- Email: [email protected]
The effect of added fatty and other oils upon the carbonization of mineral lubricating oils
NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
419
Color reproducibility was determined by intercomparing the spectra of these tubes line by line with a spectrophotometer. The slight variations observed were well within the errors of observation. Photometric observations on the mean horizontal c,a~dlepower per centimetre length of capillary were made by four experienced observers. The computed probable error in the c.p./cm. for all observers and all the tubes was o.I6 per cent. The average deviation of the tubes from their mean value was I.I 5 per cent., the maximum deviation 3 per cent. The four different observers read on an average 1.2 per cent. below, o.I per cent. above, I. 5 per cent. above, and 0. 5 per cent. below the mean of the four. 1
T H E E F F E C T OF A D D E D F A T T Y A N D O T H E R OILS U P O N T H E C A R B O N I Z A T I O N OF M I N E R A L L U B R I C A T I N G OILS? By C. E. Waters.
THE author determined, by a method published some time ago, 3 the relative amounts of " c~rbonized" matter formed by heating two similar mineral engine oils and mixtures of these oils with various fatty oils, soap, asphalt, sulphur, etc. Samples of io grams each were heated in Erlenmeyer flasks to 25 o° C. for 5 hours. The flasks were carefully matched in size, for it was shown that the " c a r b o n i z a t i o n " is an oxidation phenomenon, depending in amount upon the area of the oil surface exposed to the air. The flasks were heated in a special air-bath so arranged as to allow perfect freedom of diffusion of oil vapors and air. The loss by evaporation was first determined; then measured volumes of petroleum ether were added, and laext day the " c a r bonized" material which was precipitated was filtered off, washed free of oil with petroleum ether and weighed. The flasks were also weighed to determine the amount of " v a r n i s h , " the closely 1The report on reproducibility tests is to be published in the Bulletin of the Bureau o/ Standards. The preliminary work was reported on in the Bureau of Standards Bulletin 4, 511, 19o8; the relation between line intensity and current in same journal, 7, 65, 1911. Bureau of Standards, Technologic paper, 4. "Bull. Bur. Standards, 7, 365 (I9II) ; 1. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 233 (1911).
420
NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
a d h e r e n t , b r o w n c o a t i n g f o r m e d oll the w a l l s a b o v e t h e level o f t h e oil. T h e r e w a s f o u n d to be n o p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f e v a p o r a t i o n , " v a r n i s h " a n d insoluble. The averages obtained from a large number of determinations a r e g i v e n in t h e t a b l e . T h e f o l l o w i n g e x p l a n a t i o n s s e e m c a l l e d for. N o . 2 w a s s a t u r a t e d w i t h s o a p b y h e a t i n g t h e m i n e r a l oil o n t h e s t e a m - b a t h w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x c e s s o f d r i e d a n d IX>Wd e r e d " I v o r y " s o a p ; a f t e r c o o l i n g o v e r n i g h t t h e oil w a s filtered. N o . 3 w a s s a t u r a t e d w i t h r o s i n in a s i m i l a r m a n n e r . N o s . 4, 5, 6, 7, I I , a n d I 2 c o n t a i n e d e a c h IO p e r cent. o f t h e oils s t a t e d in t h e t a m e . T o each IO g r a m s o f oil ( N o . 9 ) t h e r e w a s a d d e d o.25 g r a m o f S y r i a n a s p h a l t d i s s o l v e d in x y l e n e . T h e s u l p h u r m i x t u r e ( N o . IO) w a s m a d e b y a d d i n g o . o i g r a m o f s u l p h u r , d i s s o l v e d in x y l e n e , t o IO g r a m s o f oil. E a c h IO g r a m s o f t h e f e r r i c o x i d e mixture (No. 15) contained o.o86 gram of " Kahlbaum " ferric o x i d e . T h e o x i d i z e d oil ( N o s . 14 a n d 16) w a s e x p o s e d to s u n l i g h t a n d a i r f o r a m o n t h . 1 O w i n g t o t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t,he a p p a r a t u s , N o . I 6 w a s m o r e h i g h l y o x i d i z e d t h a n N o . 14 . TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE RESULTS.
(All figures indicate percentages.) Sample
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 io II 12 14 I5 I6
Contains
Mineral oil, No. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosin oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapeseed oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lard oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral oil, No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linseed oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxidized mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxidized mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" Varnish"
0.33 o.It o.27 o.21 1.37 o.o9 o.II 0.35 0.29 0.37 0.30 6.3o o.28 1.o2 o.31
Insoluble
2.26 2.o6 2.25 1.9o o.oi o.4o 1.37 2.51 4.66 2.52 2.70 o.o2 6.0o 6.50 7.02
Total Residue
2.59 2.17 2.52 2.II 1.38 o.49 1.48 2.86 4.95 2.8 9
3-0o 6.32 6.28 7.52 7.33
The apparently high results for " varnish " and correspondi n g l y l o w r e s u l t s f o r i n s o l u b l e in t h e case o f N o s . 5 a n d 12 a r e IBull. Bur. Standards, 7, 227 (1911) ; f. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2, 451 (I9IO).
NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
421
due to the greater portion of the insoluble product adhering to the flask, instead of being in the form of a flocculent precipitate, as with the other oils. Lubricants, for gas engine cylinders, which contain asphalt or which have been exposed to the action of sunlight and air, are to be avoided. It must not be concluded, from the low results obtained with mixtures containing tallow, lard oil, etc., that the addition of these is to be recommended. The presence of the fatty acids resulting from the decomposition of these fatty oils may greatly increase the corrosion of the cylinder and, in actual practice, also cause as much carbonization as the addition of ferric oxide. Francis Turbine. R. CAMERER. (Zeits. Vereins Deutsch Ing., lv, 2oo7.)--After a description of the research apparatus, dia-
grams are given showing how the turning moment, as well as the magnitude and direction, of the blade pressures can be found. Then the description of pressure and velocity in the streaming water is described. The paper is chiefly interesting on account of the numerous diagrams illustrative of the subject. Glass for X-Ray Tubes. (Times, Eng. Suppl., Dec. 27, 1911.) - - I t has been ascertained that glass made with lithium is about twice as transparent as soda glass to the photographically active X-rays. Tubes have been produced with a lithium glass " window," through which the rays are discharged from the anti-cathode. This window is about two inches in diameter, and is fused into the bulb immediately opposite the anti-cathode. B y using these tubes the exposures necessary for radiographic work are reduced by about 50 per cent.
Melting-point of Seger Cones. R. RIEKE. (Sprechsaal, xliv, 726.)--Numerous tests were made on the melting-points of Seger cones, chiefly with regard to the duration of firing and the variety of kilns. These cones have no definite melting-points like metals and most chemical compounds. The chief factor is the duration of firing, which may affect the apparent melting-point by 6o ° to IOO° C. Other conditions being the same, a cone will melt at a lower temperature the more prolonged the firing. According to the author, cones oI2a to I are an exception; they melt with more difficulty in a slow fire. Cones cannot be regarded as pyrometers for the accurate measurement of temperature, but they have the advaaatage over optical and thermo-electric pyrometers in the burning of pottery that they are affected by the time factor as well as by the actual temperature attained. A cone that has remained unmelted in one fire cannot be reliably used in a subsequent fire.
419
Color reproducibility was determined by intercomparing the spectra of these tubes line by line with a spectrophotometer. The slight variations observed were well within the errors of observation. Photometric observations on the mean horizontal c,a~dlepower per centimetre length of capillary were made by four experienced observers. The computed probable error in the c.p./cm. for all observers and all the tubes was o.I6 per cent. The average deviation of the tubes from their mean value was I.I 5 per cent., the maximum deviation 3 per cent. The four different observers read on an average 1.2 per cent. below, o.I per cent. above, I. 5 per cent. above, and 0. 5 per cent. below the mean of the four. 1
T H E E F F E C T OF A D D E D F A T T Y A N D O T H E R OILS U P O N T H E C A R B O N I Z A T I O N OF M I N E R A L L U B R I C A T I N G OILS? By C. E. Waters.
THE author determined, by a method published some time ago, 3 the relative amounts of " c~rbonized" matter formed by heating two similar mineral engine oils and mixtures of these oils with various fatty oils, soap, asphalt, sulphur, etc. Samples of io grams each were heated in Erlenmeyer flasks to 25 o° C. for 5 hours. The flasks were carefully matched in size, for it was shown that the " c a r b o n i z a t i o n " is an oxidation phenomenon, depending in amount upon the area of the oil surface exposed to the air. The flasks were heated in a special air-bath so arranged as to allow perfect freedom of diffusion of oil vapors and air. The loss by evaporation was first determined; then measured volumes of petroleum ether were added, and laext day the " c a r bonized" material which was precipitated was filtered off, washed free of oil with petroleum ether and weighed. The flasks were also weighed to determine the amount of " v a r n i s h , " the closely 1The report on reproducibility tests is to be published in the Bulletin of the Bureau o/ Standards. The preliminary work was reported on in the Bureau of Standards Bulletin 4, 511, 19o8; the relation between line intensity and current in same journal, 7, 65, 1911. Bureau of Standards, Technologic paper, 4. "Bull. Bur. Standards, 7, 365 (I9II) ; 1. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 233 (1911).
420
NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
a d h e r e n t , b r o w n c o a t i n g f o r m e d oll the w a l l s a b o v e t h e level o f t h e oil. T h e r e w a s f o u n d to be n o p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f e v a p o r a t i o n , " v a r n i s h " a n d insoluble. The averages obtained from a large number of determinations a r e g i v e n in t h e t a b l e . T h e f o l l o w i n g e x p l a n a t i o n s s e e m c a l l e d for. N o . 2 w a s s a t u r a t e d w i t h s o a p b y h e a t i n g t h e m i n e r a l oil o n t h e s t e a m - b a t h w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x c e s s o f d r i e d a n d IX>Wd e r e d " I v o r y " s o a p ; a f t e r c o o l i n g o v e r n i g h t t h e oil w a s filtered. N o . 3 w a s s a t u r a t e d w i t h r o s i n in a s i m i l a r m a n n e r . N o s . 4, 5, 6, 7, I I , a n d I 2 c o n t a i n e d e a c h IO p e r cent. o f t h e oils s t a t e d in t h e t a m e . T o each IO g r a m s o f oil ( N o . 9 ) t h e r e w a s a d d e d o.25 g r a m o f S y r i a n a s p h a l t d i s s o l v e d in x y l e n e . T h e s u l p h u r m i x t u r e ( N o . IO) w a s m a d e b y a d d i n g o . o i g r a m o f s u l p h u r , d i s s o l v e d in x y l e n e , t o IO g r a m s o f oil. E a c h IO g r a m s o f t h e f e r r i c o x i d e mixture (No. 15) contained o.o86 gram of " Kahlbaum " ferric o x i d e . T h e o x i d i z e d oil ( N o s . 14 a n d 16) w a s e x p o s e d to s u n l i g h t a n d a i r f o r a m o n t h . 1 O w i n g t o t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t,he a p p a r a t u s , N o . I 6 w a s m o r e h i g h l y o x i d i z e d t h a n N o . 14 . TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE RESULTS.
(All figures indicate percentages.) Sample
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 io II 12 14 I5 I6
Contains
Mineral oil, No. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosin oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapeseed oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lard oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral oil, No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linseed oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxidized mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxidized mineral oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" Varnish"
0.33 o.It o.27 o.21 1.37 o.o9 o.II 0.35 0.29 0.37 0.30 6.3o o.28 1.o2 o.31
Insoluble
2.26 2.o6 2.25 1.9o o.oi o.4o 1.37 2.51 4.66 2.52 2.70 o.o2 6.0o 6.50 7.02
Total Residue
2.59 2.17 2.52 2.II 1.38 o.49 1.48 2.86 4.95 2.8 9
3-0o 6.32 6.28 7.52 7.33
The apparently high results for " varnish " and correspondi n g l y l o w r e s u l t s f o r i n s o l u b l e in t h e case o f N o s . 5 a n d 12 a r e IBull. Bur. Standards, 7, 227 (1911) ; f. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2, 451 (I9IO).
NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
421
due to the greater portion of the insoluble product adhering to the flask, instead of being in the form of a flocculent precipitate, as with the other oils. Lubricants, for gas engine cylinders, which contain asphalt or which have been exposed to the action of sunlight and air, are to be avoided. It must not be concluded, from the low results obtained with mixtures containing tallow, lard oil, etc., that the addition of these is to be recommended. The presence of the fatty acids resulting from the decomposition of these fatty oils may greatly increase the corrosion of the cylinder and, in actual practice, also cause as much carbonization as the addition of ferric oxide. Francis Turbine. R. CAMERER. (Zeits. Vereins Deutsch Ing., lv, 2oo7.)--After a description of the research apparatus, dia-
grams are given showing how the turning moment, as well as the magnitude and direction, of the blade pressures can be found. Then the description of pressure and velocity in the streaming water is described. The paper is chiefly interesting on account of the numerous diagrams illustrative of the subject. Glass for X-Ray Tubes. (Times, Eng. Suppl., Dec. 27, 1911.) - - I t has been ascertained that glass made with lithium is about twice as transparent as soda glass to the photographically active X-rays. Tubes have been produced with a lithium glass " window," through which the rays are discharged from the anti-cathode. This window is about two inches in diameter, and is fused into the bulb immediately opposite the anti-cathode. B y using these tubes the exposures necessary for radiographic work are reduced by about 50 per cent.
Melting-point of Seger Cones. R. RIEKE. (Sprechsaal, xliv, 726.)--Numerous tests were made on the melting-points of Seger cones, chiefly with regard to the duration of firing and the variety of kilns. These cones have no definite melting-points like metals and most chemical compounds. The chief factor is the duration of firing, which may affect the apparent melting-point by 6o ° to IOO° C. Other conditions being the same, a cone will melt at a lower temperature the more prolonged the firing. According to the author, cones oI2a to I are an exception; they melt with more difficulty in a slow fire. Cones cannot be regarded as pyrometers for the accurate measurement of temperature, but they have the advaaatage over optical and thermo-electric pyrometers in the burning of pottery that they are affected by the time factor as well as by the actual temperature attained. A cone that has remained unmelted in one fire cannot be reliably used in a subsequent fire.