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The diffusion of protons through the residual gas in a synchrotron I. Elastic scattering
VACUUM Classified Abstracts
Abstract No.
andReferanees
I
--
General Science and Contd.
Articlo by 1). T. F. Marplo J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 46, July 1956 -t90-494
Engineering - -
I
above 2,200°C the bulb was re-connected to the. v a c u u m system, baked at 400 ° and the r h e n i u m tube operated at 2,200 ° for fifteen minutes. W h e n cool the bulb was filled to 50 cm. pressure with argon, and sealed off. The m o n o c h r o m a t o r slits and the detector o u t p u t were adjusted for full-scale deflection of the o u t p u t meter and the optical s y s t e m was then adjusted so t h a t radiation from one of the free surface areas adjacent to the a p e r t u r e passed to the m o n o c h r o m a t o r . The fraction of full-scale detlection produced by this radiation is the emissivity. The emissivity, determined in the present experiments, at X=0.65 ~t agrees well with p r e v k m s m e a s u r e m e n t s in the range below 2,200°C b u t disagrees slightly at t e m p e r a t u r e s above t h a t value. The a u t h o r concludes the article with a discussion comparing his experimental results with the predictions of the t [agenR u b e n s relation.
! 14'I
A F u r n a c e for Obtaining Optical Spectra of Radioactive E l e m e n t s See A b s t r a c t No.: 225/I
! 15!I
Application of Radioactive Materials to the Problem of Metals of Very High Purity See A b s t r a c t No.: 224/1
116/I
Handling Alpha-Active, Pyrophoric Materials If. Olovebox Design and Construction Sec Abstract No.: 104/If
117/I
Applications of Vacuum Technique in Atomic E n e r g y Research
Article by .\. H. Turnbnll Vacuum 5, I)ct. 1955 131-156
118I
United K i n g d o m . The purpose for which v a c u u m e q u i p m e n t and techniques are used at the Atomic F n e r g y Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t , Harwell, are described. Reference is made to metallurgical applications, m e a s u r e m e n t of the gas c o n t e n t of metals, the production of thin films, v a c u u m technique in mass spectrometry, and high power r.f. valve m a n u f a c t u r e . The v a c u u m s y s t e m s of the proton linear accelerator and the Mark I I h e a v v element electromagnetic s e p a r a t o r are described and an account is given of some of the research work, past and present, of the V a c u u m Group.
Space-Charge and Ionisation Phenomena in Constant-Gradient Proton Synchrotron See A b s t r a c t No.: 30"IV
I I%I
.\rticlo by J. Seiden •I. Phys. Radium :6, Dee. 1955 917-925
121~.I
The Diffusion of P r o t o n s T h r o u g h the Residual Gas in a S y n c h r o t r o n I. Elastic Scattering France. The accelerated p r o t o n s in a s y n c h r o t o n undergo during their passage in the v a c u u m c h a m b e r m a n y collisions with the molecules of the residual gas. Such collisions m a y cause considerable p r o t o n losses. Th'c multiple elastic scattering sets up oscillations the amplitude of which is calculated from Moliere's law. This amplitude is proportional to the s q u a r e root of the gas pressure in the v a c u u m c h a m b e r and inversely proportional to the square root of the energy of injection aml the energy gain per revolution. Tim theory is applied to various s v n c h r o t r o n s u n d e r construction. W h e n applied to the strongly converging s y n c h r o t r o n s of M.I.T. the t h e o r y shows t h a t the amplitudes produced b y mnltiple scattering are greater t h a n half the vertical height of tim v a c u u m chamber. The p r o t o n losses t h r o u g h single elastic scattering are calculated and are found to be proportional to the gas pressure and inversely proportional to the energy of injection and the energy gain per revolution. 6% of the p r o t o n s are lost t h r o u g h single scattering in the Brookhaven cosmotron and 14°~ would be lost in the M.I.T. synchrotron.
Multiple Target Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Cryostat See A b s t r a c t No.: 119.:II
12r I
An I m p r o v e d Helium Liquefier and Cryostat See A b s t r a c t No.: 118/'II
122.'I
The Physics of Extreme Conditions II. Matter at Low Temperatures United Kingdom. T e m p e r a t u r e s have been achieved in tile l a b o r a t o r y which are far h)wer t h a n a n y t h i n g observed in nature. The writer gives a simple description of the t h e r m o d y n a m i c s of pro
212
Vacuum Vol. VI
October, 1956
Abstract No.
andReferanees
I
--
General Science and Contd.
Articlo by 1). T. F. Marplo J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 46, July 1956 -t90-494
Engineering - -
I
above 2,200°C the bulb was re-connected to the. v a c u u m system, baked at 400 ° and the r h e n i u m tube operated at 2,200 ° for fifteen minutes. W h e n cool the bulb was filled to 50 cm. pressure with argon, and sealed off. The m o n o c h r o m a t o r slits and the detector o u t p u t were adjusted for full-scale deflection of the o u t p u t meter and the optical s y s t e m was then adjusted so t h a t radiation from one of the free surface areas adjacent to the a p e r t u r e passed to the m o n o c h r o m a t o r . The fraction of full-scale detlection produced by this radiation is the emissivity. The emissivity, determined in the present experiments, at X=0.65 ~t agrees well with p r e v k m s m e a s u r e m e n t s in the range below 2,200°C b u t disagrees slightly at t e m p e r a t u r e s above t h a t value. The a u t h o r concludes the article with a discussion comparing his experimental results with the predictions of the t [agenR u b e n s relation.
! 14'I
A F u r n a c e for Obtaining Optical Spectra of Radioactive E l e m e n t s See A b s t r a c t No.: 225/I
! 15!I
Application of Radioactive Materials to the Problem of Metals of Very High Purity See A b s t r a c t No.: 224/1
116/I
Handling Alpha-Active, Pyrophoric Materials If. Olovebox Design and Construction Sec Abstract No.: 104/If
117/I
Applications of Vacuum Technique in Atomic E n e r g y Research
Article by .\. H. Turnbnll Vacuum 5, I)ct. 1955 131-156
118I
United K i n g d o m . The purpose for which v a c u u m e q u i p m e n t and techniques are used at the Atomic F n e r g y Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t , Harwell, are described. Reference is made to metallurgical applications, m e a s u r e m e n t of the gas c o n t e n t of metals, the production of thin films, v a c u u m technique in mass spectrometry, and high power r.f. valve m a n u f a c t u r e . The v a c u u m s y s t e m s of the proton linear accelerator and the Mark I I h e a v v element electromagnetic s e p a r a t o r are described and an account is given of some of the research work, past and present, of the V a c u u m Group.
Space-Charge and Ionisation Phenomena in Constant-Gradient Proton Synchrotron See A b s t r a c t No.: 30"IV
I I%I
.\rticlo by J. Seiden •I. Phys. Radium :6, Dee. 1955 917-925
121~.I
The Diffusion of P r o t o n s T h r o u g h the Residual Gas in a S y n c h r o t r o n I. Elastic Scattering France. The accelerated p r o t o n s in a s y n c h r o t o n undergo during their passage in the v a c u u m c h a m b e r m a n y collisions with the molecules of the residual gas. Such collisions m a y cause considerable p r o t o n losses. Th'c multiple elastic scattering sets up oscillations the amplitude of which is calculated from Moliere's law. This amplitude is proportional to the s q u a r e root of the gas pressure in the v a c u u m c h a m b e r and inversely proportional to the square root of the energy of injection aml the energy gain per revolution. Tim theory is applied to various s v n c h r o t r o n s u n d e r construction. W h e n applied to the strongly converging s y n c h r o t r o n s of M.I.T. the t h e o r y shows t h a t the amplitudes produced b y mnltiple scattering are greater t h a n half the vertical height of tim v a c u u m chamber. The p r o t o n losses t h r o u g h single elastic scattering are calculated and are found to be proportional to the gas pressure and inversely proportional to the energy of injection and the energy gain per revolution. 6% of the p r o t o n s are lost t h r o u g h single scattering in the Brookhaven cosmotron and 14°~ would be lost in the M.I.T. synchrotron.
Multiple Target Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Cryostat See A b s t r a c t No.: 119.:II
12r I
An I m p r o v e d Helium Liquefier and Cryostat See A b s t r a c t No.: 118/'II
122.'I
The Physics of Extreme Conditions II. Matter at Low Temperatures United Kingdom. T e m p e r a t u r e s have been achieved in tile l a b o r a t o r y which are far h)wer t h a n a n y t h i n g observed in nature. The writer gives a simple description of the t h e r m o d y n a m i c s of pro
212
Vacuum Vol. VI
October, 1956