª 87.51a 3.93a 1.49 2.42 1.081

0.27 0.81 1.14 0.73 1.30 0.63 0.69 0.156

0.041 0.004 0.007 0.018 0.049 0.201 0.893 0.415

74.17b 94.18b 85.63b 88.33b 4.59b 2.32 1.64 1.077

77.02a 96.04a 88.74ª 90.17a 3.46a 2.21 1.63 1.082

1.87 0.54 1.12 0.98 0.77 0.48 0.05 0.103

0.003 0.016 0.007 0.049 0.039 0.366 0.727 0.104

64.79b 83.27b 75.74b 82.34b 4.79b 0.00 2.74 1.075b

68.30a 85.67a 79.15ª 86.21a 4.00a 0.00 2.52 1.084a

1.33 1.01 1.24 095 0.26 0.00 0.76 0.148

0.009 0.044 0.019 0.033 0.022

SEM

P-value

0.405 0.004

Values in the same row with different superscripts significantly differ (P < 0.05).

the mixture was supplemented for a shorter period of only 10 wk. Alonso et al. (2011) and Ren et al. (2016) also did not find egg production differences in laying breeder hens and duck breeders, respectively, fed canthaxanthin and 25OHD3. The higher fertility rates obtained with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplementation observed in the present study at the evaluated ages are consistent with the findings of Souza et al. (2008), Rocha (2011), and Rosa et al. (2012), who also observed higher fertility rates in broiler breeders fed canthaxanthinsupplemented diets. The susceptibility of yolk lipids to oxidation increases with egg storage duration (Rocha, 2011). The supplementation of canthaxanthin to broiler breeder diets may prevent yolk lipid oxidation, thereby enhancing egg fertility. In addition to increasing the assimilation of γ -tocopherol in the maternal diet and its transfer to the yolk (Surai et al., 2003), canthaxanthin is able to recycle vitamin E by donating an electron to the α-tocopherol radical (Böhm et al., 1997; Surai et al., 2003). Ren et al. (2016) found that the addition of canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 to broiler breeder diets reduced lipid peroxidation because malonaldehyde level in egg yolk was decreased. Because chicken embryo has high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation can occur during the incubation period (Surai et al., 1996). In this way, the reduction in malonaldehyde level in

egg yolk would help protect the embryonic tissues from oxidation (Ren et al., 2016). The higher early embryo mortality rate obtained in the control group in all evaluated periods disagrees with the findings of Rocha (2011), who did not observe any early mortality differences between broiler breeders fed diets supplemented or not with canthaxanthin. The addition of canthaxanthin to the breeders’ diet possibly increased antioxidant yolk content, which protected the embryonic tissues, resulting in lower mortality during this period. On the other hand, in a study comparing the supply of vitamin D3 and 25OHD3 , SaundersBlades and Korver (2015) observed a reduction in embryo mortality during the entire incubation period. According to those authors, 25OHD3 is transported to the fertile egg, potentially increasing vitamin D status and the efficiency of vitamin D-dependent functions, such as calcium metabolism and homeostasis, and bone growth regulation, thereby improving the efficiency of incubation. Table 4. Yolk carotenoid content of the eggs of breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 . Carotenoids, mg/kg 49 wk of age 59 wk of age

Control b

17.41 16.23b

Canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 a

23.64 23.82a

SEM

P-value

2.68 2.78

<0.001 <0.001

a,b Values in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

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35 wk Egg production, % Fertility, % Total hatchability, % Hatchability of fertile eggs, % Early embryo mortality, % Intermediate embryo mortality, % Late embryo mortality, % Egg specific gravity, 34 wk 45 wk Egg production, % Fertility, % Total hatchability, % Hatchability of fertile eggs, % Early embryo mortality, % Intermediate embryo mortality, % Late embryo mortality, % Egg specific gravity, 44 wk 62 wk Egg production, % Fertility, % Total hatchability, % Hatching of fertile eggs, % Early embryo mortality, % Intermediate embryo mortality, % Late embryo mortality, % Egg specific gravity, 61 wk

Control

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CANTHAXANTHIN AND 25OHD3 IN BROILER BREEDERS DIETS

make them susceptible to lipid peroxidation (Surai, 1999). Canthaxanthin can be efficiently deposited and distributed in the ovary, egg yolk, and embryos of both wild and domestic birds (Hencken, 1992; Nys, 2000; Surai et al., 2001a, 2003; Blount et al., 2002). As canthaxanthin is the main compound responsible for the orange and red colors in plants and animals, it may be assumed that the more intense yolk pigmentation observed in the present study was due to the higher canthaxanthin content of the egg yolk of breeders fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplemented diet.

Progeny The performance results of broilers derived from breeders of different ages supplemented or not with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 and fed canthaxanthin +

Table 5. Performance of 1- to 42-day-old broilers supplemented or not with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 until 21 D of age and derived from breeders of different ages supplemented or not with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 . Parameters

Feed intake, g

Breeder age, wks Breeders Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Progeny Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin SEM Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Probability Breeder Progeny Breeder × Progeny a,b

Weight gain, g

35

45

62

35

4.920 4.909

4.857 4.929

4.961 4.954

2.861 2.947

4.923 4.906

4.860 4.926

4.936 4.979

2.885 2.923

Feed conversion ratio, g/g

45

62

35

2868 2.971

2.842 2.967

1.72b 1.69a

1.70 1.66

1.75b 1.67a

2.910 2.928

2.888 2.921

1.71 1.70

1.67 1.68

1.71 1.71

0.01 0.02

0.02 0.04

0.04 0.04

315 327

234 189

144 156

54 61

28 54

67 23

0148 0220 0226

0177 0249 0321

0411 0818 0617

0031 0117 0014

0028 0333 0014

0010 0007 0023

0002 0189 0199

Values in the same column with different superscripts significantly differ (P < 0.05).

Table 6. Interaction of factors for the performance of progenies from breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 . Breeders Progeny Weight gain, 35-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Mean Weight gain, 45-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Mean Weight gain, 62-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Mean Feed conversion ratio, 45-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + canthaxanthin Mean

Control

25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin

Mean

2.857 2.864b 2861B

2.913B 2.981A,a 2.947A

2.885 2.923

2.873 2.862b 2868B

2.947B 2.994A,a 2.971A

2.910 2.928

2.830 2.853b 2842B

2.945B 2.989A,a 2.967A

2.888b 2.921a

1,68 1,71b 1,70B

1,66 1,65a 1.66A

1.67 1.68

Within each factor, values followed by different uppercase superscripts (A, B) in the same column and lowercase subscripts (a, b) in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05). Means followed by different uppercase superscripts (A, B) in the same column and lowercase subscripts (a, b) in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05).

45

0004 0263 0037

62

0042 0315 0509

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Table 4 shows a higher concentration of carotenoids in the eggs of 49- and 59-wk-old broiler breeders fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 compared with the controls. In the study of Zhang et al. (2011), broilers breeders fed canthaxanthin showed a better antioxidant status, which resulted in lower early embryo mortality, in particular. The supplementation of the maternal diet with the combination of canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 enhanced yolk pigmentation and antioxidant status of duck breeders (Ren et al., 2016). Duarte et al. (2015) also observed more intense egg yolk pigmentation when 53- to 61-wkold broiler breeders were supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 . These results demonstrate the importance of precise broiler breeder nutrition because the nutrients supplied in the diet are transferred to the eggs and, consequently, are utilized by the embryo. The egg yolk and the embryo are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which

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Table 7. Carcass and parts yields of broilers supplemented or not with until 21 days of age and derived from breeders of different ages supplemented or not with canthaxanthin plus 25OHD3 . Yield

Carcass yield, %

Breeder age Breeders Control 25OHD3 + Cant Progeny Control 25OHD3 + Cant SEM Control 25OHD3 + Cant Probability Breeder Progeny BreederxProgeny

Breast yield, %

Leg yield, %

35

45

62

35

45

62

35

45

62

70.19 70.96

70.39 71.78

70.51 70.73

21.62 22.35

21.57 22.94

21.59 22.72

22.45 22.51

21.96 22.86

22.40 22.78

69.92 71.24

70.68 71.21

70.64 71.61

21.56 22.41

22.03 22.48

21.79 22.52

22.22 22.74

22.24 22.58

22.39 22.79

0.37 0.68

0.27 0.14

0.44 0.51

0.11 0.22

0.63 0.11

0.77 0.33

0.44 0.53

1.01 0.85

0.99 0.57

0.015 0.044 0.010

0.021 0.039 0.019

0.404 0.028 0.036

0.031 0.019 0.027

0.029 0.044 0.023

0.016 0.021 0.015

0.155 0.222 0.315

0.617 0.346 0.429

0.508 0.613 0.239

Table 8. Interaction of factors for carcass and parts yields of 42-d-old broilers supplemented or not with canthaxanthin plus 25OHD3 until 21 days of age and derived from breeders of different ages supplemented or not with canthaxanthin plus 25OHD3 . Breeders Progeny Carcass yield, progeny of 35-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin Mean Breast yield, progeny 35-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Cantaxantina Média Carcass yield, 45-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin Mean Breast yield, 45-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin Mean Carcass yield, 62-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin Mean Breast yield, progeny 62-wk-old Control 25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin Mean

Control

25OHD3 + Canthaxanthin

Mean

69,50B,b 70,88A,b 70,19B

70,33B,a 71,59A,a 70,96A

69,92b 71,24a

21,21B,b 22,02A,b 21,62B

21,90B,a 22,79A,a 22,35A

21,56b 22,41a

70,14B,b 70,64A,b 70,39B

71,22B,a 72,34A,a 71,78A

70,68b 71,21a

21,34A,b 21,80A,b 21,57B

22,72A,a 23,16A,a 22,94A

22,03a 22,48a

70,04B,b 70,98A,b 70,51

71,23B,a 72,23A,a 70,73

70,64b 71,61a

21,17B,b 22,00A,b 21,59B

22,40B,a 23,03A,a 22,72A

21,79b 22,52a

Within each factor, values followed by different uppercase superscripts (A, B) in the same column and lowercase subscripts (a, b) in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05). Means followed by different uppercase superscripts (A, B) in the same column and lowercase subscripts (a, b) in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05).

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anthin + 25OHD3 , independently of breeder age. The highest weight gain (Table 6) was achieved in broilers fed canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 up to 21 D of age that were derived from breeders of different ages fed this supplement (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the progeny of breeders supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 , independently of breeder age. In addition, an interaction between maternal and progeny diets (P < 0.05) was observed for FCR of the progeny of 45-wk-old breeders, with the lowest values obtained when both the maternal

25OHD3 or not until 21 D of age are presented in Table 5. The unfolding of the treatment interactions is shown in Table 6. Broiler feed intake was not affected by canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplementation, neither in the maternal diet nor in the progeny diet (P > 0.05), independently of breeder age. No interaction among treatments was detected. However, broiler weight gain was influenced by the interaction between maternal and broiler dietary canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplementation, with higher weight gain obtained in the progeny of breeders supplemented with canthax-

CANTHAXANTHIN AND 25OHD3 IN BROILER BREEDERS DIETS

CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that the supplementation of broiler breeder diets with a combination of canthaxanthin and 25OHD3 promotes better egg production, enhances broiler breeders’ reproductive performance, and promotes the performance of their progenies with a lower feed conversion ratio and higher carcass and breast yields.

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and progeny diets were supplemented with canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 . Carcass trait results are presented in Table 7 and the unfolding of the interaction in Table 8. The supplementation of canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 both in the maternal and progeny diets promoted higher carcass and breast yields (P < 0.05) but did not affect leg yields (P > 0.05). Zhang et al. (2011) did not observe any performance differences between the progenies of breeders supplemented or not with canthaxanthin. However, those authors did not evaluate the association of canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 as in the present study. Surai et al. (2001a,b, 2003) observed higher canthaxanthin levels in the liver and blood plasma of chicks derived from canthaxanthin-supplemented breeders, emphasizing the importance of broiler breeder nutrition, as the nutrients in the maternal diet are transferred to the eggs and consequently utilized by the embryos for their development. Previous studies showed that the dietary addition of 25OHD3 , partially or totally replacing vitamin D3 sources in broiler diets, increased carcass yield (Yarger et al., 1995; Brito et al., 2010) and breast yield (Vignale et al., 2015). According to Hutton et al. (2014), the dietary supplementation of 25OHD3 stimulates the activity of satellite cells of the pectoralis major muscle of broilers, which may explain the higher breast yield observed in the present study. Vignale et al. (2015) evaluated broilers fed diets supplemented with standard vitamin D levels (2,760 IU/kg) and high vitamin D or 25OHD3 levels (5,520 IU/kg) for 42 D or supplemented only with 25OHD3 for 21 D. Those authors observed an increase in breast yield and a 3-fold increase in the muscular protein fractional synthesis rate when birds were fed 25OHD3 for 42 D. Therefore, the results of the present study confirm that canthaxanthin + 25OHD3 supplementation increases carcass and breast yields.

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