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The Effect of Bile Acid on Lipid and Nitrogen Retention, Carcass Composition, and Dietary Metabolizable Energy in Very Young Chicks1,2
The Effect of Bile Acid on Lipid and Nitrogen Retention, Carcass Composition, and Dietary Metabolizable Energy in Very Young Chicks1'2 D. POLIN and TALAL H. HUSSEIN Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (Received for publication November 30, 1981)
1982 Poultry Science 61:1697-1707
INTRODUCTION T h e r e are substantial data t o reveal t h a t ast h e chick ages from day-old t o 4 weeks or m o r e , its ability t o absorb saturated-type lipids, e.g. tallow and m u t t o n - f a t , improves (Duckw o r t h et al, 1 9 5 0 ; March and Biely, 1 9 5 7 ; R e n n e r and Hill, I 9 6 0 ; F e d d e et al, I 9 6 0 ; Carew et al, 1 9 7 2 ; G o m e z and Polin, 1 9 7 6 ; Polin etal, 1 9 8 0 ; Katongole a n d March, 1 9 8 0 ) . These data were acquired using light, m e d i u m , and heavy breed chicks. Despite this improvem e n t , t h e values for a b s o r p t i o n are m u c h below t h e 90% or better values o b t a i n e d with uns a t u r a t e d - t y p e lipids (vegetable oils) in t h e chick's diet. F e d d e et al. ( 1 9 6 0 ) n o t e d t h a t . 5 % of bile added to a diet containing 2 0 % tallow improved t h e a p p a r e n t absorption of t h e fat from 4 7 t o 69%. Edwards ( 1 9 6 2 ) and Eyssen et al ( 1 9 6 5 ) also h a d s o m e positive response using bile salts. Garlich and Nesheim ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t .3 and .6% of a bile salt improved fat a b s o r p t i o n of chicks fed u n h e a t e d soybean meal. G o m e z
and Polin ( 1 9 7 6 ) , feeding purified-type diets, showed t h a t t h e a b s o r p t i o n of tallow was improved 15 t o 20% in chicks 4 t o 7 days of age b y adding t o t h e diets either cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, or sodium taurocholate (NaT). Polin et al. ( 1 9 8 0 ) n o t e d t h a t .04% cholic acid or c h e n o d e o x y c h o l i c acid significantly improved, while N a T caused only a t r e n d for an i m p r o v e m e n t , in tallow's absorption b y chicks fed practical-type diets. Lipase at . 1 % of t h e diet was also effective in t h a t s t u d y . Katongole and March ( 1 9 8 0 ) also substantiated t h a t N a T e n h a n c e d significantly t h e absorption of tallow in chicks 3 weeks of age. T h e y n o t e d it was m o s t effective in light and broiler-type breeds a n d only partially effective in a m e d i u m - t y p e breed. This s t u d y was t o evaluate t h e effectiveness of NaT in very y o u n g chicks fed either tallow or h y d r o g e n a t e d animal and vegetable fats ( H A V F s ) . In addition, nitrogen a n d energy r e t e n t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d t o assess a n y effect t h a t m a y occur o n o t h e r nutritional parameters should lipid a b s o r p t i o n be improved. PROCEDURE
1
Supported in part by a grant from the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, Des Plaines, IL 60018. 'Journal Article No. 10184 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.
T h r e e h u n d r e d and thirty-six broiler-type chicks (White M o u n t a i n strain) were o b t a i n e d from a commercial h a t c h e r y and placed i n t o a
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ABSTRACT Heavy breed chicks fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 7.6% tallow or one of four different hydrogenated animal and vegetable fats (HAVFs) at 6.2% retained 25% less lipid when 1 week of age than when 2 or 3 weeks of age. The addition of .04% sodium taurocholate (NaT) improved lipid retention most at 1 week of age but had no effect on retention of nitrogen. The apparent metabolizable energy (ME a ) was 10% less for the chick 1 week of age, reflecting lower lipid and nitrogen retentions by the very young chicken. Percentages of carcass lipid and protein were lowest at 1 week of age (10.4%) and increased by the 3rd week (17%). The addition of NaT did not cause any significant changes in carcass composition. The data indicated that absorptive mechanisms for lipid and protein are not fully developed in the very young chick and that dietary bile salts tend to improve lipid but not nitrogen absorption. (Key words: tallow, bile salts, absorption, chickens, energy, nitrogen retention)
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POLIN AND HUSSEIN TABLE 1. Composition of diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Calculated ME = 3.23 kcal/g diet Parts per kg
510.7 341.0 76.0 35.0 25.0 4.0 .5 3.0 3.0 .5 .5
Determined analytical data on diets (%) Type of fat in diet, %
Crude protein
Lipid
Dry matter
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 H A V F # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25
23.2 23.4 22.1 22.4 23.2
9.3 8.3 7.3 8.1 7.1
91.1 90.3 90.2 90.3 89.7
Calculated value
22.9
10.2
HAVF fats replaced tallow isocalorically with the weight difference made up with bentonite. Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 1,000 ICU; vitamin E, 10 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 2.0 mg; thiamine'HCl, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 10.0 mg; pantothenic acid, 15.0 mg; niacin, 100 mg; pyridoxine, 6.0 mg; biotin, .15 mg; folacin, 3.0 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .01 mg; carrier ground corn w/4% corn oil to 3.0 g. c
Supplies per kilogram: Mn, 60 mg; Zn, 40 mg; Fe, 30 mg; Cu, 5 mg; I, .5 mg. From Calcium Carbonate Co. Supplies per kilogram: Se, .1 mg. From Calcium Carbonate Co. Added at 40 mg/kg to diets with bile salt and replaced an equal weight of corn.
three-deck, wire-floored, b a t t e r y - b r o o d e r in groups of 1 4 . T h e r e were 2 0 groups with t w o replicates per t r e a t m e n t in a 2 X 5 factorial design comparing five fats w i t h o u t or with a bile salt in t h e diet. E x p e r i m e n t a l diets were fed o h t h e day chicks were received. F e e d and water were allowed ad libitum. T h e diets were c o m p o s e d of practical ingredients (Table 1) with h y d r o g e n a t e d animal a n d vegetable fats (HAVFs) replacing tallow isocalorically. T h e analytical d a t a o n t h e lipids used in t h e experi-
3 Supplied by the Buckeye Cotton Oil Division of the Buckeye Cellulose Corporation, Memphis, TN.
m e n t are presented in Table 2. T h e tallow was 5 0 % saturated f a t t y acids, as c o m p a r e d t o values of 33.7 t o 34.6% for H A V F s , respectively. T h e difference in weight resulting from t h e use of higher energy lipids t o replace tallow was m a d e u p with b e n t o n i t e . T h e diets were formulated t o be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, b u t t h e actual d e t e r m i n a t i o n s for protein and fat revealed s o m e variations from t h e calculated values (Table 1). O n days 7, 1 4 , a n d 2 1 , chicks a n d feed were weighed. F o u r birds from each replicate were killed w i t h o u t loss of b l o o d b y using excess chloroform in a closed container, and t h e n t h e carcasses were immediately frozen. Feed had
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Ingredient Corn, # 2 yellow Soybean meal, 48% Tallow a Fish meal Dicalcium phosphate, 18% Limestone Choline chloride, 50% Salt Vitamin mix"5 Mineral mix c Selenium mix" Methionine hydroxy analog Sodium taurocholate e
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BILE ACIDS, LIPIDS, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION TABLE 2. The analytical3- data on the fats used in this experiment
Criterion
Miscellaneous and unknown Total saturated, % Total unsaturated, % Unsatu rated/satu rated Moisture, % Insoluble impurities, % Unsaponifiable free fatty acids, % Estimated ME, kcal/g
HAVF #1
HAVF #2
HAVF #3
HAVF #4
94.8
96.7
98.9
96.2
1.1 1.8 .3 18.0 2.6
1.1 1.7 .2 19.8 2.3
.3 3.8 2.7 .1 17.1 1.5
1.1 1.6 .3 18.2 2.5
13.7 42.9 17.8 1.9
12.0 41.7 20.0 1.2
9.8 31.1 31.0 2.5
12.7 41.2 20.3 2.0
34.6 65.5 1.89 .7 .7 1.8 8.45
34.6 65.4 1.89 .3 .4 1.5 8.56
33.7 66.2 1.96 .5 .4 1.4 8.44
33.6 66.3 1.97 .7 .1 1.3 8.54
.1 .1 3.5 1.1 25.9 2.9 .3 1.2 19.2 43.0 2.3 .4
50.0 50.0 1.0
7.01
^ h e data supplied by H. Hathaway of the Buckeye Cotton Oil Division of the Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Memphis, TN.
been withdrawn 18 hr prior to the weighing of chicks and feed so the contribution of the intestinal contents was considered to be negligible. All excreta were collected from all replicates onto plastic sheets covering the dropping trays. On the days that chicks were weighed, the pans with excreta were removed and allowed to dry. Then, excreta samples were collected quantitatively with precautions taken to omit any feed spilled from the hoppers and to blow off the duff. Excreta samples were weighed, ground to pass a # 2 0 sieve, and thoroughly blended by passing through the grinder several times. An aliquot was then ground in a Wiley mill to pass a # 3 0 sieve. The finely ground samples were used for the analysis of moisture and lipid as previously described (Polin et al., 1980) and for nitrogen by the macro-Kjeldahl procedure. Feed samples were similarly ground in a Wiley mill and also analyzed for moisture, lipid, and nitrogen. Carcasses from each replicate were pooled and ground while frozen, yielding a coarsely ground mix from which grab samples were taken for analysis of moisture (freezedrying) and subsequently for lipid content
(petroleum ether extraction in a soxhlet for 18 hr). No further loss of weight occurred on freeze-dried samples placed in an oven at 70 C for 24 hr. All samples were analyzed at least in duplicate. "Apparent absorption" (the term usually found in the literature), or "apparent retention", of nitrogen and lipid was calculated as the difference between the amount of constituent consumed in diets versus that in the excreta. Since both urine and fecal losses are accounted for, the terminology best applied to these balance-data is "apparent retention" or "apparent utilization" rather than apparent absorption. Values are presented as a percentage of the intake based on the determined values for feed. The gross energy values of diets and excreta were determined with an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were calculated based on the "total collection" procedure using the quantitative values on weights of feed consumed and excreta output. The AME was not corrected for nitrogen losses. Inadverently, the excreta samples
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Fatty acids, total C 8:0 ClO:0 C 12:0 Cl4:0 C 14:l Cl6:0 C 16:l c 16:2 Cl7:0 C 18:0 C 18:l Cl8:2 Cl8:3 ^20:0
Tallow
POLIN AND HUSSEIN
1700
from the 3rd week of the experiment were discarded, but not until all pertinent data except gross energy had been obtained. Thus, AME values for the 3rd week were not available. Statistical analyses were those of Snedecor and Cochran (1968) for analysis of variance. Significant differences were accepted with P«.05 and trends indicated at P<.10. RESULTS
The determined AME values were consistently less during week 1 than the calculated value of 3.23 kcal/g. Thus, the AME values appeared to reflect, on the average, the lower retention of lipid. The values ranged from 2.87 to 3.07 without the bile salt and from 2.86 to 3.14 with the bile salt (Table 4), a trend toward a significant difference (Table 6). Inspection of the AME in Table 4 for week 1 revealed that the values for diets with tallow or HAVF # 1 were not improved. This was inconsistent with the 9.8% improvement found for the retention of tallow but in line with the —.1% change in lipid retention found for HAVF # 1 (Table 4). The AME values in week 2 were neither significantly different among the type of fats used in the diets nor altered by the addition of NaT (Table 6). The average change in AME was in line with the average change in lipid retention. Also, lipid retention averaged 83% during week 2, and the AME value averaged 3.27 kcal/g, almost identical to the 3.25 kcal/g AME calculated for the diets. Unfortunately, the excreta samples from week 3 were unintentionally discarded so that AME values were not obtainable for that week of the experiment.
The efficiency of the diets was not influenced to any marked extent by the addition of NaT (Table 5). A significant decline in gain/ feed ratios was detected in week 3 when the overall change in efficiency was a —6.6%. The efficiency of gain was excellent throughout, so any further improvement may have been difficult to obtain. The data did reveal that the efficiency of gain was 59% in week 3 as compared to values of 63 and 72% for weeks 1 and 2, respectively (Table 5). The NaT had no effect on carcass lipid and protein during all 3 weeks (Table 7). However, the overall average values for carcass lipid and protein showed steady increases week by week (Table 7). Carcass protein increased from 14.9% in week 1 to 17% in week 3; lipid concentrations of the carcasses increased from an average of 6.3% in week 1 to 10.3% in week 2 (Table 7). Added to the diet containing tallow, NaT increased carcass lipid each week of the experiment by almost 12%, but it seemed to reduce carcass protein concentrations (Table 7) by an average 5.7% (average of —3.9, —8.5, and
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The statistical analysis of the data for all 3 weeks (Table 3) revealed an extremely high degree of significance for all criteria attributed to weeks. Thus, the data were analyzed on a week X week basis and presented in that manner. Broiler-type chicks retained, on the average, about 25% less lipid when 1 week of age than when 2 or 3 weeks of age (Table 4). Retention was lower for tallow than for HAVFs, and this accounted for the significant effect for type of fat (Table 3). The addition of NaT to the diets improved the retention of lipid during week 1 (P=.06), had inconsistent effects during week 2, and had a small but significant effect (Table 6) during week 3 (Table 4). However, on the basis of all 3 weeks no significant effect was detected for bile acid on lipid retention (Table 3).
During week 1 the chicks fed diets without NaT had nitrogen retention values averaging 50.9%, as compared to 54.3 and 58.0% for weeks 2 and 3, respectively (Table 4). The addition of the bile salt did not significantly (Table 3 and 6) influence nitrogen retention during any of the weeks, although positive changes were detected in 8 of 10 treatments (Table 4) for weeks 2 and 3 and for only 1 of 4 treatments in week 1 (Table 4). The bile salt tended to lower nitrogen retention during the first 2 weeks that chicks were fed diets with tallow, an effect opposite to that of NaT's influence on lipid retention (Table 4). The data on body weight gain and gain/feed are presented in Table 5. There were no consistent trends for body weight gains to be influenced by the type of lipid incorporated into the diets fed during weeks 1 and 3. A significant effect attributed to type of fat (Table 6) appeared to account for the lower overall average gain of the chicks fed tallow versus those fed HAVFs # 2 and 4. The addition of NaT to the diets did not significantly alter weight gain (Table 6), although the diets with HAVF # 3 , during week 1, and tallow, during week # 2 , appeared to improve weight gain. However, a —10.2% change in gain of weight was detected for HAVF # 3 during week 3, which negated the improvement detected earlier.
4 1 2 4 8 2 8 30
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) Weeks (W) TF X BA TF X W BA X W TF X BA X W Error
8.40* .004 2071.0** .933 3.56 3.83 3.56 2.22 21.9 28.6 197.7** 20.5 18.4 18.0 40.7** 9.83
Apparent C retention Nitrogen a Lipid a
**P<.01.
*P«.05.
Data are weeks 1 and 2 only.
Transformation of data to arcsin \J% for statistical analysis.
df
Source of variation 8.40*
Body weight gain 5.65 5.44 343.9** 7.11 9.10 11.7 13.5 8.21
(Gaina/ feed) X 100
Mean square values
.
2.
.
89.9 1.0 1.
.
4 4
Lip
TABLE 3. Analysis of variance of data in Tables 4, 5, and 7
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
49.6 51.7 50.3 49.9 55.1 51.3
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
2.99 2.86 3.05 3.14 3.13 3.03
47.4 49.6 50.0 53.0 52.8 50.6
61.4 63.1 65.8 73.7 69.7 66.7
+NaT
Week 1
+4.1 +5.7 +2.0 +2.2
0 -.3
+6.2 -4.1 -1.4
-.4
-4.4 -4.1
+2.0 +14.8 +8.9 +7.0
-.8
+9.8
A, %b
C
-4.5 + 18.0 +5.9 +1.5 +5.0 +5.2
0
51.0 61.0 55.7 54.0 56.5 55.6
(%;v+2.9 -2.6 +4.6 +2.3 +1.4
I
A, %
80.9 83.7 83.0 87.3 83.0 83.6
rent lipid retentior
+NaT
Week 2
n g y (kcal/g die Apparent m cLO.L/UllZ,d.UlC ** "™ **C U**C l—~" 3.28 3.09 -5.6 3.17 3.27 +3.2 3.22 3.33 +3.4 3.27 3.34 +2.1 3.31 3.37 +1.8 3.25 3.28 + 1.0
53.4 51.7 52.6 53.2 53.8 52.9
78.6 85.9 83.1 83.5 81.1 82.4
-NaT
Data were not available for week 3.
(Lipid or N per g dry diet X dry diet consumed — lipid or N per g dry excreta X dry excreta -r dietary intake of lip
a —NaT, no bile salt added b, Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
2.99 2.87 2.93 2.97 3.07 2.97
55.9 63.6 64.5 64.2 64.0 62.4
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF #4, 6.25 Mean
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
-NaT*
Type of fat in diet, %
TABLE 4. Apparent lipid, nitrogen, and energy retention in heavy breed chicks 1 to 3 weeks tallow or HA VFs and with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (Na
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
63.7 60.7 65.6 60.4 64.7 63.0
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
62.5 58.0 66.1 65.9 61.2 62.7
8.6 7.4 8.8 8.8 8.4 8.4
+NaT
Week 1
-1.9 -4.4 +.8 +3.0 -5.4 -.4
+ 3.6 -8.6 -3.3 +18.9 -2.3 +1.2
A, %b
Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
—NaT, no bile salt added.
8.3 8.1 9.1 7.4 8.6 8.3
-NaT*
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF #2, 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
Type of fat in diet, %
69.0 68.9 71.8 71.9 72.7 70.9
20.6 21.8 25.3 23.6 25.3 23.3
-NaT
(gi
ody
81.2 66.5 69.5 70.8 69.5 71.5
23.5 23.2 25.2 23.9 25.2 24.2
+NaT
Week 2
+17.7 -3.5 -3.2 -1.5 -4.4 +.8
+14.1 +6.4 -.4 +1.3 -.4 +3.9
A, %
TABLE 5. Body weight gain and efficiency of gain for heavy breed chicks from day-old to 3 with different types of fat with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (N
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TFX BA Error
**P«.01.
*P«.05.
P=.06-.07.
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TF X BA Error
+
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TFX BA Error
df
.32 .41 .63 .43
.77 .07 .68 .38
2.56* 0 2.19* .50
Carcass protein
8.82** 3.49 1.68 2.01
Body weight gain
12.14 3.69 3.37 5.23
Week 2
Apparent lipid retention
!—
22.48 34.45t 5.91 8.42
Week 1
.36 .15 .15 .06
5.93 4.11 3.56 5.13
12.89** 26.01** 2.52 1.73
Week 3
7.50* .11 4.46 1.71
5.53 17.19 14.94 12.75
Week 1 11.1 8.4 4.3 11.6
2.4 26.6 8.0 10.2
(Gain/feed) X 100 ,13.94 2.11 21.52 12.69
Wee
2.92 13.51 5.56 5.84
Week 2
Apparent N retention
TABLE 6. Statistical summary (analysis of variance) of data in Tables 3, 4, and 7 show (mean squares)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
6.2 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.7 6.2
-3.9 +6.3 -6.6 +2.1 -11.3 -2.8
+ 12.9 +11.8 -1.6 -1.6 -15.8 +2.3
7.0 7.6 6.3 6.0 4.8 6.3
A, %t>
14.9 15.2 14.1 14.8 13.4 14.5
+NaT
Week 1
Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
—NaT, no bile salt added.
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
15.5 14.3 15.1 14.5 15.1 14.9
Tallow, 7.6 H A V F # 1 , 6.3 HAVF #2, 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6 . 3 HAVF #4, 6.25 Mean
.
-NaT*
Type of fat in diet, %
9.6 8.5 9.3 9.1 8.0 8.9
16.5 15.5 14.4 12.7 15.6 14.9
-NaT
10.7 8.3 9.3 8.8 9.0 9.2
15.1 15.7 12.9 15.5 15.9 15.0
Carcass protein (%)
+NaT
Week 2
+ 11.5 -2.4 0 -3.3 + 13.8 +3.8
-8.5 + 1.3 -10.4 +22.0 + 1.9 +.7
A, %
TABLE 7. Carcass protein and lipid in heavy breed chicks 1 to 3 weeks of age and fed diets with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (NaT)
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
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POUN AND HUSSEIN
-4.8%). The changes noted for the HAVF's were variable and inconsistent. These carcass lipid and nitrogen determinations were repeated on other samples from the same pool of tissues obtained from these treatments, and essentially the same values were determined. DISCUSSION
The apparent retention of vegetable oils and hydrogenated blends has been improved to some extent with the supplementation of a bile product in the chicken's diet (Edwards, 1962; Eyssen et al, 1965; Garlich and Nesheim, 1965; Gomez and Polin, 1974). Although NaT in this study produced an increase in the retention of lipid from diets containing tallow, its effect on HAVFs was not consistent. There does not appear to be anything common in the fatty acid patterns for tallow and HAVFs # 3 and # 4
The apparent N retention increased as the chicks aged from 1 to 3 weeks, coincident with the improvement in the apparent retention of lipid. This overall trend was reflected in rising AME values. The ME values of dietary fats were reported to exceed theoretical limits (Cullen et al, 1962; Gomez and Polin, 1974; Sibbald and Kramer, 1977; Sell et al, 1979; Mateos and Sell, 1981a) or to exert an extrametabolic effect (Mateos and Sell, 1981a) reflected in improved efficiencies of growth (Jensen et al, 1970). Most investigators attributed this extra value of dietary lipids to be due to an enhanced absorption of nonlipid, dietary components. Our experimental data would support this suggestion. Thus, calculations to arrive at an ME value for a lipid during the time that N or carbohydrate absorption increases would shift the credit for the improved AME value to lipid. Lipids were reported (Monson et al, 1950; Mateos and Sell, 1981b) to slow the movement of food through the intestine. If rate of passage (ROP) plays an important role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, then a slower ROP as the chick ages may be a possible explanation for the improved energy, lipid, and N retentions detected in chicks aging from 1 to 21 days of age. However, this would have to be considered along with the possibility that lipid and N absorption improve with maturation of absorptive mechanisms, which is independent of ROP. In the first week's data, in which NaT produced a positive influence on AME and lipid retention, there was no change in N retention. Obviously, the mode of action of NaT is differ-
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The earliest at which medium and heavy breeds of chickens were shown to absorb less than maximal amounts of dietary lipid was at 2 to 4 weeks of age (March and Biely, 1957; Renner and Hill, I960; Fedde et al, I960; Katongole and March, 1980). This study revealed that chicks of a heavy breed had their lowest retention values as early as their first week of age. Thus, heavy breeds appear to be similar to light breeds, which were already so characterized (Carew et al, 1972; Gomez and Polin, 1976;Polin
(see Table 2), which would indicate that NaT would favor their absorption when compared to the fatty acid patterns for HAVFs # 1 and # 2 . In this study the fats were at about 6% of the diet. In previous studies, NaT either had no effect when tallow was added at 4% of a practical-type diet (Polin et al, 1980) or had some effect with tallow at 8.2% in a purified-type diet (Gomez and Polin, 1976) or at 12% in practical-type diets (Katongole and March, 1980). Apparently a favorable effect from .04 to .05% NaT supplementation is dependent upon supplemental tallow exceeding 6% of the diet, and the levels used in this study may have been borderline for a positive effect from NaT. Based upon this indication, cholic acid appears to be more effective in enhancing the absorption of tallow, because it was effective at .04% in the presence of 4% dietary tallow (Polin et al, 1980).
BILE ACIDS, LIPIDS, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION
D e t e c t e d in this s t u d y was t h a t t h e very y o u n g chick had lower percentages of a p p a r e n t N and lipid r e t e n t i o n c o i n c i d e n t with lower AME values. T h e suggestion is t h a t AME values in tables of n u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n established from research with older chickens are n o t applicable t o t h e very y o u n g . T h e best estimate, o n t h e limited d a t a from this e x p e r i m e n t , w o u l d indicate t h a t AME was a b o u t 10% less t h a n e x p e c t e d values for very y o u n g chicks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed t o Dawe's Laboratories, Inc., Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., M o n s a n t o Co., Basic Industries, Inc., Calcium C a r b o n a t e C o m p a n y , P r o c t o r and Gamble Inc., and t h e Buckeye Cellulose C o r p . for c o n t r i b u t i o n s of ingredients. REFERENCES Carew, L. B., Jr., R. H. Machemer, Jr., R. W. Sharp, and D. C. Foss, 1972. Fat absorption by the very young chick. Poultry Sci. 51:738-742. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rassussen, and O.H.M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 41:360-367. Duckworth, J., J. M. Naftalin, and A. C. Dalgarno, 1950. The digestibility of linseed oil and mutton fat by chicks. J. Agric. Sci. 4 0 : 3 9 - 4 3 . Edwards, H. M., Jr., 1962. Observations on feeding cholic acid to broilers. Poultry Sci. 41:340—341. Eyssen, H., M. Vanderputte, and E. Evroad, 1965. Effect of various dietary bile acids on nutrient
absorption and on liver size in chicks. Arch. Int. Pharm. 158:292-306. Fedde, M. R., P. E. Waibel, and R. E. Burger, 1960. Factors affecting the absorbability of certain dietary fats in chicks. J. Nutr. 70:447—452. Garlich, J. D., and M. C. Nesheim, 1965. Effect of sodium taurocholate on fat malabsorption induced by feeding unheated soybean proteins. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118:1022-1025. Gomez, M. X., and D. Polin, 1974. Influence of ch6lic acid on the utilization of fats in the growing chicken. Poultry Sci. 5 3 : 7 7 3 - 7 8 1 . Gomez, M. X., and D. Polin, 1976. The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks, one to three weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 55:2189— 2195. Jensen, L. S., G. W. Schumaier, and J. D. Latshaw, 1970. Extracaloric effect of dietary fat for developing turkeys as influenced by calorie:protein ratio. Poultry Sci. 49:1697-1704. Katongole, J.B.D., and B. E. March, 1979. Fatty acid binding protein in the intestine of the chicken. Poultry Sci. 58:372-375. Katongole, J.B.D., and B. E. March, 1980. Fat utilization in relation to intestinal fatty acid binding protein and bile salts in chicks of different ages and different genetic sources. Poultry Sci. 59: 819-827. March, B., and J. Biely, 1957. Fat studies in poultry. 6. Utilization of fats of different melting points. Poultry Sci. 36:71-75. Mateos, G. G., and J. L. Sell, 1981a. Nature of the extrametabolic effect of supplemental fat used in semipurified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 60:1925-1930. Mateos, G. G., and J. L. Sell, 1981b. Influence of fat and carbohydrate source on rate of food passage of semipurified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 60:2114-2119. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich, and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effects of different carbohydrates in chicks growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75:256-259. Polin, D., T. L. Wing, P. Ki, and K. E. Pell, 1980. The effect of bile acids and lipase on absorption of tallow in young chicks. Poultry Sci. 59:2738— _2743._ Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard, and tallow by chickens of various ages. Poultry Sci. 39:849-854. Sell, J. L., L. G. Tenesaca, and G. L. Bales, 1979. Influence of dietary fat on energy utilization by laying hens. Poultry Sci. 58:900-905. Sibbald, I. R., and J.K.G. Kramer, 1977. The true metabolizable energy values of fats and fat mixtures. Poultry Sci. 56:2079-2086. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1968. Statistical Methods. 6th ed. Iowa State Coll. Press, Ames, IA.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
e n t t h a n t h a t which could be a c c o u n t e d for b y t h e overall i m p r o v e m e n t in lipid, N, and energy r e t e n t i o n detected as chicks age. T h u s , there m a y be t w o mechanisms involved: 1) a slower R O P and 2) a further d e v e l o p m e n t of absorptive mechanisms. Additional evidence for t h e latter t o be a determining factor is existence of a fatty acid binding protein in t h e intestine of chickens (Katongole and March, 1979) whose activity increases with age in y o u n g chicks (Katongole and March, 1 9 8 0 ) . Also, Katongole and March ( 1 9 8 0 ) f o u n d t h a t N a T increased t h e activity of fatty acid binding p r o t e i n , an additional factor t o a d d s u p p o r t t o t h e favorable influence of bile acids o n a b s o r p t i o n of lipid.
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1982 Poultry Science 61:1697-1707
INTRODUCTION T h e r e are substantial data t o reveal t h a t ast h e chick ages from day-old t o 4 weeks or m o r e , its ability t o absorb saturated-type lipids, e.g. tallow and m u t t o n - f a t , improves (Duckw o r t h et al, 1 9 5 0 ; March and Biely, 1 9 5 7 ; R e n n e r and Hill, I 9 6 0 ; F e d d e et al, I 9 6 0 ; Carew et al, 1 9 7 2 ; G o m e z and Polin, 1 9 7 6 ; Polin etal, 1 9 8 0 ; Katongole a n d March, 1 9 8 0 ) . These data were acquired using light, m e d i u m , and heavy breed chicks. Despite this improvem e n t , t h e values for a b s o r p t i o n are m u c h below t h e 90% or better values o b t a i n e d with uns a t u r a t e d - t y p e lipids (vegetable oils) in t h e chick's diet. F e d d e et al. ( 1 9 6 0 ) n o t e d t h a t . 5 % of bile added to a diet containing 2 0 % tallow improved t h e a p p a r e n t absorption of t h e fat from 4 7 t o 69%. Edwards ( 1 9 6 2 ) and Eyssen et al ( 1 9 6 5 ) also h a d s o m e positive response using bile salts. Garlich and Nesheim ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t .3 and .6% of a bile salt improved fat a b s o r p t i o n of chicks fed u n h e a t e d soybean meal. G o m e z
and Polin ( 1 9 7 6 ) , feeding purified-type diets, showed t h a t t h e a b s o r p t i o n of tallow was improved 15 t o 20% in chicks 4 t o 7 days of age b y adding t o t h e diets either cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, or sodium taurocholate (NaT). Polin et al. ( 1 9 8 0 ) n o t e d t h a t .04% cholic acid or c h e n o d e o x y c h o l i c acid significantly improved, while N a T caused only a t r e n d for an i m p r o v e m e n t , in tallow's absorption b y chicks fed practical-type diets. Lipase at . 1 % of t h e diet was also effective in t h a t s t u d y . Katongole and March ( 1 9 8 0 ) also substantiated t h a t N a T e n h a n c e d significantly t h e absorption of tallow in chicks 3 weeks of age. T h e y n o t e d it was m o s t effective in light and broiler-type breeds a n d only partially effective in a m e d i u m - t y p e breed. This s t u d y was t o evaluate t h e effectiveness of NaT in very y o u n g chicks fed either tallow or h y d r o g e n a t e d animal and vegetable fats ( H A V F s ) . In addition, nitrogen a n d energy r e t e n t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d t o assess a n y effect t h a t m a y occur o n o t h e r nutritional parameters should lipid a b s o r p t i o n be improved. PROCEDURE
1
Supported in part by a grant from the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, Des Plaines, IL 60018. 'Journal Article No. 10184 Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.
T h r e e h u n d r e d and thirty-six broiler-type chicks (White M o u n t a i n strain) were o b t a i n e d from a commercial h a t c h e r y and placed i n t o a
1697
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ABSTRACT Heavy breed chicks fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 7.6% tallow or one of four different hydrogenated animal and vegetable fats (HAVFs) at 6.2% retained 25% less lipid when 1 week of age than when 2 or 3 weeks of age. The addition of .04% sodium taurocholate (NaT) improved lipid retention most at 1 week of age but had no effect on retention of nitrogen. The apparent metabolizable energy (ME a ) was 10% less for the chick 1 week of age, reflecting lower lipid and nitrogen retentions by the very young chicken. Percentages of carcass lipid and protein were lowest at 1 week of age (10.4%) and increased by the 3rd week (17%). The addition of NaT did not cause any significant changes in carcass composition. The data indicated that absorptive mechanisms for lipid and protein are not fully developed in the very young chick and that dietary bile salts tend to improve lipid but not nitrogen absorption. (Key words: tallow, bile salts, absorption, chickens, energy, nitrogen retention)
1698
POLIN AND HUSSEIN TABLE 1. Composition of diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Calculated ME = 3.23 kcal/g diet Parts per kg
510.7 341.0 76.0 35.0 25.0 4.0 .5 3.0 3.0 .5 .5
Determined analytical data on diets (%) Type of fat in diet, %
Crude protein
Lipid
Dry matter
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 H A V F # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25
23.2 23.4 22.1 22.4 23.2
9.3 8.3 7.3 8.1 7.1
91.1 90.3 90.2 90.3 89.7
Calculated value
22.9
10.2
HAVF fats replaced tallow isocalorically with the weight difference made up with bentonite. Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 10,000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 1,000 ICU; vitamin E, 10 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 2.0 mg; thiamine'HCl, 3.0 mg; riboflavin, 10.0 mg; pantothenic acid, 15.0 mg; niacin, 100 mg; pyridoxine, 6.0 mg; biotin, .15 mg; folacin, 3.0 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .01 mg; carrier ground corn w/4% corn oil to 3.0 g. c
Supplies per kilogram: Mn, 60 mg; Zn, 40 mg; Fe, 30 mg; Cu, 5 mg; I, .5 mg. From Calcium Carbonate Co. Supplies per kilogram: Se, .1 mg. From Calcium Carbonate Co. Added at 40 mg/kg to diets with bile salt and replaced an equal weight of corn.
three-deck, wire-floored, b a t t e r y - b r o o d e r in groups of 1 4 . T h e r e were 2 0 groups with t w o replicates per t r e a t m e n t in a 2 X 5 factorial design comparing five fats w i t h o u t or with a bile salt in t h e diet. E x p e r i m e n t a l diets were fed o h t h e day chicks were received. F e e d and water were allowed ad libitum. T h e diets were c o m p o s e d of practical ingredients (Table 1) with h y d r o g e n a t e d animal a n d vegetable fats (HAVFs) replacing tallow isocalorically. T h e analytical d a t a o n t h e lipids used in t h e experi-
3 Supplied by the Buckeye Cotton Oil Division of the Buckeye Cellulose Corporation, Memphis, TN.
m e n t are presented in Table 2. T h e tallow was 5 0 % saturated f a t t y acids, as c o m p a r e d t o values of 33.7 t o 34.6% for H A V F s , respectively. T h e difference in weight resulting from t h e use of higher energy lipids t o replace tallow was m a d e u p with b e n t o n i t e . T h e diets were formulated t o be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, b u t t h e actual d e t e r m i n a t i o n s for protein and fat revealed s o m e variations from t h e calculated values (Table 1). O n days 7, 1 4 , a n d 2 1 , chicks a n d feed were weighed. F o u r birds from each replicate were killed w i t h o u t loss of b l o o d b y using excess chloroform in a closed container, and t h e n t h e carcasses were immediately frozen. Feed had
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Ingredient Corn, # 2 yellow Soybean meal, 48% Tallow a Fish meal Dicalcium phosphate, 18% Limestone Choline chloride, 50% Salt Vitamin mix"5 Mineral mix c Selenium mix" Methionine hydroxy analog Sodium taurocholate e
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BILE ACIDS, LIPIDS, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION TABLE 2. The analytical3- data on the fats used in this experiment
Criterion
Miscellaneous and unknown Total saturated, % Total unsaturated, % Unsatu rated/satu rated Moisture, % Insoluble impurities, % Unsaponifiable free fatty acids, % Estimated ME, kcal/g
HAVF #1
HAVF #2
HAVF #3
HAVF #4
94.8
96.7
98.9
96.2
1.1 1.8 .3 18.0 2.6
1.1 1.7 .2 19.8 2.3
.3 3.8 2.7 .1 17.1 1.5
1.1 1.6 .3 18.2 2.5
13.7 42.9 17.8 1.9
12.0 41.7 20.0 1.2
9.8 31.1 31.0 2.5
12.7 41.2 20.3 2.0
34.6 65.5 1.89 .7 .7 1.8 8.45
34.6 65.4 1.89 .3 .4 1.5 8.56
33.7 66.2 1.96 .5 .4 1.4 8.44
33.6 66.3 1.97 .7 .1 1.3 8.54
.1 .1 3.5 1.1 25.9 2.9 .3 1.2 19.2 43.0 2.3 .4
50.0 50.0 1.0
7.01
^ h e data supplied by H. Hathaway of the Buckeye Cotton Oil Division of the Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Memphis, TN.
been withdrawn 18 hr prior to the weighing of chicks and feed so the contribution of the intestinal contents was considered to be negligible. All excreta were collected from all replicates onto plastic sheets covering the dropping trays. On the days that chicks were weighed, the pans with excreta were removed and allowed to dry. Then, excreta samples were collected quantitatively with precautions taken to omit any feed spilled from the hoppers and to blow off the duff. Excreta samples were weighed, ground to pass a # 2 0 sieve, and thoroughly blended by passing through the grinder several times. An aliquot was then ground in a Wiley mill to pass a # 3 0 sieve. The finely ground samples were used for the analysis of moisture and lipid as previously described (Polin et al., 1980) and for nitrogen by the macro-Kjeldahl procedure. Feed samples were similarly ground in a Wiley mill and also analyzed for moisture, lipid, and nitrogen. Carcasses from each replicate were pooled and ground while frozen, yielding a coarsely ground mix from which grab samples were taken for analysis of moisture (freezedrying) and subsequently for lipid content
(petroleum ether extraction in a soxhlet for 18 hr). No further loss of weight occurred on freeze-dried samples placed in an oven at 70 C for 24 hr. All samples were analyzed at least in duplicate. "Apparent absorption" (the term usually found in the literature), or "apparent retention", of nitrogen and lipid was calculated as the difference between the amount of constituent consumed in diets versus that in the excreta. Since both urine and fecal losses are accounted for, the terminology best applied to these balance-data is "apparent retention" or "apparent utilization" rather than apparent absorption. Values are presented as a percentage of the intake based on the determined values for feed. The gross energy values of diets and excreta were determined with an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were calculated based on the "total collection" procedure using the quantitative values on weights of feed consumed and excreta output. The AME was not corrected for nitrogen losses. Inadverently, the excreta samples
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Fatty acids, total C 8:0 ClO:0 C 12:0 Cl4:0 C 14:l Cl6:0 C 16:l c 16:2 Cl7:0 C 18:0 C 18:l Cl8:2 Cl8:3 ^20:0
Tallow
POLIN AND HUSSEIN
1700
from the 3rd week of the experiment were discarded, but not until all pertinent data except gross energy had been obtained. Thus, AME values for the 3rd week were not available. Statistical analyses were those of Snedecor and Cochran (1968) for analysis of variance. Significant differences were accepted with P«.05 and trends indicated at P<.10. RESULTS
The determined AME values were consistently less during week 1 than the calculated value of 3.23 kcal/g. Thus, the AME values appeared to reflect, on the average, the lower retention of lipid. The values ranged from 2.87 to 3.07 without the bile salt and from 2.86 to 3.14 with the bile salt (Table 4), a trend toward a significant difference (Table 6). Inspection of the AME in Table 4 for week 1 revealed that the values for diets with tallow or HAVF # 1 were not improved. This was inconsistent with the 9.8% improvement found for the retention of tallow but in line with the —.1% change in lipid retention found for HAVF # 1 (Table 4). The AME values in week 2 were neither significantly different among the type of fats used in the diets nor altered by the addition of NaT (Table 6). The average change in AME was in line with the average change in lipid retention. Also, lipid retention averaged 83% during week 2, and the AME value averaged 3.27 kcal/g, almost identical to the 3.25 kcal/g AME calculated for the diets. Unfortunately, the excreta samples from week 3 were unintentionally discarded so that AME values were not obtainable for that week of the experiment.
The efficiency of the diets was not influenced to any marked extent by the addition of NaT (Table 5). A significant decline in gain/ feed ratios was detected in week 3 when the overall change in efficiency was a —6.6%. The efficiency of gain was excellent throughout, so any further improvement may have been difficult to obtain. The data did reveal that the efficiency of gain was 59% in week 3 as compared to values of 63 and 72% for weeks 1 and 2, respectively (Table 5). The NaT had no effect on carcass lipid and protein during all 3 weeks (Table 7). However, the overall average values for carcass lipid and protein showed steady increases week by week (Table 7). Carcass protein increased from 14.9% in week 1 to 17% in week 3; lipid concentrations of the carcasses increased from an average of 6.3% in week 1 to 10.3% in week 2 (Table 7). Added to the diet containing tallow, NaT increased carcass lipid each week of the experiment by almost 12%, but it seemed to reduce carcass protein concentrations (Table 7) by an average 5.7% (average of —3.9, —8.5, and
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The statistical analysis of the data for all 3 weeks (Table 3) revealed an extremely high degree of significance for all criteria attributed to weeks. Thus, the data were analyzed on a week X week basis and presented in that manner. Broiler-type chicks retained, on the average, about 25% less lipid when 1 week of age than when 2 or 3 weeks of age (Table 4). Retention was lower for tallow than for HAVFs, and this accounted for the significant effect for type of fat (Table 3). The addition of NaT to the diets improved the retention of lipid during week 1 (P=.06), had inconsistent effects during week 2, and had a small but significant effect (Table 6) during week 3 (Table 4). However, on the basis of all 3 weeks no significant effect was detected for bile acid on lipid retention (Table 3).
During week 1 the chicks fed diets without NaT had nitrogen retention values averaging 50.9%, as compared to 54.3 and 58.0% for weeks 2 and 3, respectively (Table 4). The addition of the bile salt did not significantly (Table 3 and 6) influence nitrogen retention during any of the weeks, although positive changes were detected in 8 of 10 treatments (Table 4) for weeks 2 and 3 and for only 1 of 4 treatments in week 1 (Table 4). The bile salt tended to lower nitrogen retention during the first 2 weeks that chicks were fed diets with tallow, an effect opposite to that of NaT's influence on lipid retention (Table 4). The data on body weight gain and gain/feed are presented in Table 5. There were no consistent trends for body weight gains to be influenced by the type of lipid incorporated into the diets fed during weeks 1 and 3. A significant effect attributed to type of fat (Table 6) appeared to account for the lower overall average gain of the chicks fed tallow versus those fed HAVFs # 2 and 4. The addition of NaT to the diets did not significantly alter weight gain (Table 6), although the diets with HAVF # 3 , during week 1, and tallow, during week # 2 , appeared to improve weight gain. However, a —10.2% change in gain of weight was detected for HAVF # 3 during week 3, which negated the improvement detected earlier.
4 1 2 4 8 2 8 30
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) Weeks (W) TF X BA TF X W BA X W TF X BA X W Error
8.40* .004 2071.0** .933 3.56 3.83 3.56 2.22 21.9 28.6 197.7** 20.5 18.4 18.0 40.7** 9.83
Apparent C retention Nitrogen a Lipid a
**P<.01.
*P«.05.
Data are weeks 1 and 2 only.
Transformation of data to arcsin \J% for statistical analysis.
df
Source of variation 8.40*
Body weight gain 5.65 5.44 343.9** 7.11 9.10 11.7 13.5 8.21
(Gaina/ feed) X 100
Mean square values
.
2.
.
89.9 1.0 1.
.
4 4
Lip
TABLE 3. Analysis of variance of data in Tables 4, 5, and 7
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
49.6 51.7 50.3 49.9 55.1 51.3
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
2.99 2.86 3.05 3.14 3.13 3.03
47.4 49.6 50.0 53.0 52.8 50.6
61.4 63.1 65.8 73.7 69.7 66.7
+NaT
Week 1
+4.1 +5.7 +2.0 +2.2
0 -.3
+6.2 -4.1 -1.4
-.4
-4.4 -4.1
+2.0 +14.8 +8.9 +7.0
-.8
+9.8
A, %b
C
-4.5 + 18.0 +5.9 +1.5 +5.0 +5.2
0
51.0 61.0 55.7 54.0 56.5 55.6
(%;v+2.9 -2.6 +4.6 +2.3 +1.4
I
A, %
80.9 83.7 83.0 87.3 83.0 83.6
rent lipid retentior
+NaT
Week 2
n g y (kcal/g die Apparent m cLO.L/UllZ,d.UlC ** "™ **C U**C l—~" 3.28 3.09 -5.6 3.17 3.27 +3.2 3.22 3.33 +3.4 3.27 3.34 +2.1 3.31 3.37 +1.8 3.25 3.28 + 1.0
53.4 51.7 52.6 53.2 53.8 52.9
78.6 85.9 83.1 83.5 81.1 82.4
-NaT
Data were not available for week 3.
(Lipid or N per g dry diet X dry diet consumed — lipid or N per g dry excreta X dry excreta -r dietary intake of lip
a —NaT, no bile salt added b, Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
2.99 2.87 2.93 2.97 3.07 2.97
55.9 63.6 64.5 64.2 64.0 62.4
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF #4, 6.25 Mean
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
-NaT*
Type of fat in diet, %
TABLE 4. Apparent lipid, nitrogen, and energy retention in heavy breed chicks 1 to 3 weeks tallow or HA VFs and with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (Na
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
63.7 60.7 65.6 60.4 64.7 63.0
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
62.5 58.0 66.1 65.9 61.2 62.7
8.6 7.4 8.8 8.8 8.4 8.4
+NaT
Week 1
-1.9 -4.4 +.8 +3.0 -5.4 -.4
+ 3.6 -8.6 -3.3 +18.9 -2.3 +1.2
A, %b
Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
—NaT, no bile salt added.
8.3 8.1 9.1 7.4 8.6 8.3
-NaT*
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF #2, 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
Type of fat in diet, %
69.0 68.9 71.8 71.9 72.7 70.9
20.6 21.8 25.3 23.6 25.3 23.3
-NaT
(gi
ody
81.2 66.5 69.5 70.8 69.5 71.5
23.5 23.2 25.2 23.9 25.2 24.2
+NaT
Week 2
+17.7 -3.5 -3.2 -1.5 -4.4 +.8
+14.1 +6.4 -.4 +1.3 -.4 +3.9
A, %
TABLE 5. Body weight gain and efficiency of gain for heavy breed chicks from day-old to 3 with different types of fat with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (N
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TFX BA Error
**P«.01.
*P«.05.
P=.06-.07.
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TF X BA Error
+
4 1 4 10
Type of fat (TF) Bile acid (BA) TFX BA Error
df
.32 .41 .63 .43
.77 .07 .68 .38
2.56* 0 2.19* .50
Carcass protein
8.82** 3.49 1.68 2.01
Body weight gain
12.14 3.69 3.37 5.23
Week 2
Apparent lipid retention
!—
22.48 34.45t 5.91 8.42
Week 1
.36 .15 .15 .06
5.93 4.11 3.56 5.13
12.89** 26.01** 2.52 1.73
Week 3
7.50* .11 4.46 1.71
5.53 17.19 14.94 12.75
Week 1 11.1 8.4 4.3 11.6
2.4 26.6 8.0 10.2
(Gain/feed) X 100 ,13.94 2.11 21.52 12.69
Wee
2.92 13.51 5.56 5.84
Week 2
Apparent N retention
TABLE 6. Statistical summary (analysis of variance) of data in Tables 3, 4, and 7 show (mean squares)
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
6.2 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.7 6.2
-3.9 +6.3 -6.6 +2.1 -11.3 -2.8
+ 12.9 +11.8 -1.6 -1.6 -15.8 +2.3
7.0 7.6 6.3 6.0 4.8 6.3
A, %t>
14.9 15.2 14.1 14.8 13.4 14.5
+NaT
Week 1
Change, as a percent of the treatment without the bile salt.
—NaT, no bile salt added.
Tallow, 7.6 HAVF # 1 , 6 . 3 HAVF # 2 , 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6.3 HAVF # 4 , 6.25 Mean
15.5 14.3 15.1 14.5 15.1 14.9
Tallow, 7.6 H A V F # 1 , 6.3 HAVF #2, 6.2 HAVF # 3 , 6 . 3 HAVF #4, 6.25 Mean
.
-NaT*
Type of fat in diet, %
9.6 8.5 9.3 9.1 8.0 8.9
16.5 15.5 14.4 12.7 15.6 14.9
-NaT
10.7 8.3 9.3 8.8 9.0 9.2
15.1 15.7 12.9 15.5 15.9 15.0
Carcass protein (%)
+NaT
Week 2
+ 11.5 -2.4 0 -3.3 + 13.8 +3.8
-8.5 + 1.3 -10.4 +22.0 + 1.9 +.7
A, %
TABLE 7. Carcass protein and lipid in heavy breed chicks 1 to 3 weeks of age and fed diets with or without .04% sodium taurocholate (NaT)
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 29, 2015
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POUN AND HUSSEIN
-4.8%). The changes noted for the HAVF's were variable and inconsistent. These carcass lipid and nitrogen determinations were repeated on other samples from the same pool of tissues obtained from these treatments, and essentially the same values were determined. DISCUSSION
The apparent retention of vegetable oils and hydrogenated blends has been improved to some extent with the supplementation of a bile product in the chicken's diet (Edwards, 1962; Eyssen et al, 1965; Garlich and Nesheim, 1965; Gomez and Polin, 1974). Although NaT in this study produced an increase in the retention of lipid from diets containing tallow, its effect on HAVFs was not consistent. There does not appear to be anything common in the fatty acid patterns for tallow and HAVFs # 3 and # 4
The apparent N retention increased as the chicks aged from 1 to 3 weeks, coincident with the improvement in the apparent retention of lipid. This overall trend was reflected in rising AME values. The ME values of dietary fats were reported to exceed theoretical limits (Cullen et al, 1962; Gomez and Polin, 1974; Sibbald and Kramer, 1977; Sell et al, 1979; Mateos and Sell, 1981a) or to exert an extrametabolic effect (Mateos and Sell, 1981a) reflected in improved efficiencies of growth (Jensen et al, 1970). Most investigators attributed this extra value of dietary lipids to be due to an enhanced absorption of nonlipid, dietary components. Our experimental data would support this suggestion. Thus, calculations to arrive at an ME value for a lipid during the time that N or carbohydrate absorption increases would shift the credit for the improved AME value to lipid. Lipids were reported (Monson et al, 1950; Mateos and Sell, 1981b) to slow the movement of food through the intestine. If rate of passage (ROP) plays an important role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, then a slower ROP as the chick ages may be a possible explanation for the improved energy, lipid, and N retentions detected in chicks aging from 1 to 21 days of age. However, this would have to be considered along with the possibility that lipid and N absorption improve with maturation of absorptive mechanisms, which is independent of ROP. In the first week's data, in which NaT produced a positive influence on AME and lipid retention, there was no change in N retention. Obviously, the mode of action of NaT is differ-
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The earliest at which medium and heavy breeds of chickens were shown to absorb less than maximal amounts of dietary lipid was at 2 to 4 weeks of age (March and Biely, 1957; Renner and Hill, I960; Fedde et al, I960; Katongole and March, 1980). This study revealed that chicks of a heavy breed had their lowest retention values as early as their first week of age. Thus, heavy breeds appear to be similar to light breeds, which were already so characterized (Carew et al, 1972; Gomez and Polin, 1976;Polin
(see Table 2), which would indicate that NaT would favor their absorption when compared to the fatty acid patterns for HAVFs # 1 and # 2 . In this study the fats were at about 6% of the diet. In previous studies, NaT either had no effect when tallow was added at 4% of a practical-type diet (Polin et al, 1980) or had some effect with tallow at 8.2% in a purified-type diet (Gomez and Polin, 1976) or at 12% in practical-type diets (Katongole and March, 1980). Apparently a favorable effect from .04 to .05% NaT supplementation is dependent upon supplemental tallow exceeding 6% of the diet, and the levels used in this study may have been borderline for a positive effect from NaT. Based upon this indication, cholic acid appears to be more effective in enhancing the absorption of tallow, because it was effective at .04% in the presence of 4% dietary tallow (Polin et al, 1980).
BILE ACIDS, LIPIDS, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION
D e t e c t e d in this s t u d y was t h a t t h e very y o u n g chick had lower percentages of a p p a r e n t N and lipid r e t e n t i o n c o i n c i d e n t with lower AME values. T h e suggestion is t h a t AME values in tables of n u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n established from research with older chickens are n o t applicable t o t h e very y o u n g . T h e best estimate, o n t h e limited d a t a from this e x p e r i m e n t , w o u l d indicate t h a t AME was a b o u t 10% less t h a n e x p e c t e d values for very y o u n g chicks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is expressed t o Dawe's Laboratories, Inc., Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., M o n s a n t o Co., Basic Industries, Inc., Calcium C a r b o n a t e C o m p a n y , P r o c t o r and Gamble Inc., and t h e Buckeye Cellulose C o r p . for c o n t r i b u t i o n s of ingredients. REFERENCES Carew, L. B., Jr., R. H. Machemer, Jr., R. W. Sharp, and D. C. Foss, 1972. Fat absorption by the very young chick. Poultry Sci. 51:738-742. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rassussen, and O.H.M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 41:360-367. Duckworth, J., J. M. Naftalin, and A. C. Dalgarno, 1950. The digestibility of linseed oil and mutton fat by chicks. J. Agric. Sci. 4 0 : 3 9 - 4 3 . Edwards, H. M., Jr., 1962. Observations on feeding cholic acid to broilers. Poultry Sci. 41:340—341. Eyssen, H., M. Vanderputte, and E. Evroad, 1965. Effect of various dietary bile acids on nutrient
absorption and on liver size in chicks. Arch. Int. Pharm. 158:292-306. Fedde, M. R., P. E. Waibel, and R. E. Burger, 1960. Factors affecting the absorbability of certain dietary fats in chicks. J. Nutr. 70:447—452. Garlich, J. D., and M. C. Nesheim, 1965. Effect of sodium taurocholate on fat malabsorption induced by feeding unheated soybean proteins. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118:1022-1025. Gomez, M. X., and D. Polin, 1974. Influence of ch6lic acid on the utilization of fats in the growing chicken. Poultry Sci. 5 3 : 7 7 3 - 7 8 1 . Gomez, M. X., and D. Polin, 1976. The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks, one to three weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 55:2189— 2195. Jensen, L. S., G. W. Schumaier, and J. D. Latshaw, 1970. Extracaloric effect of dietary fat for developing turkeys as influenced by calorie:protein ratio. Poultry Sci. 49:1697-1704. Katongole, J.B.D., and B. E. March, 1979. Fatty acid binding protein in the intestine of the chicken. Poultry Sci. 58:372-375. Katongole, J.B.D., and B. E. March, 1980. Fat utilization in relation to intestinal fatty acid binding protein and bile salts in chicks of different ages and different genetic sources. Poultry Sci. 59: 819-827. March, B., and J. Biely, 1957. Fat studies in poultry. 6. Utilization of fats of different melting points. Poultry Sci. 36:71-75. Mateos, G. G., and J. L. Sell, 1981a. Nature of the extrametabolic effect of supplemental fat used in semipurified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 60:1925-1930. Mateos, G. G., and J. L. Sell, 1981b. Influence of fat and carbohydrate source on rate of food passage of semipurified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 60:2114-2119. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich, and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effects of different carbohydrates in chicks growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75:256-259. Polin, D., T. L. Wing, P. Ki, and K. E. Pell, 1980. The effect of bile acids and lipase on absorption of tallow in young chicks. Poultry Sci. 59:2738— _2743._ Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1960. The utilization of corn oil, lard, and tallow by chickens of various ages. Poultry Sci. 39:849-854. Sell, J. L., L. G. Tenesaca, and G. L. Bales, 1979. Influence of dietary fat on energy utilization by laying hens. Poultry Sci. 58:900-905. Sibbald, I. R., and J.K.G. Kramer, 1977. The true metabolizable energy values of fats and fat mixtures. Poultry Sci. 56:2079-2086. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1968. Statistical Methods. 6th ed. Iowa State Coll. Press, Ames, IA.
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e n t t h a n t h a t which could be a c c o u n t e d for b y t h e overall i m p r o v e m e n t in lipid, N, and energy r e t e n t i o n detected as chicks age. T h u s , there m a y be t w o mechanisms involved: 1) a slower R O P and 2) a further d e v e l o p m e n t of absorptive mechanisms. Additional evidence for t h e latter t o be a determining factor is existence of a fatty acid binding protein in t h e intestine of chickens (Katongole and March, 1979) whose activity increases with age in y o u n g chicks (Katongole and March, 1 9 8 0 ) . Also, Katongole and March ( 1 9 8 0 ) f o u n d t h a t N a T increased t h e activity of fatty acid binding p r o t e i n , an additional factor t o a d d s u p p o r t t o t h e favorable influence of bile acids o n a b s o r p t i o n of lipid.
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