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The Effect of a Single Subcutaneous Injection of Estradiol-17-Monopalmitate on Growth in Turkeys1
SALMONBLLAE Stokes, J. L., W. W. Osborne and H. G. Bayne, 1956. Penetration and growth of Salmonella in shell eggs. Food Res. 21: 510-518. Stokes, J. L., and W. W. Osborne, 1956. Effect of the egg shell membrane on bacteria. Food Res. 21: 264-269.
829
IN EGGS
Straka, R. P., and J. L. Stokes, 1957. Rapid destruction of bacteria in commonly used diluents and its elimination. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 21-25. Stuart, L. S., and E. H. McNally, 1943. Bacteriological studies on the egg shell. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 49: 28-31.
The Effect of a Single Subcutaneous Injection of Estradiol-17-Monopalmitate on Growth in Turkeys 1
(Received for publication January 11, 1966)
I
T HAS been well established that synthetic estrogenic compounds such as diethylstilbestrol and dienestrol diacetate when administered to chickens or turkeys will result in increased weight gains and fat deposition (Lorenz, 1944, 1954; and Moreng et al. 1963). Resulting improvement in fat deposition has been verified by many workers and residue studies extensively investigated; excellent reviews of the residue problem have been presented by Umberger et al. (1959) and Umberger and Goss (1959). The present study was carried out to evaluate various levels of estradiol17-monopalmitate (EMP) in polyethylene glycolic paste with respect to improving gain and carcass qualities of young torn turkeys. In addition, tissue residues were determined. PROCEDURE A preliminary investigation (Trial 1) was designed to provide a reference point of EMP to the action of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in turkeys. Four treatment groups 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station as S. S. Paper No. 1080. 2 Poultry Science and Endocrine Sections.
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Ingredients Corn (yellow) Milo Soybean meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protien) Meat and bone meal (50% protien) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt, Iodized
Turkey Grower
Turkey Finisher
(%)
(%)
34.5 34.5 20.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 2.5 0.5
48.0 32.0 9.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.5
Add the following per 100 pounds of ration: Vitamin A I.TJ. Vitamin Ds I.C.U. Riboflavin mg. Choline Chloride (25%) g. MnSOj (70%) g.
370,000 60,000 50 80 10
Calculated Percent Protein Calculated Metabolizable Energy Level Cal./lb.
1,328
18.71
90,000 60,000 — — 10 13.39 1,369
of a commercial line of Broad White turkeys consisting of approximately 21 males each, were individually weighed at 15 weeks of age. A high energy turkey grower diet in mash form was provided ad libitum (Table 1). Treatments were as follows: Control (no implantation), 10 mg. EMP, 24 mg. of diethylstilbestrol, and 20 mg. EMP implanted in the nape of the anterior part of the neck. At 20 weeks, all birds were again individually weighed and the study terminated after five weeks of treatment. In the second trial, EMP was implanted at four levels in groups of a commercial
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
R . E . MOEENG AND M . L. HOPWOOD2 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
830
R . E . MORENG AND M . L. HOPWOOD
TABLE 2.—A comparison of a single dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) with two levels 0} estradiol-17-B monopalmitate (EMP) upon male turkey body weight gain (Trial 1) 20 wks. 1
15 wks. Group
Treatment
N
1 2 3 4
Control 10 mg. EMP 24 mg. DES 20 mg. EMP
22 21 21 21
Initial (Kg.) 5.69 5.73 5.87 5.73
N
Final (Kg.)
20 21 20 19
8.24 8.42 8.96 8.69
Ranking of groups according to Duncan's test on 20-week weight (F = 4.82) 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data from Trial 1 are summarized in
2.55 2.68 3.09 2.96 2
1.
Table 2. There was a highly significant increase in body weight when birds received diethylstilbestrol but all treatments attained a higher average gain than the control. An increase in gain as well as body weight was recorded for all groups over that of the control. It was concluded from this study that further data were necessary and appropriate in order to classify the role of EMP in increasing body weight gains of torn turkeys. Figure 1 depicts the weekly body weights of the five groups in Trial 2. Each line represents the average of the two replicates at each level utilized. There were no statistically significant differences within replications. The graph clearly demonstrates that there were no differences in body weights between the 30 and 40 mg. treatments; the 60 mg. treatment had a less beneficial effect on body weight and the 20 mg. treatment group was substantially below the other three treatments. The lowest body weight was obtained in the control birds. There were no statistically significant differences in initial body weight or in body weight at the end of the first week of the study. By the second week (18 weeks of age), significant differences appeared. By the third week, highly significant differences existed between the birds in the control group and the various treatment levels except for the 20 mg. level. After the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
strain of Broad Breasted Bronze of approximately 25 torn turkeys each. The treatment was carried out at 16 weeks of age with a single initial dose of EMP. A high energy turkey finisher diet in mash form was provided ad libitum (Table 1). Each level was evaluated in replicate and compared with two similar groups of untreated control birds. Birds were wing banded and weighed individually each week of the fiveweek study period. Levels utilized were as follows: 0, 20, 30, 40 and 60 mg. EMP. At each weekly weighing, one bird was removed at random from each replicate pen and slaughtered for use in residue studies. At the end of the five-week treatment period, all remaining birds were processed in a commercial dressing plant. Dressing loss as well as finish scores was assigned to all carcasses. Finish score ranged from a low finish rating of one to a high finish rating of five (Table 5). Livers from treated as well as control turkeys were removed from the dressed carcasses of the interval samples withdrawn throughout the study. The procedure followed for evaluation of uterotropic residues is that described by Hopwood and Gassner (1962) and Hopwood et al. (1963) in which livers were fed to 21-day old female mice.
4
Avg. Gain (Kg.)
ESTRADIOL AND TURKEY GROWTH
8.6
FIG. 1. Average weekly body weights of Bronze toms 16 to 21 weeks of age as influenced by four different levels of estradiol-17-monopalmitate.
fourth week (the 20th week of age), a highly significant difference continued to be in evidence. The Duncan's test revealed that there was np difference between the control group and the 20 mg. treatments. TABLE 3.—Average five-week gain in male body weight of Bronze turkeys implanted with EMP at 16 weeks of age (Trial 2) Treatment
Gain in body weight (Kg.)
Control 20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
2.16 2.45 2.91 3.00 2.71
Neither were there differences in the effects of the other three treatments upon weight gains. These differences continued to the fifth week of the study, 21 weeks of age, with the exception that there were no longer significant differences between the 20 and 60 mg. levels. The average gain in body weight and the 21-week live body weight are shown in Table 3. It can be seen that birds in 30 and 40 mg. levels of EMP gained an average of 2.91 and 3.00 kilograms, respectively, over the five-week treatment period in comparison to the 2.16 kilograms gained by the un-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
E
831
832
R . E . MORENG AND M . L . HoPWOOD
TABLE 4.—Significant (1.0%) level differences (Duncan's test) of body weights of turkeys resulting from administration of estradiol- 17-B monopalmitate at 16 _sf- !f^ <»' ! I weeks of age (Trial 2) Week of
Ranking of Treatments
treatment
(30 mg.) (40 mg.) (60 mg..) (20 mg.) Control
3rd week F = 7.3l Avg. body wt.
2 8.85
5 8.83
4 8.68
1 8.37
TABLE 5.—A verage carcass dressing loss and finish score of male Bronze turkeys implanted with EMP at 16 weeks and slaughtered at 21 weeks of age (Trial 2)
Group
Dressed Dressing Finish score1 Treatment Carcass wt. loss (Kg.) (%) (N)
1 2 3 4 5
Control 20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
7.16 7.48 8.01 8.03 7.90
5th week F=8.60 Avg. body wt.
2 9.59
5 10.01
5 9.58
variance, only the data on the first week and final (fifth) week have been presented. The data therefore may be interpreted to indicate that no residual estrogenic activity of significance remains in the turkeys after the second week when doses as high as 60 mg. per bird are administered. This procedure should supply a means by which torn turkeys can be provided with many of the desirable market attributes obtained in hens at comparable age. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of this compound in increasing gain and finish in older and larger market toms. It may be advisable to utilize repeated doses in order to accomplish satisfactory and uniform carcasses. SUMMARY
An effort was made to develop a procedure which would supply a means by which TABLE 6.—EMP residue in turkey liver at 1and 5-week intervals as measured by mouse uterine weight
3 8.20
2 10.01
4 9.45
1 8.95
3 8.73
4 9.81
1 9.36
3 9.09
3.1 3.1 3.9 4.2 3.8
1 Ranking of groupsi according to Duncan's test on 21-week weight (F == 8.77) 3 4 5 2 1.
Uterine wt.1 (mg. + S.E.)
Treatment 4th week F=9.82 Avg. body wt.
21.05 20.55 20.79 19.59 19.51
Control—basal
Comparison with control _ (level of significance)
12.0
1.4
EMP EMP EMP EMP
Liver Liver Liver Liver
20 30 40 60
mg. mg. mg. mg.
(1 (1 (1 (1
wk.) wk.) wk.) wk.)
12. .3 13 .2 12 .7 17. .7
1.1 1.0 0.8 1.9
NS NS NS 0.05
EMP EMP EMP EMP
Liver Liver Liver Liver
20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
(5 (5 (5 (5
wk.) wk.) wk.) wk.)
11 .8 15 .4 12. .3 14. 3
1.0 2.2 1.3 0.5
NS NS NS NS
* Eight mice per group.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
treated control birds. This, of course, is also reflected in the live body weight (Table 4) and in the dressed carcass weight (Table 5). Dressing loss was lowest in the 60 and 40 mg. treatment groups, with the control birds having the highest percent dressing loss. This loss appears to be directly related to carcass weights, with the heavier carcasses having the lower percentage loss, a generally accepted fact. These data, therefore, would lead one to conclude that the increased gain in the treated birds did not increase dressing loss due to visceral fat. Average finish score was highest for the group receiving 40 mg. and lowest in the control and 20 mg. levels. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between treatments; an application of the Duncan's test ranked the 20, 40 and 60 mg. groups significantly higher in finish score than the 30 mg. and control groups. Safety evaluation based upon data presented in Table 6 indicated a non-significant increase in uterine weight of all groups when compared to the control uterine weight except at the one-week treatments level of 60 mg. Since no other significant differences were revealed by analysis of
ESTRADIOL AND TURKEY GROWTH ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The support of Mattox and Moore, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Hopwood, M. L., and F. X. Gassner, 1962. Metabolism of C-14 diethylstilbestrol in the chicken: Retention and Excretion. Endocrinology, 70: 880-885. Hopwood, M. L., H. Karg and F. X. Gassner, 1963. Conjugation of C-14 diethylstilbestrol by chicken liver in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 113: 233-238. Lorenz, F. W., 1944. The influence of diethylstilbestrol on fat deposition in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 23: 458-459. Lorenz, F. W., 1954. Effects of estrogens on domestic fowl and applications in the poultry industry. Vitamins and Hormones, 12: 235-27S. Moreng, R. E., W. A. Whittet and H. L. Enos, 1963. Studies on turkey body composition. 1. Increasing carcass fat and finish by administration of diethylstilbestrol and the estimation of carcass fat using specific gravity. Poultry Sci. 42: 259-267. Umberger, E. J., and G. H. Gass, 1959. Detection of residual estrogenic activity in the edible tissues of chickens fed dienestrol diacetate. Poultry Sci. 38: 128-131. Umberger, E. J., G. H. Gass, K. J. Davis, J. M. Curtis and C. G. Durbin, 1959. Estrogenic residues in the edible tissues of stilbestrol-fattened chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 118-128.
Rapeseed Meal Studies 5. EFFECTS OF (±)-5-VINYL-2-OXAZOLIDINETHIONE, A GOITROGEN IN RAPESEED MEAL, ON THE RATE OF GROWTH AND THYROID FUNCTION OF CHICKS D. R. CLANDININ, LOUISE BAYLY AND ALMA CABALLERO Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication January 11, 1966)
STWOOD et at. (1949a, b) and Carroll . (1949) isolated goitrin from rapeseed and identified it as L-5-vinyl-2thiooxazolidone which more recently has been named ( — )-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidine-
A
thione. Synthesis of (±)-S-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione has been accomplished by Ettlinger (1950). The work to be reported concerns the effects of synthetic goitrin on the growth rate of chicks and on the struc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
young torn turkeys could be provided with improved body weight gains and market characteristics. A comparative evaluation of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estradiol17-monopalmitate (EMP) on growth was pursued in a preliminary study, and in a second trial an investigation concerning optimal levels of EMP was carried out. Levels utilized were: 0, 20, 30, 40 and 60 mg. of EMP as a single subcutaneous implantation in 16-week old male turkeys. Body weights were recorded weekly to 21 weeks of age. There was a highly significant increase in body weight when birds received DES; all treatments attained a higher average gain than the control group at the termination of the five-week treatment period. Highly significant body weight gains resulted from the injection of 30 and 40 mg. levels of EMP. These levels also lowered the dressing loss and increased carcass finish score. Apparently 30 or 40 mg. of EMP gave better performance than 60 or 20 mg. per bird. No residual estrogenic activity of EMP remained in the turkeys after the second week when doses as high as 60 mg. per bird were administered.
833
829
IN EGGS
Straka, R. P., and J. L. Stokes, 1957. Rapid destruction of bacteria in commonly used diluents and its elimination. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 21-25. Stuart, L. S., and E. H. McNally, 1943. Bacteriological studies on the egg shell. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 49: 28-31.
The Effect of a Single Subcutaneous Injection of Estradiol-17-Monopalmitate on Growth in Turkeys 1
(Received for publication January 11, 1966)
I
T HAS been well established that synthetic estrogenic compounds such as diethylstilbestrol and dienestrol diacetate when administered to chickens or turkeys will result in increased weight gains and fat deposition (Lorenz, 1944, 1954; and Moreng et al. 1963). Resulting improvement in fat deposition has been verified by many workers and residue studies extensively investigated; excellent reviews of the residue problem have been presented by Umberger et al. (1959) and Umberger and Goss (1959). The present study was carried out to evaluate various levels of estradiol17-monopalmitate (EMP) in polyethylene glycolic paste with respect to improving gain and carcass qualities of young torn turkeys. In addition, tissue residues were determined. PROCEDURE A preliminary investigation (Trial 1) was designed to provide a reference point of EMP to the action of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in turkeys. Four treatment groups 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station as S. S. Paper No. 1080. 2 Poultry Science and Endocrine Sections.
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Ingredients Corn (yellow) Milo Soybean meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protien) Meat and bone meal (50% protien) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Salt, Iodized
Turkey Grower
Turkey Finisher
(%)
(%)
34.5 34.5 20.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 2.5 0.5
48.0 32.0 9.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.5
Add the following per 100 pounds of ration: Vitamin A I.TJ. Vitamin Ds I.C.U. Riboflavin mg. Choline Chloride (25%) g. MnSOj (70%) g.
370,000 60,000 50 80 10
Calculated Percent Protein Calculated Metabolizable Energy Level Cal./lb.
1,328
18.71
90,000 60,000 — — 10 13.39 1,369
of a commercial line of Broad White turkeys consisting of approximately 21 males each, were individually weighed at 15 weeks of age. A high energy turkey grower diet in mash form was provided ad libitum (Table 1). Treatments were as follows: Control (no implantation), 10 mg. EMP, 24 mg. of diethylstilbestrol, and 20 mg. EMP implanted in the nape of the anterior part of the neck. At 20 weeks, all birds were again individually weighed and the study terminated after five weeks of treatment. In the second trial, EMP was implanted at four levels in groups of a commercial
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
R . E . MOEENG AND M . L. HOPWOOD2 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
830
R . E . MORENG AND M . L. HOPWOOD
TABLE 2.—A comparison of a single dose of diethylstilbestrol (DES) with two levels 0} estradiol-17-B monopalmitate (EMP) upon male turkey body weight gain (Trial 1) 20 wks. 1
15 wks. Group
Treatment
N
1 2 3 4
Control 10 mg. EMP 24 mg. DES 20 mg. EMP
22 21 21 21
Initial (Kg.) 5.69 5.73 5.87 5.73
N
Final (Kg.)
20 21 20 19
8.24 8.42 8.96 8.69
Ranking of groups according to Duncan's test on 20-week weight (F = 4.82) 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data from Trial 1 are summarized in
2.55 2.68 3.09 2.96 2
1.
Table 2. There was a highly significant increase in body weight when birds received diethylstilbestrol but all treatments attained a higher average gain than the control. An increase in gain as well as body weight was recorded for all groups over that of the control. It was concluded from this study that further data were necessary and appropriate in order to classify the role of EMP in increasing body weight gains of torn turkeys. Figure 1 depicts the weekly body weights of the five groups in Trial 2. Each line represents the average of the two replicates at each level utilized. There were no statistically significant differences within replications. The graph clearly demonstrates that there were no differences in body weights between the 30 and 40 mg. treatments; the 60 mg. treatment had a less beneficial effect on body weight and the 20 mg. treatment group was substantially below the other three treatments. The lowest body weight was obtained in the control birds. There were no statistically significant differences in initial body weight or in body weight at the end of the first week of the study. By the second week (18 weeks of age), significant differences appeared. By the third week, highly significant differences existed between the birds in the control group and the various treatment levels except for the 20 mg. level. After the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
strain of Broad Breasted Bronze of approximately 25 torn turkeys each. The treatment was carried out at 16 weeks of age with a single initial dose of EMP. A high energy turkey finisher diet in mash form was provided ad libitum (Table 1). Each level was evaluated in replicate and compared with two similar groups of untreated control birds. Birds were wing banded and weighed individually each week of the fiveweek study period. Levels utilized were as follows: 0, 20, 30, 40 and 60 mg. EMP. At each weekly weighing, one bird was removed at random from each replicate pen and slaughtered for use in residue studies. At the end of the five-week treatment period, all remaining birds were processed in a commercial dressing plant. Dressing loss as well as finish scores was assigned to all carcasses. Finish score ranged from a low finish rating of one to a high finish rating of five (Table 5). Livers from treated as well as control turkeys were removed from the dressed carcasses of the interval samples withdrawn throughout the study. The procedure followed for evaluation of uterotropic residues is that described by Hopwood and Gassner (1962) and Hopwood et al. (1963) in which livers were fed to 21-day old female mice.
4
Avg. Gain (Kg.)
ESTRADIOL AND TURKEY GROWTH
8.6
FIG. 1. Average weekly body weights of Bronze toms 16 to 21 weeks of age as influenced by four different levels of estradiol-17-monopalmitate.
fourth week (the 20th week of age), a highly significant difference continued to be in evidence. The Duncan's test revealed that there was np difference between the control group and the 20 mg. treatments. TABLE 3.—Average five-week gain in male body weight of Bronze turkeys implanted with EMP at 16 weeks of age (Trial 2) Treatment
Gain in body weight (Kg.)
Control 20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
2.16 2.45 2.91 3.00 2.71
Neither were there differences in the effects of the other three treatments upon weight gains. These differences continued to the fifth week of the study, 21 weeks of age, with the exception that there were no longer significant differences between the 20 and 60 mg. levels. The average gain in body weight and the 21-week live body weight are shown in Table 3. It can be seen that birds in 30 and 40 mg. levels of EMP gained an average of 2.91 and 3.00 kilograms, respectively, over the five-week treatment period in comparison to the 2.16 kilograms gained by the un-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
E
831
832
R . E . MORENG AND M . L . HoPWOOD
TABLE 4.—Significant (1.0%) level differences (Duncan's test) of body weights of turkeys resulting from administration of estradiol- 17-B monopalmitate at 16 _sf- !f^ <»' ! I weeks of age (Trial 2) Week of
Ranking of Treatments
treatment
(30 mg.) (40 mg.) (60 mg..) (20 mg.) Control
3rd week F = 7.3l Avg. body wt.
2 8.85
5 8.83
4 8.68
1 8.37
TABLE 5.—A verage carcass dressing loss and finish score of male Bronze turkeys implanted with EMP at 16 weeks and slaughtered at 21 weeks of age (Trial 2)
Group
Dressed Dressing Finish score1 Treatment Carcass wt. loss (Kg.) (%) (N)
1 2 3 4 5
Control 20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
7.16 7.48 8.01 8.03 7.90
5th week F=8.60 Avg. body wt.
2 9.59
5 10.01
5 9.58
variance, only the data on the first week and final (fifth) week have been presented. The data therefore may be interpreted to indicate that no residual estrogenic activity of significance remains in the turkeys after the second week when doses as high as 60 mg. per bird are administered. This procedure should supply a means by which torn turkeys can be provided with many of the desirable market attributes obtained in hens at comparable age. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of this compound in increasing gain and finish in older and larger market toms. It may be advisable to utilize repeated doses in order to accomplish satisfactory and uniform carcasses. SUMMARY
An effort was made to develop a procedure which would supply a means by which TABLE 6.—EMP residue in turkey liver at 1and 5-week intervals as measured by mouse uterine weight
3 8.20
2 10.01
4 9.45
1 8.95
3 8.73
4 9.81
1 9.36
3 9.09
3.1 3.1 3.9 4.2 3.8
1 Ranking of groupsi according to Duncan's test on 21-week weight (F == 8.77) 3 4 5 2 1.
Uterine wt.1 (mg. + S.E.)
Treatment 4th week F=9.82 Avg. body wt.
21.05 20.55 20.79 19.59 19.51
Control—basal
Comparison with control _ (level of significance)
12.0
1.4
EMP EMP EMP EMP
Liver Liver Liver Liver
20 30 40 60
mg. mg. mg. mg.
(1 (1 (1 (1
wk.) wk.) wk.) wk.)
12. .3 13 .2 12 .7 17. .7
1.1 1.0 0.8 1.9
NS NS NS 0.05
EMP EMP EMP EMP
Liver Liver Liver Liver
20 mg. 30 mg. 40 mg. 60 mg.
(5 (5 (5 (5
wk.) wk.) wk.) wk.)
11 .8 15 .4 12. .3 14. 3
1.0 2.2 1.3 0.5
NS NS NS NS
* Eight mice per group.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
treated control birds. This, of course, is also reflected in the live body weight (Table 4) and in the dressed carcass weight (Table 5). Dressing loss was lowest in the 60 and 40 mg. treatment groups, with the control birds having the highest percent dressing loss. This loss appears to be directly related to carcass weights, with the heavier carcasses having the lower percentage loss, a generally accepted fact. These data, therefore, would lead one to conclude that the increased gain in the treated birds did not increase dressing loss due to visceral fat. Average finish score was highest for the group receiving 40 mg. and lowest in the control and 20 mg. levels. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between treatments; an application of the Duncan's test ranked the 20, 40 and 60 mg. groups significantly higher in finish score than the 30 mg. and control groups. Safety evaluation based upon data presented in Table 6 indicated a non-significant increase in uterine weight of all groups when compared to the control uterine weight except at the one-week treatments level of 60 mg. Since no other significant differences were revealed by analysis of
ESTRADIOL AND TURKEY GROWTH ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The support of Mattox and Moore, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Hopwood, M. L., and F. X. Gassner, 1962. Metabolism of C-14 diethylstilbestrol in the chicken: Retention and Excretion. Endocrinology, 70: 880-885. Hopwood, M. L., H. Karg and F. X. Gassner, 1963. Conjugation of C-14 diethylstilbestrol by chicken liver in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 113: 233-238. Lorenz, F. W., 1944. The influence of diethylstilbestrol on fat deposition in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 23: 458-459. Lorenz, F. W., 1954. Effects of estrogens on domestic fowl and applications in the poultry industry. Vitamins and Hormones, 12: 235-27S. Moreng, R. E., W. A. Whittet and H. L. Enos, 1963. Studies on turkey body composition. 1. Increasing carcass fat and finish by administration of diethylstilbestrol and the estimation of carcass fat using specific gravity. Poultry Sci. 42: 259-267. Umberger, E. J., and G. H. Gass, 1959. Detection of residual estrogenic activity in the edible tissues of chickens fed dienestrol diacetate. Poultry Sci. 38: 128-131. Umberger, E. J., G. H. Gass, K. J. Davis, J. M. Curtis and C. G. Durbin, 1959. Estrogenic residues in the edible tissues of stilbestrol-fattened chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 118-128.
Rapeseed Meal Studies 5. EFFECTS OF (±)-5-VINYL-2-OXAZOLIDINETHIONE, A GOITROGEN IN RAPESEED MEAL, ON THE RATE OF GROWTH AND THYROID FUNCTION OF CHICKS D. R. CLANDININ, LOUISE BAYLY AND ALMA CABALLERO Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication January 11, 1966)
STWOOD et at. (1949a, b) and Carroll . (1949) isolated goitrin from rapeseed and identified it as L-5-vinyl-2thiooxazolidone which more recently has been named ( — )-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidine-
A
thione. Synthesis of (±)-S-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione has been accomplished by Ettlinger (1950). The work to be reported concerns the effects of synthetic goitrin on the growth rate of chicks and on the struc-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manitoba on June 14, 2015
young torn turkeys could be provided with improved body weight gains and market characteristics. A comparative evaluation of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estradiol17-monopalmitate (EMP) on growth was pursued in a preliminary study, and in a second trial an investigation concerning optimal levels of EMP was carried out. Levels utilized were: 0, 20, 30, 40 and 60 mg. of EMP as a single subcutaneous implantation in 16-week old male turkeys. Body weights were recorded weekly to 21 weeks of age. There was a highly significant increase in body weight when birds received DES; all treatments attained a higher average gain than the control group at the termination of the five-week treatment period. Highly significant body weight gains resulted from the injection of 30 and 40 mg. levels of EMP. These levels also lowered the dressing loss and increased carcass finish score. Apparently 30 or 40 mg. of EMP gave better performance than 60 or 20 mg. per bird. No residual estrogenic activity of EMP remained in the turkeys after the second week when doses as high as 60 mg. per bird were administered.
833