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The Effect of Allyl Acetone in the Treatment of Experimentally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis in Chickens1
RESEARCH'NOTES
O'Rourke, W. F.( P. H. Phillips and W. W. Cravens, 1952. The phosphorus requirements of growing chickens as related to age. Poultry Sci. 31: 962-966.
1091
O'Rourke, W. F., P. H. Phillips and W. W. Cravens, 195S. The phosphorus requirements of growing chickens and laying pullets fed practical rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 47-S4.
THE EFFECT OF ALLYL ACETONE IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CECAL COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS 1 WILLIAM A. URICCHIO
Department of Biology, Mount Mercy College, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Received for publication May 14, 1957)
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Of a number of chemicals screened for hatchery. When received they were placed the possible control of cecal coccidiosis, in clean all-metal cages with wire floors the writer found allyl acetone (CH2CH2 until needed for an experiment. At the • CH2COCH3) to be the most promising. start of each experiment the chicks were The method used in conducting the pre- weighed, banded, and sorted into groups liminary test consisted of soaking un- of comparable average weight. The birds sporulated oocysts of Eimeria lenella in were inoculated by introducing the sporuthe various chemicals for varying time lated oocysts into the crop by means of a limits. The oocysts were then washed in graduated pipette. The chemical was water and placed in a 2.5 percent solution added to the drinking water in various of potassium dichromate for 48 hours to concentrations. determine if sporulation would occur. If Each group of experiments was carried no sporulation occurred it was concluded out at different times under essentially that the chemical penetrated and killed the same conditions. The factors which the oocyst. In addition, these treated varied were: dilution of the chemical and oocysts which failed to sporulate did not time and length of administration. cause coccidiosis when fed to chicks. The individual groups in each experiBecause allyl acetone gave favorable re- ment including the control groups consults in the above screening experiment, tained 10 fifteen-day-old birds with the its effectiveness was tested in reducing exception of experiment 5 which conhemorrhage and mortality from coccidi- tained 10 25-day-old birds per group. All osis. The present paper reports the ac- of the birds including the inoculated contivity of allyl acetone when medication trols were inoculated with 50,000 sporuwas started at various times before and lated oocysts. Each of the birds in the treated group received the chemically after infection. treated water for a certain number of days METHODS and then were placed on regular tap water White Leghorn chicks of mixed sexes for the remainder of the experiments used in the experiments were obtained as which totaled 14 days. The birds were 5-day-old chicks from a commercial weighed every 3rd day during the experiment. At the end of the experiment all re1 Supported (in part) by a research grant from maining birds were killed and autopsied U. S. Industrial Chemicals Company, Division of and the findings recorded. Dead birds National Distillers Corporation.
1092
RESEARCH NOTES
were removed from the cages daily and examined for signs of toxicity of the chemical and for the presence of coccidia. Complete results of all experiments are summarized in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS
TABLE 1.—Results of experiments using allyl acetone on a course of infection with E. tenella Cone, of chemical in water, percent
No. of days chemical administered
Groups
Mortality, percent
Mean wt. gain of survivors, grams
1
2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 None 2.9 None
7 7 7 7 None 7 None
1-T treated 1 day before inoc. 2-T treated 2 days before inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-2 treated 2 days after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 50 30 40 60 0 0
102 109 118 122 98 122 137
2
1.45
7 7 7 7 None 7 None
T-0 treated on day of inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-2 treated 2 days after inoc. T-3 treated 3 days after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 40 30 60 50 0 0
100 106 118 94 101 129 134
3
0.72S
3 7 None 7
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
20 40 50 10 0
114 108 97 121 131
2 3 None 3 None
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 40 40 50 0 10
101 111 103 106 117 122
1 2 3 None 3 None
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
30 30 20 60 0 0
109 101 107 101 115 126
Exp. No.
None 4
5
0.365
0.725
1
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The foregoing experiments have demonstrated that birds infected with E. tenella failed to receive any protection from allyl acetone if administered before or on the day of inoculation. Birds receiving a 2.9 percent concentration of the chemical 1 and 2 days following the inoculation passed less blood and the mortality rate was reduced; however, the
chemical proved to be toxic at this concentration since there was an appreciable weight loss. The concentration of the chemical was further reduced to 1.45 percent but the results obtained were approximately the same as those in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 the concentration of the chemical was again reduced to 0.725 percent and starting on the 1st day following inoculation, 1 group received the chemical for a period of 7 days, as in Experiments 1 and 2, and another group received the chemical for a period of 3 days. Hemorrhage was suppressed in the group receiving treatment for 3 days and the mortality rate was lowered to 20 per-
RESEARCH NOTES
cent, but again the chemical seemed to affect the weight gains when compared with the U.U.C. group. Following the same methods of Experiment 3 a group of older chicks was used in an attempt to prevent loss of weight, but the results obtained were similar to those of Experiment 3. Upon reducing the concentration to 0.365 percent the mortality rate was increased and almost no protection was afforded the infected chicks as compared
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with the I.C. group. The weight in the U.T.C. group receiving 0.365 percent concentration of the chemical compared more favorably to the U.U.C. group. At no time in the experiments was a point reached where allyl acetone prevented mortality completely in birds infected with E. tenella. The toxicity of allyl acetone at a concentration which affords some protection would limit its use on a practical basis.
R. D. CREEK AND M. Y. DENDY
Animal Industry Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois (Received for publication June 17, 1957)
INTRODUCTION
Neal (1956) reported that DL-methionine was effective in controlling cannibalism in laying hens. At the time of this report considerable difficulty with cannibalism was being encountered with the strain of Single Comb White Leghorns used at this station. It was decided to see if methionine would control the malady. Three hundred and twenty cockerels approximately 5 weeks of age were randomized into finishing batteries at the rate of ten per pen. All were in good health
and free from any signs of cannibalism or feather picking. Four treatments were administered with a total of 80 birds or 8 pens per treatment. All received the same basal ration (Table 1) with the methionine additions being 0, 1, 3, and 5 lbs. per ton respectively. Lights were used 24 hours per day, and the birds maintained on experiment for 3 weeks. The birds were examined daily, and recorded as canniTABLE 2.-
-The relationship of cannibalism and methionine
TABLE 1.—Basal ration Ingredient Corn Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Limestone Bone meal 400 D-2,000 A oil 2-4-9 vitamin mix 1 Bu supplement (20 mg./lb.) Salt, iodized Manganese sulfate 1
% 68.4 25.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 .5 .1 .0125 .5 .025
Lbs. methionine/ton Pen no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total No.
Vitamin mix contains 2 gm. of riboflavin, 4 gm.
%
No. of cases of cannibalism per pen 0
1
3
5
0 0 0 0
0
4 2 0 3 0 0 0 1
1 0 4 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0
0 0
10 12.5
7 8.7
6 7.5
n o0
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF CANNIBALISM AND METHIONINE
O'Rourke, W. F.( P. H. Phillips and W. W. Cravens, 1952. The phosphorus requirements of growing chickens as related to age. Poultry Sci. 31: 962-966.
1091
O'Rourke, W. F., P. H. Phillips and W. W. Cravens, 195S. The phosphorus requirements of growing chickens and laying pullets fed practical rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 47-S4.
THE EFFECT OF ALLYL ACETONE IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CECAL COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS 1 WILLIAM A. URICCHIO
Department of Biology, Mount Mercy College, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Received for publication May 14, 1957)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 24, 2015
Of a number of chemicals screened for hatchery. When received they were placed the possible control of cecal coccidiosis, in clean all-metal cages with wire floors the writer found allyl acetone (CH2CH2 until needed for an experiment. At the • CH2COCH3) to be the most promising. start of each experiment the chicks were The method used in conducting the pre- weighed, banded, and sorted into groups liminary test consisted of soaking un- of comparable average weight. The birds sporulated oocysts of Eimeria lenella in were inoculated by introducing the sporuthe various chemicals for varying time lated oocysts into the crop by means of a limits. The oocysts were then washed in graduated pipette. The chemical was water and placed in a 2.5 percent solution added to the drinking water in various of potassium dichromate for 48 hours to concentrations. determine if sporulation would occur. If Each group of experiments was carried no sporulation occurred it was concluded out at different times under essentially that the chemical penetrated and killed the same conditions. The factors which the oocyst. In addition, these treated varied were: dilution of the chemical and oocysts which failed to sporulate did not time and length of administration. cause coccidiosis when fed to chicks. The individual groups in each experiBecause allyl acetone gave favorable re- ment including the control groups consults in the above screening experiment, tained 10 fifteen-day-old birds with the its effectiveness was tested in reducing exception of experiment 5 which conhemorrhage and mortality from coccidi- tained 10 25-day-old birds per group. All osis. The present paper reports the ac- of the birds including the inoculated contivity of allyl acetone when medication trols were inoculated with 50,000 sporuwas started at various times before and lated oocysts. Each of the birds in the treated group received the chemically after infection. treated water for a certain number of days METHODS and then were placed on regular tap water White Leghorn chicks of mixed sexes for the remainder of the experiments used in the experiments were obtained as which totaled 14 days. The birds were 5-day-old chicks from a commercial weighed every 3rd day during the experiment. At the end of the experiment all re1 Supported (in part) by a research grant from maining birds were killed and autopsied U. S. Industrial Chemicals Company, Division of and the findings recorded. Dead birds National Distillers Corporation.
1092
RESEARCH NOTES
were removed from the cages daily and examined for signs of toxicity of the chemical and for the presence of coccidia. Complete results of all experiments are summarized in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS
TABLE 1.—Results of experiments using allyl acetone on a course of infection with E. tenella Cone, of chemical in water, percent
No. of days chemical administered
Groups
Mortality, percent
Mean wt. gain of survivors, grams
1
2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 None 2.9 None
7 7 7 7 None 7 None
1-T treated 1 day before inoc. 2-T treated 2 days before inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-2 treated 2 days after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 50 30 40 60 0 0
102 109 118 122 98 122 137
2
1.45
7 7 7 7 None 7 None
T-0 treated on day of inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-2 treated 2 days after inoc. T-3 treated 3 days after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 40 30 60 50 0 0
100 106 118 94 101 129 134
3
0.72S
3 7 None 7
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
20 40 50 10 0
114 108 97 121 131
2 3 None 3 None
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
50 40 40 50 0 10
101 111 103 106 117 122
1 2 3 None 3 None
T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. T-l treated 1 day after inoc. IC inoc. controls UTC uninoc. treated controls UUC uninoc. untreated controls
30 30 20 60 0 0
109 101 107 101 115 126
Exp. No.
None 4
5
0.365
0.725
1
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The foregoing experiments have demonstrated that birds infected with E. tenella failed to receive any protection from allyl acetone if administered before or on the day of inoculation. Birds receiving a 2.9 percent concentration of the chemical 1 and 2 days following the inoculation passed less blood and the mortality rate was reduced; however, the
chemical proved to be toxic at this concentration since there was an appreciable weight loss. The concentration of the chemical was further reduced to 1.45 percent but the results obtained were approximately the same as those in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 the concentration of the chemical was again reduced to 0.725 percent and starting on the 1st day following inoculation, 1 group received the chemical for a period of 7 days, as in Experiments 1 and 2, and another group received the chemical for a period of 3 days. Hemorrhage was suppressed in the group receiving treatment for 3 days and the mortality rate was lowered to 20 per-
RESEARCH NOTES
cent, but again the chemical seemed to affect the weight gains when compared with the U.U.C. group. Following the same methods of Experiment 3 a group of older chicks was used in an attempt to prevent loss of weight, but the results obtained were similar to those of Experiment 3. Upon reducing the concentration to 0.365 percent the mortality rate was increased and almost no protection was afforded the infected chicks as compared
1093
with the I.C. group. The weight in the U.T.C. group receiving 0.365 percent concentration of the chemical compared more favorably to the U.U.C. group. At no time in the experiments was a point reached where allyl acetone prevented mortality completely in birds infected with E. tenella. The toxicity of allyl acetone at a concentration which affords some protection would limit its use on a practical basis.
R. D. CREEK AND M. Y. DENDY
Animal Industry Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois (Received for publication June 17, 1957)
INTRODUCTION
Neal (1956) reported that DL-methionine was effective in controlling cannibalism in laying hens. At the time of this report considerable difficulty with cannibalism was being encountered with the strain of Single Comb White Leghorns used at this station. It was decided to see if methionine would control the malady. Three hundred and twenty cockerels approximately 5 weeks of age were randomized into finishing batteries at the rate of ten per pen. All were in good health
and free from any signs of cannibalism or feather picking. Four treatments were administered with a total of 80 birds or 8 pens per treatment. All received the same basal ration (Table 1) with the methionine additions being 0, 1, 3, and 5 lbs. per ton respectively. Lights were used 24 hours per day, and the birds maintained on experiment for 3 weeks. The birds were examined daily, and recorded as canniTABLE 2.-
-The relationship of cannibalism and methionine
TABLE 1.—Basal ration Ingredient Corn Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Limestone Bone meal 400 D-2,000 A oil 2-4-9 vitamin mix 1 Bu supplement (20 mg./lb.) Salt, iodized Manganese sulfate 1
% 68.4 25.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 .5 .1 .0125 .5 .025
Lbs. methionine/ton Pen no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total No.
Vitamin mix contains 2 gm. of riboflavin, 4 gm.
%
No. of cases of cannibalism per pen 0
1
3
5
0 0 0 0
0
4 2 0 3 0 0 0 1
1 0 4 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0
0 0
10 12.5
7 8.7
6 7.5
n o0
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF CANNIBALISM AND METHIONINE